Integrating cross-correlation and relaxation algorithms for particle tracking velocimetry

An integrated cross-correlation/relaxation algorithm for particle tracking velocimetry is presented. The aim of this integration is to provide a flexible methodology able to analyze images with different seeding and flow conditions. The method is based on the improvement of the individual performance of both matching methods by combining their characteristics in a two-stage process. Analogous to the hybrid particle image velocimetry method, the combined algorithm starts with a solution obtained by the cross-correlation algorithm, which is further refined by the application of the relaxation algorithm in the zones where the cross-correlation method shows low reliability. The performance of the three algorithms, cross-correlation, relaxation method and the integrated cross-correlation/relaxation algorithm, is compared and analyzed using synthetic and large-scale experimental images. The results show that in case of high velocity gradients and heterogeneous seeding, the integrated algorithm improves the overall performance of the individual algorithms on which it is based, in terms of number of valid recovered vectors, with a lower sensitivity to the individual control parameters.     

Effect of a relaxation time spectrum on mechanics of polymer melt spinning

The mechanics of isothermal melt spinning are determined for a viscoelastic liquid with constant physical properties but with a spectrum of relaxation times. The relaxation time distribution leads to higher forces and more linear velocity profiles than would be obtained for a Maxwellian material of the same mean properties in shear. This result explains the observation of several earlier studies that relaxation times inferred with a Maxwell-type model from spinning experiments are larger than those measured rheogoniometrically.     

Effects of under‐relaxation factors on turbulent flow simulations

Under‐relaxation factors are significant parameters affecting the convergence of a numerical scheme. Some earlier work has been done to optimize these parameters, but this was restricted to special flow domains, and the range of changes for under‐relaxation factors and convective algorithms are limited. In this paper, the effects of changing under‐relaxation factors for different variables, different convective schemes and grid sizes on the convergence of the numerical solution of three 2D turbulent flow situations are studied. These three flows are duct flow, trench flow and inclined free falling jet flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stress relaxation as a microstructural probe for immiscible polymer blends

Relaxation has been investigated in immiscible blends that consist of slightly viscoelastic components. Both the shear and normal stresses have been measured after cessation of steady shear flow as well as after transient shear histories. The latter can generate a fibrillar structure which can relax by either retraction or break-up via end-pinching or Rayleigh instabilities. Each of these three relaxation mechanisms is reflected in the shape of the stress curves, from which also the corresponding structural time scales can be deduced. The experimental results have been used to evaluate the Doi-Ohta and Lee-Park models for immiscible blends. The scaling relations by Doi-Ohta are confirmed by the experimental results, but none of the existing models can correctly predict the complex relaxation behaviour observed for a highly deformed droplet phase. In the present study an alternative approach has been proposed. The stress relaxation due to fibril break-up via Rayleigh instabilities has been predicted successfully by combining physical models for the structural changes with the basic approach of the Doi-Ohta model.     

Deformation due to time harmonic sources in micropolar thermoelastic medium possessing cubic symmetry with two relaxation times

The response of a micropolar thermoelastic medium possessing cubic symmetry with two relaxation times due to time harmonic sources is investigated. Fourier transform is employed and the transform is inverted by using a numerical inversion technique. The components of displacement, stress, microrotation and temperature distribution in the physical domain are obtained numerically. The results of normal displacement, normal force stress, tangential couple stress and temperature distribution are compared for micropolar cubic crystal and micropolar isotropic solid. The numerical results are illustrated graphically for a particular material. Some special cases are also deduced.     

理想导体中具有两个松弛时间的电磁热弹性波

研究处于均布磁场中的理想导体的二维电磁热弹性耦合问题，引入势函数使控制方程转化为3个偏微分方程．运用Laplace变换和Fourier变换得到该问题在变换域内的精确表达式，再通过级数展开和Laplace逆变换法求得在时间较短时的逆变换，得到时间-空间域内问题的解．运用此方法研究了表面受到热冲击的半无限空间问题．给出了电磁热弹性波、膨胀波和横向波传播的速度，并通过数值计算，给出了各个场量的分布图．所得结论与已有的结论一致．     

From dynamic modulus via different relaxation spectra to relaxation and creep functions

