阳离子聚丙烯酸酯乳液的制备及其在造纸中的应用

以缩水甘油醚三甲基氯化铵(GTA)和丙烯酸为原料,合成了阳离子丙烯酸酯单体,研究了反应物配比、温度、时间、及催化剂用量对产物酯化率的影响,确定了产物最优合成工艺为:异丙醇作反应溶剂,n(丙烯酸)∶n(GTA)=1.1∶1,反应温度70℃,反应时间6h,此条件下酯化率78%,产物收率86%.产物结构通过红外光谱得以证实.该单体经种子乳液聚合得到阳离子聚丙烯酸酯乳液,与氧化淀粉复配后制备的阳离子表面施胶剂对提高纸张的强度具有明显作用.     

一种酯类双季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成研究

酯类双季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂含有正电荷性和酯类官能团,具有cmc低、高界面活性、易生物降解的特点。本研究先用三乙胺(TEA)和环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)合成新型季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂失水甘油基三乙基氯化铵(GTA)中间体,最后用GTA和己二酸反应合成得到一种新型酯类双季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂——双季铵盐己二酸酯表面活性剂(BQAA)。超声条件下得出BQAA合成的最佳条件为:超声频率:60KHz,反应体系pH=8,反应温度:50℃,n(GTA)∶n(己二酸)=2. 5∶1. 0,反应时间:6. 5h,BQAA为白色晶体,产率为88. 79%,通过元素分析和IR对产品BQAA进行了表征,对产物BQAA的表面活性、泡沫性能和乳化性能进行了研究,实验结果表明:BQAA的cmc=1. 3×10~(-4)mol·L~(-1),γ_(cmc)=27. 96 mN·m~(-1),泡沫形成稳定性高,起泡能力强,乳化能力好。     

对硝基邻苯二乙醚合成技术研究

以邻苯二酚与溴乙烷为原料、聚乙二醇为相转移催化剂合成邻苯二乙醚,再经过冰醋酸和硝酸硝化得到对硝基邻苯二乙醚。研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料摩尔比和催化剂用量等对反应收率的影响,获得了合成邻苯二乙醚的优化工艺条件:n(C6H4(OH)2)∶n(NaO H)∶n(C2H5Br)=1∶2.6∶2.4,反应温度80℃,反应时间4h,催化剂用量2g,该反应条件下邻苯二乙醚平均收率88%。混酸硝化条件下合成对硝基邻苯二乙醚的较佳工艺条件为n(C10H14O2)∶n(HNO3)=1∶1.2,乙酸25mL,反应时间30min,反应温度20℃,该反应条件下对硝基邻苯二乙醚平均收率为99%。     

在超声条件下三乙胺替代三甲胺合成醚化剂GTA

以液体叔胺三乙胺作反应原料替代三甲胺,在超声条件下合成了环氧氯丙基三乙基氯化铵(GTA),简化了合成工艺,使反应时间缩短了4 h. 最佳合成条件为:超声频率40 kHz,反应温度25 ℃,n(环氧氯丙烷):n(三乙胺)=1:1.5,反应液的pH值7～7.5,反应时间0.5 h. 合成的醚化剂GTA产率为97.61%,环氧值为91.57%,熔点138～140 ℃.     

环氧环戊烷的无溶剂合成工艺

以聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯接枝磷钨酸季铵盐为三相相转移催化剂,以H2O2为氧化剂,KCl为助催化剂,研究了环戊烯(CPE)合成环氧环戊烷(CPEO)的无溶剂工艺。 讨论了催化剂和助催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、环戊烯与H2O2摩尔比对反应的影响。 确定了无溶剂环氧环戊烷合成反应的条件为(以0.056 mol H2O2计)：催化剂1.0 g、助催化剂0.025 g、反应温度40 ℃、反应时间5 h、n(CPE)∶n(H2O2)=2.1∶1.0。 CPEO的平均收率约为96%。 催化剂回收重复使用6次活性无明显降低。     

