基于波前传播时间插值的三维声线追踪算法

研究了先正向计算波前传播时间,再根据波前传播时间反向确定声线路径的三维非均匀介质声线追踪算法。在正向步骤,根据程函方程,使用基于水平集的GMM(Group Marching Method)波前扩展算法,从声源开始,逐步计算离散介质网格节点上的波前传播时间。在反向步骤,利用正向步骤计算出的网格节点上的波前传播时间,从接收点开始,向声源方向逐单元追踪声线路径。在每个长方体单元内,首先把任意点上的波前传播时间用该单元网格节点上的已知波前传播时间的线性插值函数来表示,再根据Fermat原理,提出了确定三维声线路径的方法。实验结果表明,本文方法提高了三维声线追踪的精度和计算速度。     

不同插值算法在波前构建射线追踪中的应用与对比

针对波前构建法射线追踪中遇到的波前非网格节点处速度及速度导数的插值问题,对比分析目前在数字地形、数字导航中常用的几种插值算法(邻近域、双线性、分片线性、二维三次卷积)的插值误差.并结合波前构建法的特征,针对不同的插值算法,采取合理的程序设计思想,对同一模型应用不同的插值算法进行射线路径和计算效率的对比.通过对比分析可以得出,在波前构建法射线追踪中应用二维三次卷积插值,不但提高了射线路径的准确度,而且提高了射线追踪的效率,为下一步做偏移成像提供了精确的数据.     

SPH后处理研究

提出一套相对完整的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)后处理方法.凸区域和严重变形的非凸区域上的SPH计算结果都可用该方法处理.首先,对SPH粒子集进行Delaunay三角化,可得到由粒子作为节点的三角单元集;根据每个单元中三个节点是否彼此为粒子作用对,决定是否将该单元从单元集中删除.将保留下的单元作为有限单元并利用它们节点上的函数值,根据有限元插值方法即可得单元内部任何一点的函数值.根据该方法,可提取介质的自由表面.数值算例表明方法可行.对含固体壁面、严重粒子飞溅、多重介质互相作用的情况,提出相应对策;为SPH以至其它无网格方法形成较通用的后处理软件提供可行的途径.     

带状电缆的直流X射线辐照响应

对真空环境下带状电缆模型直流X射线辐照响应进行了实验和数值模拟研究;研制了电缆直流X射线辐照实验系统;使用蒙特卡罗模拟软件计算了直流X光机产生的X射线能谱、通量等参数;建立了带状电缆X射线辐照响应一维计算模型,该计算模型包括电缆导体与介质层间隙和介质层电导率模型。实验测量了两个带状电缆模型的直流X射线辐照响应电流波形,并对其进行了数值模拟。结果显示,在一定的电缆导体与介质层间隙大小假设条件下,采用带状电缆X射线辐照响应计算模型计算的结果与实验测量结果在波形特征和绝对幅度方面比较接近,说明了利用该模型描述电缆直流X射线辐照响应具有其合理性。     

带状电缆的直流X射线辐照响应

对真空环境下带状电缆模型直流X射线辐照响应进行了实验和数值模拟研究;研制了电缆直流X射线辐照实验系统;使用蒙特卡罗模拟软件计算了直流X光机产生的X射线能谱、通量等参数;建立了带状电缆X射线辐照响应一维计算模型,该计算模型包括电缆导体与介质层间隙和介质层电导率模型。实验测量了两个带状电缆模型的直流X射线辐照响应电流波形,并对其进行了数值模拟。结果显示,在一定的电缆导体与介质层间隙大小假设条件下,采用带状电缆X射线辐照响应计算模型计算的结果与实验测量结果在波形特征和绝对幅度方面比较接近,说明了利用该模型描述电缆直流X射线辐照响应具有其合理性。     

大深度接收时深海直达波区的复声强及声线到达角估计

基于射线模型给出了质点水平振速、垂直振速及复声强的表达式.结合深海直达波区的声线到达结构,分析了大深度接收时深海直达波区复声强的特点,理论分析与仿真结果表明,利用声场中不同组声线的复声强可以估计声线到达接收点的掠射角.根据在2014年进行的一次深海实验中布放在3146 m深处的矢量水听器获取的实验信号,利用直达波和海面反射波的复声强估计了直达声线与海面反射声线到达接收矢量水听器处的掠射角,结果表明,估计的声线到达角与理论计算结果基本一致.     