The main goal of the paper is to compare predictive power of relaxation spectra found by different methods of calculations. The experimental data were obtained for a new family of propylene random copolymers with 1-pentene as a comonomer. The results of measurements include flow curves, viscoelastic properties, creep curves and rubbery elasticity of copolymer melts. Different relaxation spectra were calculated using independent methods based on different ideas. It lead to various distributions of relaxation times and their “weights”. However, all of them correctly describe the frequency dependencies of dynamic modulus. Besides, calculated spectra were used for finding integral characteristics of viscoelastic behaviour of a material (Newtonian viscosity, the normal stress coefficient, steady-state compliance). In this sense all approaches are equivalent, though it appears impossible to estimate instantaneous modulus. The most crucial arguments in estimating the results of different approaches is calculating the other viscoelastic function and predicting behaviour of a material in various deformation modes. It is the relaxation and creep functions. The results of relaxation curve calculations show that all methods used give rather similar results in the central part of the curves, but the relaxation curves begin to diverge when approaching the high-time (low-frequency) boundary of the relaxation curves. The distributions of retardation times calculated through different approaches also appear very different. Meanwhile, predictions of the creep curves based on these different retardation spectra are rather close to each other and coincide with the experimental points in the wide time range. Relatively slight divergences are observed close to the upper boundary of the experimental window. All these results support the conclusion about a rather free choice of the relaxation time spectrum in fitting experimental data and predicting viscoelastic behaviour of a material in different deformation modes. Received: 15 March 2000 Accepted: 18 September 2000     

Grain Shape Effects on Permeability,Formation Factor,and Capillary Pressure from Pore-Scale Modeling

We invoke pore-scale models to evaluate grain shape effects on petrophysical properties of three-dimensional (3D) images from micro-CT scans and consolidated grain packs. Four sets of grain-packs are constructed on the basis of a new sedimentary algorithm with the following shapes: exact angular grain shapes identified from micro-CT scans, ellipsoids fitted to angular grains, and spheres with volume and surface-to-volume ratio equal to original angular grains on a grain-by-grain basis. Subsequently, a geometry-based cementation algorithm implements pore space alteration due to diagenesis. Eight micro-CT scans and 144 grain-pack images with $500 \times 500 \times 500$ voxels (the resolution units of 3D images) are analyzed in this study. Absolute permeability, formation factor, and capillary pressure are calculated for each 3D image using numerical methods and compared to available core measurements. Angular grain packs give rise to the best agreement with experimental measurements. Cement volume and its spatial distribution in the pore space significantly affect all calculated petrophysical properties. Available empirical permeability correlations for non-spherical grains underestimate permeability between 30 and 70 % for the analyzed samples. Kozeny–Carman’s predictions agree with modeled permeability for spherical grain packs but overestimate permeability for micro-CT images and non-spherical grain packs when volume-based radii are used to calculate the average grain size in a pack. We identify surface-to-volume ratio and grain shape as fundamental physical parameters that control fluid distribution and flow in porous media for equivalent porosity samples.     

The effect of numerical methods on the simulation of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal models

This work considers the effect of the numerical method on the simulation of a 2D model of hydrothermal systems located in the high-permeability axial plane of mid-ocean ridges. The behavior of hot plumes, formed in a porous medium between volcanic lava and the ocean floor, is very irregular due to convective instabilities. Therefore, we discuss and compare two different numerical methods for solving the mathematical model of this system. In concrete, we consider two ways to treat the temperature equation of the model: a semi-Lagrangian formulation of the advective terms in combination with a Galerkin finite element method for the parabolic part of the equations and a stabilized finite element scheme. Both methods are very robust and accurate. However, due to physical instabilities in the system at high Rayleigh number, the effect of the numerical method is significant with regard to the temperature distribution at a certain time instant. The good news is that relevant statistical quantities remain relatively stable and coincide for the two numerical schemes. The agreement is larger in the case of a mathematical model with constant water properties. In the case of a model with nonlinear dependence of the water properties on the temperature and pressure, the agreement in the statistics is clearly less pronounced. Hence, the presented work accentuates the need for a strengthened validation of the compatibility between numerical scheme (accuracy/resolution) and complex (realistic/nonlinear) models.     

