基于分子内电荷转移的多枝状荧光探针光学性质与响应机理分析（英文）

本文采用含时密度泛函理论研究了用于检测生物硫醇的荧光探针分子的光学性质.通过计算探针分子Mol.1、Mol.2和Mol.3与半胱氨酸和同型半胱氨酸反应前后的单光子吸收和发射性质,研究了碳碳三键和苯环结构对荧光探针性质的影响.随着给电子体三苯胺结构的逐渐完善和碳碳三键的加入,探针分子的振子强度逐渐增大,展现出了更好的荧光探针性质.同时,研究了不同侧枝数目对探针分子性质的影响,结果表明,相较于单枝分子Z1和三枝分子Mol.3,两个侧枝的探针分子Z2振子强度更大,检测效果更佳.增加了碳碳三键和苯环后的单枝新型探针分子Mol.4,相较于具有三枝结构的探针分子Mol.3,具有良好的探针性质,且结构更为简单.     

一种环境友好型的PAEs荧光光谱衍生分子修饰方法

传统的PAEs荧光检测法主要是借助与具有荧光光谱特征的牛血清蛋白反应而进行的间接荧光检测。以六种被列入环境优先控制污染物的PAEs为例,对其苯环上4号位进行分子修饰,以期获得具有高荧光光谱强度的PAEs衍生物,利于直接荧光检测,同时利用分子对接的方法模拟PAEs分子与牛血清蛋白的结合,计算与牛血清蛋白结合后的PAEs分子荧光光谱强度,并将其与PAEs衍生物的荧光光谱强度进行比较,筛选荧光光谱显著增强的PAEs衍生物,为PAEs衍生物的检测提供理论支持。研究结果显示：共设计出30种PAEs衍生物,其中18种PAEs衍生物的荧光光谱强度增强显著（100%～1850%）,说明PAEs衍生物直接荧光检测的强度相较于PAEs分子间接荧光检测的强度具有显著增强作用;18种PAEs衍生物的功能特性（以稳定性、绝缘性作为代表）受到的影响较小,且PAEs衍生物的环境持久性均有所降低,生物富集性无明显变化,迁移性和毒性有不同程度的降低。此外,PAEs衍生物之间、与其他具有荧光特性的物质（多环芳烃）之间不存在干扰（最小波数差大于荧光光谱检测分辨率0.30 nm）,占用轨道能量及最正密立根氢原子电荷数是导致PAEs衍生物具有荧光光谱特性的主要控制因素。     

NMR探针分子表征分子筛酸性的理论研究

用量子化学计算的方法,采用三甲基氧膦（TMPO）、吡啶和三甲基膦（TMP）3种探针分子,研究了工业上常用的3种分子筛H-Y、H-ZSM5、H-MOR的Bronsted酸强度,讨论了这3种探针分子化学位移与Bronsted相对酸强度的相关性,揭示了各种探针分子在表征Bronsted酸性上的适用性.     

检测Fe~(3+)/F~-的双功能喹哪啶衍生物荧光探针

对一种简单结构的喹哪啶衍生物作为离子荧光探针的性能进行了研究。探针由8-羟基喹哪啶的2-位引入水杨醛构成,通过双键连接喹啉环与苯环以及推-拉电子基团构成大共轭结构,使其发光量子产率提高;探针分子中的氮、氧原子提供了良好的配位作用点,能选择性与离子配合而使荧光性质发生变化。在乙腈/水溶液中,Fe~(3+)与探针形成1∶1的配合物而使其荧光猝灭,配合为自发的熵驱动放热过程。红外光谱和1 H NMR滴定推测探针分子中的两个羰基氧和氮的孤对电子参与Fe~(3+)络合,光诱导引发电子转移过程导致荧光猝灭。在乙腈溶液中,F~-使探针在415nm处的荧光峰降低,在560nm处出现新荧光峰,形成比率荧光,荧光由蓝色变为黄色至橙红色。同时,F~-使探针在280和340nm处的紫外吸收峰降低,在455nm处出现新的吸收峰,形成比率吸收,颜色由无色变为黄色至橙色。1 H NMR滴定推测探针分子与F~-是通过氢键作用。为一种同时检测阴、阳离子的双功能探针,荧光法对Fe~(3+)和F~-的检出限分别低至13.6nmol·L~(-1)和1.6μmol·L~(-1),紫外法对F~-的检出限低至16.5μmol·L~(-1)。利用探针对F~-识别时明显的颜色变化,建立了可视性,快速度,易操作的目视检测微量F~-的方法。     