双相各向异性随机介质伪谱法地震波场特征分析

各向异性、双相孔隙以及非均匀性是描述油气储层时应综合考虑的. 结合随机介质理论和双相介质模型建立了双相各向异性随机介质模型,采用伪谱法模拟了双相各向异性随机介质地震波场,结果表明：双相各向异性随机介质地震波场存在散射波、旅行时扰动等复杂的波场特征,这些特征强烈依赖于随机介质模型参数. 在大非均匀空间尺度下,非均匀幅度主要影响波的旅行时扰动;在小非均匀空间尺度下,非均匀幅度主要影响波的散射. 该研究使人们有可能在统计意义下反演油气储层的非均匀特征,有益于加深对地震波在油气储层中传播规律的认识. 关键词： 双相各向异性 随机介质 伪谱法 地震波     

多网格谱元法及其在高性能计算中的应用*

针对传统谱元法在每个单元内只能存在单一均匀介质,应用在复杂非均匀介质的波传播模拟中可能造成极大计算规模的问题,发展了多网格谱元法。该方法在谱元法单元内引入独立的辅助网格,用于精细描述单元内的介质和外力分布变化,在较稀疏的主网格上进行波场的求解。基于声波和弹性波方程推导了多网格谱元法公式,并对几种典型模型进行了波场的数值模拟。与传统谱元法的对比结果表明,此算法在复杂非均匀介质的弹性波传播模拟中可以利用较少的网格点数达到不低于传统算法的精度。此外,实现了并行化的多网格谱元法,获得了较好的并行效率。     

一种基于全息术的光学系统闭环像差补偿方法

提出了一种基于21单元变形镜与全息波前传感器的全息自适应光学系统, 并对其像差校正能力进行了分析. 首先描述了全息波前传感器基本原理, 并在薄全息图近似下给出基于快速傅里叶变换算法的全息波前传感器数值模型; 然后基于21单元变形镜的数值模型, 分析了该变形镜的波前校正能力; 在此基础上, 数值模拟并实验验证了全息自适应光学系统对静态像差的闭环校正能力.     

浅海声场的角度分布

分层介质中简谐点源的声场具有确定的角度分布。应用射线理论虽然也可计算给定接收点声场的角度分布,但是它不能反映重要的信号参数——频率对声场角度分布的影响,此外射线理论还无法计算影区中的声场。本文应用简正波理论讨论分层介质中声场的角度分布,获得了声场角度分布的一般表达式,以及定向接收时的声场衰减规律。所得结果可以应用到射线声学影区,并且反映了声场随频率的变化。当研究水声信道和信号在其中的检测效果时,利用本文的结果可以选择最佳的接收方向。对于选取的介质模型进行了数值计算,分析和讨论了所得结果。     

A sound ray tracing algorithm in three-dimensional heterogeneous media based on wavefront traveltimes interpolation

A kind of three-dimensional（3-D） sound ray tracing algorithm in heterogeneous media is studied. This algorithm includes two steps： the first step computes the wavefront traveltimes forward; the second step traces the sound rays backward. In the first step, the computation of wavefront traveltimes at discrete grid points from the sound source, was found on Eikonal equation solutions and carried out by GMM （Group marching method） wavefront marching method based on level set. In the second step, sound ray tracing was proceeded gradually from the receiver to each cell towards the sound source, with wavefront traveltimes computed in the first step. Time values on arbitrary positions in each cuboid cell can be expressed by linear interpolation of wavefront traveltimes at the same cell＇s grid points. Thus, an algorithm of 3-D sound ray tracing in heterogeneous media is put forward. The simulation results indicate that this method can improve both the accuracy and the efficiency of 3-D sound ray tracing greatly.     

Factored singularities and high-order Lax–Friedrichs sweeping schemes for point-source traveltimes and amplitudes

In the high frequency regime, the geometrical-optics approximation for the Helmholtz equation with a point source results in an Eikonal equation for traveltime and a transport equation for amplitude. Because the point-source traveltime field has an upwind singularity at the source point, all formally high-order finite-difference Eikonal solvers exhibit first-order convergence and relatively large errors. In this paper, we propose to first factor out the singularities of traveltimes, takeoff angles, and amplitudes, and then we design high-order Lax–Friedrichs sweeping schemes for point-source traveltimes, takeoff angles, and amplitudes. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of our new method.     

