ICP-MS测定PM2.5中痕量重金属及铅同位素

建立了HNO3-H2O2湿法消解、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)同时测定PM2.5样品中痕量重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Cd,Pb和Pb同位素的方法。通过内标校正克服了基体效应、物理效应和仪器的长短期漂移的干扰。在ICP-MS优化参数下,测定的痕量元素及Pb同位素的标准曲线相关系数均优于0.9997,5种痕量元素的方法检出限在0.01~0.07μg/L之间,4种Pb同位素的方法检出限在0.014~0.07μg/L之间。通过测定滤膜标准物质(GBW(E)080212)和Pb同位素标准物质(NIST981)考察了方法准确性,测定值均在标准值范围内。当Pb质量浓度大于10μg/L时,浓度对Pb同位素比值的测量影响不显著。运用该方法测得厦门市PM2.5中6种痕量重金属元素的RSD小于4.8%,Pb同位素RSD小于0.5%。     

不同酸体系对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用3种消解体系对聚四氟乙烯滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品中15种重金属元素。比较了硝酸–盐酸(A)、硝酸–过氧化氢(B)、硝酸–氢氟酸–高氯酸(C)3种体系的消解效果,分析了南京市PM2.5中重金属含量,并与文献值进行了比较。结果表明,A,B,C 3种体系测定结果的相对标准偏差的平均值分别为7.9%,9.9%和17.2%,加标回收率分别为80.5%~111.0%,87.5%~120.0%,74.1%~113.0%。C体系测定结果偏高,操作步骤繁琐,精密度差;A,B体系具有试剂用量少,精密度好,准确度高等优点,能满足环境空气PM2.5中多元素同时测定的要求。     

采用有机进样系统-电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接进样测定食用油中铅、砷、铜、铝、镍

目的采用加氧附件-有机进样系统建立了ICP-MS直接进样测定食用油中铅、砷、铜、镍、铝等元素的分析方法。方法采用航空煤油为稀释剂,按照油/溶剂(质量比)1/9加以稀释后直接进入ICP-MS仪器分析,采用钇、铍混合内标来补偿仪器信号漂移和基体效应。结果方法检出限:铅为0.09μg/kg、砷为0.07μg/kg、铜为0.1μg/kg、镍为0.11μg/kg、铝为0.55μg/kg;相对标准偏差5%;加标回收率在95%~105%之间。结论该研究所建立的方法适用于食用油等有机样品中重金属元素的检测分析。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定硅石中五种杂质元素

采用微波消解溶解样品,建立ICP-MS法测定硅石中锰、铜、钒、钛、铬5种杂质元素的方法。探讨了溶解样品及消除干扰的最佳方式,选用Sc(10μg/L)为内标,动态反应池(DRC)模式进行测定。方法检出限为0.1mg/kg(51V)~1.66 mg/kg(47Ti),加标回收率在88.6%~109%,相对标准偏差均小于3%。方法快速准确,精密度好,检出限低,适合硅石中5种杂质元素的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定拉考沙胺注射液中10种杂质元素

拉考沙胺注射液样品用稀释剂定容至100.0mL,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定样品溶液中锂、钒、钴、镍、铜、砷、镉、锑、汞、铅等10种杂质元素的含量。采用内标法定量,10种杂质元素的检出限(3s/k)为0.002~0.040μg·L^-1,测定下限(10s/k)为0.007~0.120μg·L^-1。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为95.2%~124%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.0%~2.5%。通过风险评估和每日最大推荐剂量,确定了拉考沙胺注射液中各杂质元素的每日允许暴露量与各杂质元素的含量限度。     

高压消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定地质样品中的铌和钽

建立了运用硝酸-硫酸-氢氟酸体系高压消解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定地质样品中铌和钽含量的方法。研究了样品消解体系、样品消解时间、溶液的介质、内标元素等对测定的影响。Nb的方法检出限为0.027μg/g,Ta的方法检出限为0.015μg/g。Nb测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.3%;Ta测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%。经标准物质验证,分析结果令人满意,可适用于大批量地质样品中铌和钽的测定。     

微波辅助消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定烟草中的重金属

本文以微波辅助消解为样品前处理方法,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定烟草中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Mn、Fe 7种重金属含量的分析方法。结果表明:该方法 Pb的检出限为2.00μg/L,其他元素检出限均小于0.90μg/L,回收率在86.1%~116.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.1%~8.1%范围。方法已成功用于部分国内外烟草中的重金属含量检测。     

破乳诱导萃取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定柴油中的锰、铁和铅

采用破乳诱导萃取的前处理方法,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(ICP-MS),测定了柴油中的锰、铁和铅元素。首先将样品和表面活性剂溶液(Triton X-114)混合形成稳定的油包水乳液,以硝酸作萃取剂充分萃取柴油中的锰、铁和铅,然后将乳液离心破乳分层,采用ICP-MS内标法测定酸性水相中的锰、铁和铅。3种元素的检出限(3S/N)在0.008~0.083μg·L-1之间,测定下限(10S/N)在0.027~0.28μg·L-1之间。应用该方法对柴油中金属元素进行测定,加标回收率在94.9%~106%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.66%~2.2%之间。     

微波消解/ICP-MS法测定食品级润滑油(脂)中的锑、砷、镉、铅、汞、硒

建立了微波消解样品,ICP-MS同时测定食品级润滑油(脂)中Pb,Cd,As,Se,Sb,Hg 6种微量元素的分析方法。通过优化实验条件,方法测试食品级润滑油(脂)样品中6种微量元素的检出限在0.001~0.020μg/g之间,Pb,Cd,As,Se,Sb在5.00~100.00μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,Hg在0.50~10.0μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.999,回收率在93.3%~116%之间,相对标准偏差(n=10)在2.3%~4.2%之间。方法能够满足食品级润滑油(脂)中微量有毒有害元素的定量测定要求。     

ICP–MS法测定食品接触纸制品中铬、镍、砷、镉、铅、汞

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP–MS)测定食品接触纸制品中铬、镍、砷、镉、铅、汞6种重金属含量的方法。样品经微波消解处理后用ICP–MS进行测定,内标法定量。在优化实验条件下,测定汞元素的线性范围在0~10μg/L之间,测定铅、镉、铬、镍、砷元素的线性范围在0~100μg/L之间,相关系数均大于0.999。各元素的检出限为0.001~0.1 mg/kg,加标回收率为89.3%~116.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.5%~7.9%(n=6)。该方法样品处理简单,检测灵敏度高,适用于食品接触纸制品中铬、镍、砷、镉、铅、汞的检测。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).