水热法制备S、N共掺杂碳点及其银离子的荧光检测

以通过氢键形成分子单元的异硫氰酸胍为掺杂剂,采用一锅水热法制备了具有明亮蓝色荧光的S、N共掺杂碳点.结构表征显示,N和S元素能够通过杂环原子和碳点表面官能团的形式充分掺杂.该碳点溶液的光致发光最佳激发波长为395nm,对应发射谱从"激发独立"变为"激发依赖".在碳点的形成过程中,出现了一些分子级荧光团,随着碳化过程以表面官能团的形式键合在碳点的表面,这为该碳点作为银离子检测的传感探针提供了可能.碳点溶液荧光强度和银离子浓度在不同浓度范围内成线性关系,基团-S-C≡N能够促进银离子对碳点溶液荧光的猝灭效应.该碳点溶液制备方法简单、性能优异,为高效检测工业污染物中银离子的应用提供了一种可能的途径.     

基于ESIPT机理检测Al3+荧光探针分子结构和电子光谱的理论研究

本文应用密度泛函理论（DFT）和含时密度泛函理论（TD-DFT）方法,研究了具有激发态分子内质子转移（ESIPT）特性的3-羟基黄酮（3HF）及其两种氰基和氨基取代衍生物（3HF-CY和3HF-AM）作为水溶液中Al3+离子检测的荧光探针分子结构和电子光谱性质. 计算得到了与ESIPT过程相关的键长、键角以及势能曲线,模拟计算了单独分子和分子@Al3+复合物的吸收和荧光光谱. 结果表明,氰基或氨基的引入均会抑制3HF的质子在基态（S0）或激发态（S1）的转移. 而从得到的吸收光谱可以看出,在3HF中引入吸电子基团氰基可以引起其吸收光谱的红移,而给电子基团氨基的引入则出现相反现象. 此外,与3HF-AM的荧光光谱相比,3HF-AM@Al3+复合物发生了75.88 nm的蓝移,由此推测3HF-AM与水中的Al3+反应后,在光激发下溶液荧光会由绿色转变为紫色,表明3HF-AM分子可以作为有效检测水中Al3+的荧光探针.     

外电场下AgCl分子的结构与性质

采用密度泛函理论B3P86方法计算了Ag Cl基态分子在不同场强条件下的稳定结构及激发态性质.研究了外电场对Ag Cl基态分子键长、总能量、电子结构、谐振频率和红外光谱强度及前10个激发态的吸收谱、激发能、振子强度的影响.结果表明随着沿Ag-Cl分子轴向电场的逐渐增大,Ag Cl分子键长逐渐减小;总能量则逐渐增大;电偶极矩单调减小;HOMO能级升高,而LUMO能级、费米能级和能隙均减小.谐振频率随正向电场增加而增大,而红外谱强度则逐渐减小.随着电场的增强,由基态至第1~10激发态的波长增大,激发能减小.     

新型水溶性花菁双嵌染料荧光测定蛋白质的研究

基于蛋白质对双嵌花菁染料具有良好的荧光增强作用,以新型水溶性碳菁染1,1’-丙磺酸-3,3,3’,3’-四甲基吲哚三次甲基碳菁-5,5’-二磺酸钾为荧光探针,建立了一种新的蛋白质荧光检测体系。实验考察了探针的荧光特征、浓度、缓冲体系pH、盐浓度和乙醇有机试剂等参数对体系荧光的影响。当pH2.0,花菁染料最大荧光激发波长为548 nm,发射波长为562 nm,血清蛋白与探针作用随着探针浓度的增加而加强,荧光增强值逐渐上升;当探针浓度为1.00×10-6mol·L-1时,牛血清蛋白BSA和人血清蛋白HSA对花菁探针荧光增强作用最为明显,体系荧光强度与蛋白质浓度成良好的线性关系,BSA和HSA线性响应浓度范围分别为0.20～15.00μg·mL-1和0.20～12.00μg·mL-1, 检测限(3σ/K)为0.01μg·mL-1。测定了血清蛋白BSA的合成样品,当BSA浓度为4.00,6.00,8.00μg·mL-1时,回收率为94.5%～103.3%。     