Numerical simulations of compressible flows using multi-fluid models

Numerical simulations of two-fluid flow models based on the full Navier–Stokes equations are presented. The models include six and seven partial differential equations, namely, six- and seven-equation models. The seven-equation model consists of a non-conservative equation for volume fraction evolution of one of the fluids and two sets of balance equations. Each set describes the motion of the corresponding fluid, which has its own pressure, velocity, and temperature. The closure is achieved by two stiffened gas equations of state. Instantaneous relaxation towards equilibrium is achieved by velocity and pressure relaxation terms. The six-equation model is deduced from the seven-equation model by assuming an infinite rate of velocity relaxation. In this model, a single velocity is used for both fluids. The numerical solutions are obtained by applying the Strang splitting technique. The numerical solutions are examined in a set of one, two, and three dimensions for both the six- and seven-equation models. The results indicate very good agreement with the experimental results. There is an insignificant difference between the results of the two models, but the six-equation model is much more economical compared to the seven-equation model.     

弹体对混凝土材料先侵彻后爆炸损伤破坏效应的数值模拟研究

基于Kong-Fang混凝土材料模型和LS-DYNA的流固耦合和重启动算法,开展了某新型钻地武器先侵彻后爆炸对混凝土靶体的毁伤破坏效应研究。通过模拟大口径缩比弹侵彻实验和预制孔爆炸实验,验证了材料模型及其参数的可靠性。在此基础上,进一步对预制孔装药爆炸建模、不考虑弹壳的重启动建模和考虑弹壳的重启动建模3种方法进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,由于爆轰产物的外泄,不考虑侵彻预损伤的预制孔装药爆炸方法得到的爆坑直径仅为3倍弹径,且损伤破坏模式与其他2种方法得到的损伤破坏模式区别较大。重启动建模方法继承了弹体侵彻过程中累积的损伤,爆坑直径在原有侵彻损伤破坏的基础上明显增大;且由于弹壳变形破碎消耗部分能量,考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑直径（约14.5倍弹径）略小于不考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑直径（约16倍弹径）;但由于破碎弹头的二次侵彻作用,考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑深度比不考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑深度增加约5%。上述研究结果可为进一步开展钻地武器先侵彻后爆炸毁伤破坏效应的实验研究提供参考。     

Thermodynamics of relaxation processes in the glass transition region

Relaxation processes in the glass transition region, especially the recovery of the volume and the physical ageing of polymers, do not follow the common (linear) theory of relaxation. On the contrary, they show a development which depends on the previous history, may be non-monotonous and requires a relaxation time that may have negative values and a pole. These phenomena can be explained if the single relaxation time is replaced by a spectrum of relaxation times and the relaxation times are supposed to be subjected to a feedback via certain structure- and temperature-parameters (as, for instance, in the KAHR-theory).However, the feedback and a pole of the relaxation time arise already for a single internal degree of freedom by themselves, if, in the non-equilibrium thermodynamics, a dynamic and a static temperature are strictly differentiated. In the case of the relaxation of the diffusive translational motion of the molecules in the glass transition region the dynamic temperature is identical with the socalled fictive temperature introduced by Tool.With regard to the relaxation of the volume three different temperature regions must be distinguished: A fluid region at high temperatures where the relaxation is controlled by the free volume and complies with the linear theory at least approximately; a glass-like region at low temperatures where the relaxation is controlled by the thermal expansivity of the free volume and where, under certain conditions, the statements set up by Davies and Jones are valid; an intermediate region (the glass transition region) where the free volume as well as its coefficient of expansivity are decisive. In that region the effective relaxation time of the volume may have a pole and the dynamic temperature may approach its equilibrium value by discontinuous jumps or in a chaotic manner.Dedicated to Professor Dr. J. Meissner (ETH Zürich) on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

A novel numerical algorithm based on Galerkin–Petrov time-discretization method for solving chaotic nonlinear dynamical systems

Nonlinear chaotic systems yield many interesting features related to different physical phenomena and practical applications. These systems are very sensitive to initial conditions at each time-iteration level in a numerical algorithm. In this article, we study the behavior of some nonlinear chaotic systems by a new numerical approach based on the concept of Galerkin–Petrov time-discretization formulation. Computational algorithms are derived to calculate dynamical behavior of nonlinear chaotic systems. Dynamical systems representing weather prediction model and finance model are chosen as test cases for simulation using the derived algorithms. The obtained results are compared with classical RK-4 and RK-5 methods, and an excellent agreement is achieved. The accuracy and convergence of the method are shown by comparing numerically computed results with the exact solution for two test problems derived from another nonlinear dynamical system in two-dimensional space. It is shown that the derived numerical algorithms have a great potential in dealing with the solution of nonlinear chaotic systems and thus can be utilized to delineate different features and characteristics of their solutions.     

