Nonlinear rheological behavior of a concentrated spherical silica suspension

Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties were examined for a 50 wt% suspension of spherical silica particles (with radius of 40 nm) in a viscous medium, 2.27/1 (wt/wt) ethylene glycol/glycerol mixture. The effective volume fraction of the particles evaluated from zero-shear viscosities of the suspension and medium was 0.53. At a quiescent state the particles had a liquid-like, isotropic spatial distribution in the medium. Dynamic moduli G^* obtained for small oscillatory strain (in the linear viscoelastic regime) exhibited a relaxation process that reflected the equilibrium Brownian motion of those particles. In the stress relaxation experiments, the linear relaxation modulus G(t) was obtained for small step strain (0.2) while the nonlinear relaxation modulus G(t, ) characterizing strong stress damping behavior was obtained for large (>0.2). G(t, ) obeyed the time-strain separability at long time scales, and the damping function h() (–G(t, )/G(t)) was determined. Steady flow measurements revealed shear-thinning of the steady state viscosity () for small shear rates (< ^–1; = linear viscoelastic relaxation time) and shear-thickening for larger (>^–1). Corresponding changes were observed also for the viscosity growth and decay functions on start up and cessation of flow, + (t, ) and _– (t, ). In the shear-thinning regime, the and dependence of ₊(t,) and _–(t,) as well as the dependence of () were well described by a BKZ-type constitutive equation using the G(t) and h() data. On the other hand, this equation completely failed in describing the behavior in the shear-thickening regime. These applicabilities of the BKZ equation were utilized to discuss the shearthinning and shear-thickening mechanisms in relation to shear effects on the structure (spatial distribution) and motion of the suspended particles.Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dale S. Parson     

Deformation to breaking of deep water gravity waves

The results of laboratory observations of the deformation of deep water gravity waves leading to wave breaking are reported. The specially developed visualization technique which was used is described. A preliminary analysis of the results has led to similar conclusions than recently developed theories. As a main fact, the observed wave breaking appears as the result of, first, a modulational instability which causes the local wave steepness to approach a maximum and, second, a rapidly growing instability leading directly to the breaking.List of symbols L total wave length - H total wave height - crest elevation above still water level - trough depression below still water level - wave steepness =H/L - crest steepness =/L - trough steepness =/L - F ₁ forward horizontal length from zero-upcross point (A) to wave crest - F ₂ backward horizontal length from wave crest to zero-downcross point (B) - crest front steepness =/F ₁ - crest rear steepness =/F ₂ - vertical asymmetry factor=F ₂/F ₁ (describing the wave asymmetry with respect to a vertical axis through the wave crest) - µ horizontal asymmetry factor=/H (describing the wave asymmetry with respect to a horizontal axis: SWL) - T ₀ wavemaker period - L ₀ theoretical wave length of a small amplitude sinusoïdal wave generated at T _inf0 ^sup–1 frequency - ₀ average wave height     

Oscillatory measurements of silicone oils —Loss and storage modulus master curves

The work describes a way to obtain loss modulus and storage modulus master curves from oscillatory measurements of silicone oils.The loss modulus master curve represents the dependence of the viscous flow behavior on · ₀ ^* and the storage modulus master curve — the dependence of the elastic flow behavior on · ₀ ^* .The relation between the values of the loss modulus and storage modulus master curves (at a certain frequency) is a measurement of the viscoelastic behavior of a system. The G/G-ratio depends on · ₀ ^* which leads to a viscoelastic master curve. The viscoelastic master curve represents the relation between the elastic and viscous oscillatory flow behavior.     

A three-parameter model describing the experimental relation between shear stress and shear rate for laminar flow of aqueous polymer solutions

Summary A three-parameter model is introduced to describe the shear rate — shear stress relation for dilute aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (Separan AP-30) or polyethylenoxide (Polyox WSR-301) in the concentration range 50 wppm – 10,000 wppm. Solutions of both polymers show for a similar rheological behaviour. This behaviour can be described by an equation having three parameters i.e. zero-shear viscosity ₀, infinite-shear viscosity , and yield stress ₀, each depending on the polymer concentration. A good agreement is found between the values calculated with this three-parameter model and the experimental results obtained with a cone-and-plate rheogoniometer and those determined with a capillary-tube rheometer.

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Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schubspannung und Schergeschwindigkeit von strukturviskosen Flüssigkeiten wird durch ein Modell mit drei Parametern beschrieben. Mit verdünnten wäßrigen Polyacrylamid-(Separan AP-30) sowie Polyäthylenoxidlösungen (Polyox WSR-301) wird das Modell experimentell geprüft. Beide Polymerlösungen zeigen im untersuchten Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich von ein ähnliches rheologisches Verhalten. Dieses Verhalten kann mit drei konzentrationsabhängigen Größen, nämlich einer Null-Viskosität ₀, einer Grenz-Viskosität und einer Fließgrenze ₀ beschrieben werden. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten mit einem Kegel-Platte-Rheogoniometer sowie einem Kapillarviskosimeter sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, die mit dem Drei-Parameter-Modell berechnet worden sind.