以芘为中心系列衍生物的单光子和双光子吸收特性理论研究

在含时密度泛函理论的水平上,利用响应场理论方法研究了以芘为中心系列衍生物的单光子和双光子吸收特性. 研究结果表明,在低能量范围内,每个分子有多个电荷转移态. 单光子吸收性质与实验结果符合较好. 随着分子尺寸的增加,分子的最大双光子吸收截面显著增加,其中具有四分枝结构分子的最大双光子吸收截面是单枝结构分子的5.6倍. 同时,分子的双光子吸收截面与分子结构的对称性有关.其中对称结构分子具有较大的双光子吸收截面.     

光谱法研究3H-吲哚季铵盐探针分子与牛血清底的相互作用

合成了一种新型的荧光探针分子2-(对-十二烷基氨基)苯基-3, 3-二甲基-5-乙酯基-3H-吲哚基-甲基-二-十六烷基碘化铵, 并运用荧光光谱探讨它与牛血清蛋白的作用. 结果表明, 探针分子与牛血清蛋白(BSA)的结合作用可使3H-吲哚的荧光强度增强, 而对蛋白质却具有猝灭性质, 其结合常数和结合位点数分别为Ka=1.995×105 dm3*mol-1和n=1.12.     

硫杂杯[4]芳烃基胶束自组装荧光探针的结构性质及检测性能的研究

水体中重金属污染因威胁生态环境和人类健康而被受广泛关注。荧光探针由于具有快速高效检测重金属的特性,一直是该领域的研究热点。通常,荧光探针在结构上包括对待测物质起识别作用的受体和能产生信号响应的荧光体,并逐步形成了内在型、共轭型、系综型和模板辅助自组装型等四种结构类型。近年来,基于受体和荧光体在表面活性剂胶束内自组装而形成的胶束自组装型荧光探针因结构简单、易于制备、能直接应用于水环境等特点逐渐受到重视。以对铜离子具有优异结合性能的对叔丁基硫杂杯[4]芳烃（TCA）为受体,以芘、荧蒽、蒽、菲、苝等分子为荧光体,通过表面活性剂胶束自组装制备针对Cu2+检测的胶束自组装型荧光探针,采用参比法测定了胶束自组装荧光探针的荧光量子产率,采用稳态荧光法测定了胶束聚集数,同时通过计算荧光猝灭率分别考察了荧光体种类、复配表面活性剂等因素对该探针的Cu2+检测性能的影响情况。实验结果显示,采用十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、曲拉通100（TX-100）、聚氧乙烯月桂醚（Brij35）等三种不同的表面活性剂对探针荧光体的荧光量子产率产生了明显影响,测得的荧光探针荧光量子产率介于0.25~0.47,且三者逐渐增大,说明表面活性剂改变了胶束内荧光分子芘所处微环境的极性,且不同类型表面活性剂对微环境极性的影响程度有所差异,微环境极性的增强对极性更大的激发态芘具有更强的稳定作用。而受体TCA的加入对荧光体所处微环境极性影响较小,未对荧光量子产率产生较大影响。但TCA的加入使探针的胶束聚集数明显减少,这归因于具有两亲性的受体TCA分子通过胶束自组装进入并分散在表面活性剂分子层中,形成共胶束结构,从而改变了表面活性剂分子的聚集状态。荧光体变更对荧光探针的Cu2+检测性能有显著影响,在同样条件下,以荧蒽、蒽、菲作为荧光体的探针检测Cu2+所得到的荧光猝灭率远高于芘、苝,这主要是因为不同荧光体在从激发态返回基态时辐射跃迁所释放能量不同,其能量与受体TCA识别Cu2+所需能量之间的匹配度越高,荧光猝灭率越大。不同类型的表面活性剂之间的复配能明显提升荧光探针检测性能,当非离子/阴离子、非离子/阳离子型复配表面活性剂之间的复配比例分别为7∶3和1∶1时荧光猝灭率达到最大值,且均高于单一表面活性剂时的荧光猝灭率。这说明不同类型表面活性剂复配的最佳比例存在较大差异,但均有效地增强了受体与荧光体的分散性及自组装性能,提高了对Cu2+的检测性能。研究结果将为新型胶束自组装荧光探针的设计和应用提供数据参考。     