Time harmonic sources at micropolar thermoelastic medium possessing cubic symmetry with one relaxation time

The response of a micropolar thermoelastic medium possessing cubic symmetry with one relaxation time due to time harmonic sources has been investigated. Fourier transform has been employed and the transform has been inverted by using a numerical inversion technique. The components of displacement, stress, microrotation and temperature distribution in the physical domain are obtained numerically. The results of normal displacement, normal force stress, tangential couple stress and temperature distribution have been compared for micropolar cubic crystal and isotropic micropolar solid. The numerical results are illustrated graphically for a particular material. Some special cases have also been deduced.     

Determination of relaxation and retardation spectrum by inverse functional filtering

The article is devoted for the determination of the relaxation and retardation spectrum (RRS) from monotonic time- and frequency-domain material functions by the inverse functional filters executing discrete convolution algorithms for geometrically spaced data. It is shown that the problem of RRS determination from a wide variety of material functions leads to the three inverse filtering tasks on a logarithmic time or frequency scale with the three specific frequency responses concerning: (i) the time-domain functions, (ii) the real parts and (iii) the imaginary parts of the frequency-domain functions, and three algorithms (having the versions with even and odd number of coefficients) are to be applied to: (i) time-domain compliance and modulus functions, (ii) their derivatives, and (iii) frequency-domain functions. It is demonstrated that ill-posedness of an inverse filter manifests as large sampling-rate-dependent noise amplification coefficients. A novel regularization strategy allowing to ensure the desired noise immunity is proposed based on choosing sampling rate for geometrically spaced data. The performance of the algorithms is investigated. Optimal sampling rates are disclosed for specific material functions. The frequency range of 2–3 decades is established to be optimal for the recovery of a single RRS point estimate ensuring maximum accuracy with reasonable noise immunity. Practical algorithms are proposed for recovering RRS from the real and imaginary parts of frequency-domain functions. Some known non-parametric methods are compared with the suggested functional filters.     

A new multistage spectral relaxation method for solving chaotic initial value systems

In this paper, we present a new pseudospectral method application for solving nonlinear initial value problems (IVPs) with chaotic properties. The proposed method, called the multistage spectral relaxation method (MSRM) is based on a novel technique of extending Gauss–Siedel type relaxation ideas to systems of nonlinear differential equations and using the Chebyshev pseudo-spectral methods to solve the resulting system on a sequence of multiple intervals. In this new application, the MSRM is used to solve famous chaotic systems such as the such as Lorenz, Chen, Liu, Rikitake, Rössler, Genesio–Tesi, and Arneodo–Coullet chaotic systems. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method is tested against Runge–Kutta and Adams–Bashforth–Moulton based methods. The numerical results indicate that the MSRM is an accurate, efficient, and reliable method for solving very complex IVPs with chaotic behavior.     

网纹红土分数阶应力松弛模型

网纹红土松弛特性具有非线性。基于分数阶微积分理论,探讨了能更准确描述网纹红土松弛非线性特性和全过程的FVMS(Fractional Voigt and Maxwell model in series)松弛模型和FVMP(Fractional Voigt and Maxwell model in parallel)松弛模型及其理论解,进而应用提出的模型对三轴松弛试验实测数据进行反演,讨论了分数阶阶数的敏感性,并与西原模型和Burgers模型进行对比分析。研究结果表明,建立的四元件分数阶松弛本构模型应用于网纹红土应力松弛特性分析是有效可行的,模型灵活且精度更高,参数确定简便,发现分数阶阶数对应力松弛量的影响较大,但其对FVMS模型和FVMP模型松弛速率的影响不同,为实际工程长期稳定性分析提供了参考。