初至到时波前算法及在地震走时CT中的应用

基于惠更斯原理,给出了一个简练的初至到时算法,并应用于地震走时层析成像。结果表明,新方法计算效率较Dijkstra最短路径法高一个数量级。     

A particle filtering approach for spatial arrival time tracking in ocean acoustics

The focus of this work is on arrival time and amplitude estimation from acoustic signals recorded at spatially separated hydrophones in the ocean. A particle filtering approach is developed that treats arrival times as "targets" and tracks their "location" across receivers, also modeling arrival time gradient. The method is evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations and is compared to a maximum likelihood estimator, which does not relate arrivals at neighboring receivers. The comparison demonstrates a significant advantage in using the particle filter. It is also shown that posterior probability density functions of times and amplitudes become readily available with particle filtering.     

Elastoacoustic model with uncertain mechanical properties for ultrasonic wave velocity prediction: application to cortical bone evaluation

The axial transmission technique can measure the longitudinal wave velocity of an immersed solid. An elementary model of the technique is developed with a set of source and receivers placed in a semi-infinite fluid coupled at a plane interface with a semi-infinite solid. The acoustic fluid is homogeneous. The solid is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The work is focused on the prediction of the measured velocity (apparent velocity) when the solid is considered to have random material properties. The probability density functions of the random variables modeling each mechanical parameter of the solid are derived following the maximum entropy principle. Specific attention is paid to the modeling of Poisson's ratio so that the second-order moments of the velocities remain finite. The stochastic solver is based on a Monte Carlo numerical simulation and uses an exact semianalytic expression of the acoustic response derived with the Cagniard-de Hoop method. Results are presented for a solid with the material properties of cortical bone. The estimated mean values and confidence regions of the apparent velocity are presented for various dispersion levels of the random parameters. A sensibility analysis with respect to the source and receivers locations is presented.     

CCD扫描检测光束准直度

提出一种检测光束准直度的新方法。在对波面矢高进行定义的基础上,提出CCD轴向扫描检测激光束准直度的方法。利用采样光波在会聚透镜后形成的衍射图样,测量两个相同基准衍射图样之间的距离,即可确定入射光波的波面矢高,进而确定入射光波的准直度。在给出测量原理及模拟基准衍射图样的基础上．进行了实验验证。CCD轴向扫描方法具有结构简单、加工便利、操作方便的特点,是检测光束准直度的有效方法。     

Tomography of dispersive media

When waves propagate through layered structures, the phase velocity is frequency dependent (dispersive). If one wants to reconstruct the velocity variations in this medium, conventional traveltime-based tomographic methods cannot be used, since each frequency component has a different traveltime. A tomographic method is presented for reconstructing the phase velocity of guided waves in laterally varying media. The dispersive character of guided waves is explicitly accounted for by using a phase-based error criterium instead of "picked" traveltimes. Phase velocity and source waveform can be reconstructed to within a few percent, and the algorithm is shown to be robust in the presence of interference noise. When applied to seismic field data, the reconstructed phase velocity field correlates well with the topography of the area.     

Least-error localization of discrete acoustic sources

We describe a new, least-error method for locating a discrete acoustic source (which generates a radially symmetric, outgoing wave) based on time-of-arrival data. This method localizes the source by minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the differences between the squares of the theoretical and actual times of arrival. The method is suited to noisy data, and whenever the errors in the data are unbiased, the more times of arrival used, the greater the expected accuracy of localization. The method is simplest for two dimensional data, requiring only elementary algebra. By means of simulations, we demonstrate the amelioration of localization with the number of times of arrival employed: the average inaccuracy falls asymptotically as the reciprocal of the square root of this number. The new method also yielded more accurate localization, on the average, than a least-square method. We make direct comparison with time-difference-of-arrival localizations, both for simulated data and for experimental data collected at a shooting range, demonstrating the favorability of the new method. We also demonstrate its facilitation of the localization of multiple, cotemporary sources: via partitioning of the data. Our method is suited to sensor networks with computationally empowered nodes.     

Enhanced wavefront reconstruction by random phase modulation with a phase diffuser

A phase retrieval technique for enhanced wavefront reconstruction using random phase modulation and a phase diffuser is proposed. The speckle field generated is sampled at multiple axially displaced planes and the speckle patterns are used in an iterative algorithm based on the optical wave propagation in free space. The presentation of this technique is carried out using two setups. In the first setup, a diffuser plate is placed at the image plane of a metallic test object. The benefit of randomizing the phase of the object wave is the enhanced intensity recording due to high dynamic range of the diffusely scattered beam. The use of demagnification optics will also allow the investigations of relatively large objects. In the second setup, a transparent object is illuminated using a wavefront with random phase and constant amplitude by positioning the phase diffuser close to the object. The benefit of phase-only modulation is the increased resolution of the phase structures of the transparent test objects.