Improving NMR sensitivity in room temperature and cooled probes with dipolar ions

The response of inverse triple resonance cold and conventional probes to ionic strength has been compared under a variety of conditions relevant to protein NMR. Increasing the salt concentration degrades probe performance in terms of sensitivity, and the effect is more severe for cold probes and with increasing magnetic field strength. This is especially noticeable for experiments that involve a spin lock or decoupling, where sensitivity losses compared with pure water can be more than 2-fold. We have investigated the use of glycine as a substitute for salt as a supporting solute for proteins, and we show that it has a minimal effect on probe tuning or performance. Readily available d5-Gly is a useful co-solute for protein NMR, especially at high magnetic field strengths and on cold probes, as it maintains solubility while not degrading probe performance.     

The New Fluorescent Membrane Probe Ahba: A Comparative Study with the Largely Used Laurdan

Lipid bilayers have been largely used as model systems for biological membranes. Hence, their structures, and alterations caused on them by biological active molecules, have been the subject of many studies. Accordingly, fluorescent probes incorporated into lipid bilayers have been extensively used for characterizing lipid bilayer fluidity and/or polarity. However, for the proper analysis of the alterations undergone by a membrane, a comprehensive knowledge of the fluorescent properties of the probe is fundamental. Therefore, the present work compares fluorescent properties of a relative new fluorescent membrane probe, 2-amino-N-hexadecyl-benzamide (Ahba), with the largely used probe 6-dodecanoyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-naphthylamine (Laurdan), using both static and time resolved fluorescence. Both Ahba and Laurdan have the fluorescent moiety close to the bilayer surface; Ahba has a rather small fluorescent moiety, which was shown to be very sensitive to the bilayer surface pH. The main goal was to point out the fluorescent properties of each probe that are most sensitive to structural alterations on a lipid bilayer. The two probes were incorporated into bilayers of the well-studied zwitterionic lipid dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), which exhibits a gel-fluid transition around 23 °C. The system was monitored between 5 and 50 °C, hence allowing the study of the two different lipid structures, the gel and fluid bilayer phases, and the transition between them. As it is known, the fluorescent emission spectrum of Laurdan is highly sensitive to the bilayer gel-fluid transition, whereas the Ahba fluorescence spectrum was found to be insensitive to changes in bilayer structure and polarity, which are known to happen at the gel-fluid transition. However, both probes monitor the bilayer gel-fluid transition through fluorescence anisotropy measurements. With time-resolved fluorescence, it was possible to show that bilayer structural variations can be monitored by Laurdan excited state lifetimes changes, whereas Ahba lifetimes were found to be insensitive to bilayer structural modifications. Through anisotropy time decay measurements, both probes could monitor structural bilayer changes, but the limiting anisotropy was found to be a better parameter than the rotational correlation time. It is interesting to have in mind that the relatively small fluorophore of Ahba (o-Abz) could possibly be bound to a phospholipid hydrocarbon chain, not disturbing much the bilayer packing and being a sensitive probe for the bilayer core.     

Colorimetric DNA detection of transgenic plants using gold nanoparticles functionalized with L-shaped DNA probes

In this study, a DNA colorimetric detection system based on gold nanoparticles functionalized with L-shaped DNA probes was prepared and evaluated. We investigated the hybridization efficiency of the L-shaped probes and studied the effect of nanoparticle size and the L-shaped DNA probe length on the performance of the as-prepared system. Probes were attached to the surface of gold nanoparticles using an adenine sequence. An optimal sequence of 35S rRNA gene promoter from the cauliflower mosaic virus, which is frequently used in the development of transgenic plants, and the two complementary ends of this gene were employed as model target strands and probe molecules, respectively. The spectrophotometric properties of the as-prepared systems indicated that the large NPs show better changes in the absorption spectrum and consequently present a better performance. The results of this study revealed that the probe/Au-NPs prepared using a vertical spacer containing 5 thymine oligonucleotides exhibited a stronger spectrophotometric response in comparison to that of larger probes. These results in general indicate the suitable performance of the L-shaped DNA probe-functionalized Au-NPs, and in particular emphasize the important role of the gold nanoparticle size and length of the DNA probes in enhancing the performance of such a system.     