N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱的制备

以十六醇、环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺和氯乙酸钠等为原料,通过三步反应合成N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基甜菜碱(HHDB),并探索了反应温度、投料比、反应时间和催化剂等因素对产物产率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。中间体3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基-1-氯丙烷(HHCP)合成的最佳工艺条件:催化剂苄基三乙基氯化铵,体系p H为9.0,n(C_(16)H_(33)OH)∶n(C_3H_5OCl)=1∶1.1,滴加环氧氯丙烷温度65℃,滴加时间1.5h,反应温度95℃,反应时间5 h;中间体N-(3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基)-N,N-二甲基叔胺(HHDT)合成的最佳工艺条件:n(C_(19)H_(39)OCl)∶n(C_2H_7N)=1∶1.2,反应温度85℃,反应时间20 h;产物HHDB制备的最佳工艺条件:n(C_(21)H_(45)ON)∶n(C_3H_4O_2ClNa)=1∶1.1,反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h。在上述工艺条件下,HHDB产率达到95.2%,对产物HHDB及中间体进行红外光谱与核磁氢谱表征,测定其临界胶束浓度为9.8 mmol·L-1,水溶液表面张力为18.8 m N·m-1,发泡力为1.15,产物具有较好的表面活性。     

新型含双长链和苄基的有机硅季铵盐的合成

以双十二胺(1)为原料,与氯化苄经取代反应制得中间体苄基双十二胺(2);2与γ-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(3)经季铵化反应合成了一种新型的含双长链和苄基的有机硅季铵盐(4),其结构经UV-Vis和FT-IR表征。通过正交实验L9(34)优化了2和4的反应条件。合成2的最佳工艺条件为:以乙腈为溶剂,1 5 mmol,n(1)∶n(Bn Cl)=1.0∶1.2,回流反应20 h,收率80.4%。合成4的最佳工艺条件为:以乙二醇为溶剂,2 5mmol,n(2)∶n(3)=1.0∶1.6,于110℃密闭反应80 h,收率57.8%。     

季铵盐阳离子双酯表面活性剂CDESA的合成研究

以三甲胺、环氧氯丙烷、硬脂酸和硬脂酰氯为原料,在超声条件下反应合成了季铵盐阳离子双酯表面活性剂N,N,N-三甲基-2,3-硬脂酰氧基丙基氯化铵(CDESA)。采用控制单一变量法对CDESA的最佳合成条件进行了探究,实验得出CDESA的最佳合成条件为:超声水浴振动下,n(CMESA)∶n(硬脂酰氯)=1.5∶1.0,反应溶剂为1,4-二氧六环,p H=8,反应时间为3.0 h,反应温度85℃,CDESA的产率达94.39%,熔点为152.2~153.2℃。通过红外光谱和元素分析对CDESA进行了结构表征。     

微波辐射下合成DL-天冬氨酸的研究

在微波辐射下,以NH4Cl为催化剂,用顺丁烯二酸和氨水一步合成DL-天冬氨酸,通过正交实验和单因素实验,考察了微波功率、反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素的影响,得到最优的工艺条件为:n(顺丁烯二酸)∶n(氨水)∶n(氯化铵)=1∶3.4∶1.4,微波功率为80W,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为10min。这种方法具有操作简单,反应时间短,产品收率高等特点。     

氟代芳香族化合物四甲基氟化铵氟代脱硝法的合成

以高活性无水四甲基氟化铵（TMAFanh.）为氟化试剂,优化反应的条件为：n(Substrate)∶n(TMAF_anh.)=1∶1.4、DMF用量为0.4 L/mol Substrate,由硝基芳烃化合物经低温氟代脱硝反应合成了含氟芳香族化合物,反应温度80~100 ℃,反应时间1~5 h,氟代产物收率19.4%~99.0%。 反应具有原料易得、工艺简单、条件温和、产物收率高和副反应少等优点。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。