荧光成像及手性特异性生物识别

癌症是威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一,实现早查早治是降低癌症死亡率的重要手段。目前在癌症的众多识别方式中,荧光检测凭借无创伤、检测快和可视化等优点受到了持续关注。文章对荧光探针靶向识别肿瘤的研究新进展进行了综述;对赋予荧光探针靶向性的叶酸(FA)和叶酸受体(FR)介导研究进展进行了介绍和深入分析。叶酸受体是癌细胞表面过量表达的特有物质,利用叶酸和叶酸受体特异性结合的特点,叶酸对荧光探针分子进行修饰可赋予荧光探针识别癌细胞的靶向性。叶酸受体有4种亚型（FRα,FRβ,FRγ和FRδ）,前两者FRα和FRβ因分别在癌细胞和炎症巨噬细胞表面过量表达而备受关注,FRα和FRβ约有70%的同源性,两者均具有能与叶酸结合的特性,造成了荧光探针分子在生物识别过程中难以区分癌细胞和炎症巨噬细胞的弱势;针对叶酸修饰荧光探针难以区分叶酸受体亚型造成癌细胞和炎症巨噬细胞混淆问题的结构性缺陷,分析了两种叶酸受体亚型结构具有的手性区别特征：FRα和FRβ主要区别位于三个末端未翻译区,有三种不同手性特征的氨基酸形成一个用来包结叶酸分子的三角空腔,分别固定在氨基酸堆积体节点上的三种氨基酸形成了不同手性特性的区域性“手性空间”。FRα和FRβ本身的结构对不同的配体表现出立体差异性。讨论了基于叶酸受体亚型存在的“手性空间”差异性,构建叶酸受体亚型荧光及手性识别探针的可能性;有望借助光谱成像,通过手性荧光探针分子对氨基酸的识别区分叶酸受体两种亚型,实现可视化区分肿瘤细胞和炎症巨噬细胞的识别难题,进而提高癌细胞识别的准确性;文章介绍了手性荧光探针识别氨基酸原理及结构优化设计进展;近年来手性量子点对氨基酸不同对映体的研究备受关注。对无机手性量子点手性产生的本质特征和氨基酸对映体的识别特性进行了总结分析。最后对荧光探针及手性识别领域进行了展望。     

Metal Nanoclusters–Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes from Design to Sensing Applications

Ratiometric fluorescent probes have many advantages including improved sensitivity, high reliability and accuracy, visualization sensing, etc. Herein, the development of metal nanoclusters (NCs)‐based ratiometric fluorescent probes in the recent years is summarized. NCs, an emerging new class of fluorescent nanomaterials, have demonstrated excellent optical properties, good biocompatibility, great aqueous solubility, low cost, and simple synthesis, and NCs‐based ratiometric fluorescent probes have attracted much attention. In this progress report, the preparation and properties of NCs and the design of ratiometric fluorescent probes are summarized. Sensing of a broad range of analytes including cations, gas, small molecules, macromolecules, temperature, and pH is discussed. In addition, the challenges and future directions for NCs‐based ratiometric fluorescent probes are also presented.     

基于上/下转换发光的新型比率荧光温度探针

温度的可视化实时监测,一直都是科学研究的重点方向。荧光传感是一种具有高灵敏度、快速响应、可视化等优点的半侵入式测温方法,在生物医药等领域已被广泛应用。然而,传统荧光探针容易受到外界条件波动的影响而产生误差。为解决这一问题,可以采用两组荧光检测信号构建比率型荧光探针,通过两组信号的相互校准提高检测的准确性。传统的比率荧光温度探针大多基于下转换荧光发射,这类探针通常由短波长光激发,对生物组织穿透性差且有一定伤害,还会受到生物组织自发荧光的干扰。频率上转换是由长波长激发,短波长发射的一种光致发光现象,由其构建的荧光探针可以克服传统下转换荧光探针的上述缺点。而基于三线态-三线态湮灭(TTA)机理的频率上转换发光体系,由光敏剂和湮灭剂的双分子体系共同构成,因而自身就同时具有上/下转换的发光特性,满足了构建比率型荧光探针的条件。然而目前,基于TTA上转换体系的比率型荧光温度探针还鲜见报导,已报导的工作中仍需要另外添加参比探针。仅通过TTA双分子体系构建的上/下转换比率型荧光温度探针仍然是一大挑战。本文通过将传统的TTA上转换体系(PdOEP/DPA)负载于由温敏型两亲性聚合物Pluronic-F127组装形成的胶束中,形成上转换纳米胶束温度探针。随着温度的升高,聚合物亲水链段水溶性下降,向胶束核心位置收缩,导致负载上转换分子的胶束内部空间体积减小,TTA分子间碰撞概率增大,上转换效率提高,上转换发光的强度也随之提高;与此同时,光敏剂的下转换磷光发射也会发生小幅度的下降。由此上/下转换两组荧光信号构成的比率荧光,可成功实现25~60 ℃范围内对温度的线性检测,并可通过肉眼观察到体系发光由紫红色向蓝紫色的转变,检测结果的重复性良好。TTA上转换分子通过被温敏聚合物胶束的包覆,既解决了在实际应用中探针水溶性差,以及上转换发光易被氧气淬灭的问题,还为上转换体系提供了温敏性质,实现了上转换发光对温度的精确响应。这种基于上转换纳米胶束的比率型荧光温度探针不仅制备方法简单,具有良好的生物相容性,且检测灵敏度高,可以人眼识别,无需外加参比,对生物体内温度在线监测的实现具有重要意义。     

Responsive mechanism of three novel hypochlorous acid fluorescent probes and solvent effect on their sensing performance

Optical properties and responsive mechanisms of three newly synthesized fluorescent probes for hypochlorous acid(HOCl) are investigated by employing time-dependent density functional theory. The computational results show that the absorption and emission properties of these probes change obviously when they react with hypochlorous acid. It is found that the probe FHZ has the best performance according to the probing behavior. Moreover, the responsive mechanisms of the probes are studied by analyzing the distributions of molecular orbitals and charge transfer, which are shown as the photoninduced electron transfer(PET) for FHZ and the intramolecular charge transfer(ICT) for the other two probes. Specially,solvent effect on optical properties of the probe FHZ before and after reaction is studied within the polarizable continuum model(PCM). It is shown that performance of the probe depends crucially on the solvent polarity. Our computational results agree well with the experimental measurement, and provide information for design of efficient two-photon fluorescent probes.     

水溶性苝系衍生物荧光探针识别金属离子的光物理机制计算研究

随着人们对荧光化合物电子光谱和光物理行为的深入研究,在利用荧光分子作为探针,检测各种不同体系的状态及其变化等方面都有了巨大的进展。其中,N,N′-二天冬氨酸铵盐-3,4,9,10-四羧酸二酰亚胺(PTCDA)是一种水体环境中选择性好灵敏度高的典型荧光分子探针。本文用密度泛函理论对PTCDA的光物理机制进行研究。计算了PTCDA分子在理想状态下的最优构型,电荷布居和激发光谱。根据计算结果,拟合此苝系衍生物激发态与Cu2+结合前后的吸收光谱,与Cu2+结合前后,吸收光谱峰形相似,加铜后整体吸收峰位发生了红移,有猝灭变色现象。通过与实验值的对比,计算所得分子构型合理有效,激发光谱谱峰位置切合实际。分析得出：PTCDA分子对二价铜离子有较好荧光探测活性,其光信号响应机制属于分子内电荷转移(ICT)机制。当分子接收二价铜离子时,吸收光谱谱峰位置红移,分子内电荷转移方向和强度均发生变化,既有猝灭信号,也有光的颜色变化信号,是一种具有猝灭与变色双信号的荧光探针材料,具有很大的开发潜力。所做工作只是用量子化学计算方法在分子荧光探针领域进行光物理响应机制分析的初步探索,可以为该领域提供系统而有价值的理论参考。     

Theoretical investigation on the oligothienoacenes under the influence of external electric field

Theoretical investigation on a series of oligothienoacenes has been carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* level by considering the influence of the external electric field. With the electric field increasing, the carbon-carbon single bonds become shorter and the carbon-carbon double bonds become longer, resulting in a better conjugation. Due to the different electron density, the charge mobility of the sulfur is more obvious than that of the carbon. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap decreases with the EF intensity increasing. The applied EF also changes the spatial distribution of the molecular orbits: LUMO and several higher orbitals shift to the high potential side, whereas HOMO and several lower ones shift to the low potential side. All these features behave more pronounced with increasing conjugated chain length.