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a Pa^–1 physical quantity defined by:a = {1 – ( / ₀)}/ ₀ - c l concentration (wppm) - D m capillary diameter - L m length of capillary tube - P Pa pressure drop - R m radius of capillary tube - u m s^–1 average velocity - v _r m s^–1 local axial velocity at a distancer from the axis of the tube - shear rate (–dv _r /dr) - local shear rate in capillary flow - s^–1 wall shear rate in capillary flow - Pa s dynamic viscosity - _a Pa s apparent viscosity defined by eq. [2] - ( _a ) Pa s apparent viscosity in capillary tube at a distanceR from the axis - ₀ Pa s zero-shear viscosity defined by eq. [4] - Pa s infinite-shear viscosity defined by eq. [5] - l ratior/R - kg m^– density - Pa shear stress - ₀ Pa yield stress - _r Pa local shear stress in capillary flow - _R Pa wall shear stress in capillary flow _R = (PR/2L) - _v m³ s^–1 volume rate of flow With 8 figures and 1 table     

The theory of a vibrating-rod densimeter

The paper presents a theory of a device for the accurate determination of the density of fluids over a wide range of thermodynamic states. The instrument is based upon the measurement of the characteristics of the resonance of a circular section tube, or rod, performing steady, transverse oscillations in the fluid. The theory developed accounts for the fluid motion external to the rod as well as the mechanical motion of the rod and is valid over a defined range of conditions. A complete set of working equations and corrections is obtained for the instrument which, together with the limits of the validity of the theory, prescribe the parameters of a practical design capable of high accuracy.Nomenclature A, B, C, D constants in equation (60) - A _j , B _j constants in equation (18) - a _j ⁺ , a _j ^– wavenumbers given by equation (19) - C _f drag coefficient defined in equation (64) - C _f ^/0 , C _f ^/1 components of C _f in series expansion in powers of - c speed of sound - D _b drag force of fluid b - D ₀ coefficient of internal damping - E extensional modulus - force per unit length - F _j ⁺ , F _j ^– constants in equation (24) - f, g functions of defined in equations (56) - G modulus of rigidity - I second moment of area - K constant in equation (90) - k, k constants defined in equations (9) - L half-length of oscillator - Ma Mach number - m _a mass per unit length of fluid a - m _b added mass per unit length of fluid b - m _s mass per unit length of solid - n _j eigenvalue defined in equation (17) - P power (energy per cycle) - P _a , P _b power in fluids a and b - p pressure - R radius of rod or outer radius of tube - R _c radius of container - R _i inner radius of tube - r radial coordinate - T tension - T _visc temperature rise due to heat generation by viscous dissipation - t time - v _r , v radial and angular velocity components - y lateral displacement - z axial coordinate - dimensionless tension - _a dimensionless mass of fluid a - _b dimensionless added mass of fluid b - _b dimensionless drag of fluid b - dimensionless parameter associated with - ₀ dimensionless coefficient of internal damping - dimensionless half-width of resonance curve - dimensionless frequency difference defined in equation (87) - spatial resolution of amplitude - R, , , _s , increments in R, , , _s , - dimensionless amplitude of oscillation - dimensionless axial coordinate - ratio of to - _a , _b ratios of to for fluids a and b - angular coordinate - parameter arising from distortion of initially plane cross-sections - _f thermal conductivity of fluid - dimensionless parameter associated with - viscosity of fluid - _a , _b viscosity of fluids a and b - dimensionless displacement - _j jth component of - density of fluid - _a , _b density of fluids a and b - _s density of tube or rod material - density of fluid calculated on assumption that * - dimensionless radial coordinate - * dimensionless radius of container - dimensionless times - _{rr rr}, _r radial normal and shear stress components - spatial component of defined in equation (13) - _j jth component of - dimensionless streamfunction - ⁰, ¹ components of in series expansion in powers of - phase angle - _r phase difference - _ra , _rb phase difference for fluids a and b - streamfunction - _j jth component defined in equation (22) - dimensionless frequency (based on ) - _a , _b dimensionless frequency in fluids a and b - _s dimensionless frequency (based on _s ) - angular frequency - ₀ resonant frequency in absence of fluid and internal damping - _r resonant frequency in absence of internal fluid - _ra , _rb resonant frequencies in fluids a and b - dimensionless frequency - dimensionless frequency when _a vanishes - dimensionless frequencies when _a vanishes in fluids a and b - dimensionless resonant frequency when _a , _b, _b and ₀ vanish - dimensionless resonant frequency when _a , _b and _b vanish - dimensionless resonant frequency when _b and _b vanish - dimensionless frequencies at which amplitude is half that at resonance     

Analysis of suddenly started laminar flow in the entrance region of a circular tube

Suddenly started laminar flow in the entrance region of a circular tube, with constant inlet velocity, is investigated analytically by using integral momentum approach. A closed form solution to the integral momentum equation is obtained by the method of characteristics to determine boundary layer thickness, entrance length, velocity profile, and pressure gradient.Nomenclature M(, , ) a function - N(, , ) a function - p pressure - p* p/1/2U ², dimensionless pressure - Q(, , ) a function - R radius of the tube - r radial distance - Re 2RU/, Reynolds number - t time - U inlet velocity, constant for all time, uniform over the cross section - u velocity in the boundary layer - u* u/U, dimensionless velocity - u ₁ velocity in the inviscid core - x axial distance - y distance perpendicular to the axis of the tube - y* y/R, dimensionless distance perpendicular to the axis - boundary layer thickness - * displacement thickness - /R, dimensionless boundary layer thickness - momentum thickness - absolute viscosity of the fluid - /, kinematic viscosity of the fluid - x/(R Re), dimensionless axial distance - density of the fluid - tU/(R Re), dimensionless time - _w wall shear stress     

Rheology of molten polymers

Summary TheCross equation describes the flow of pseudoplastic liquids in terms of an upper and a lower Newtonian viscosity corresponding to infinite and zero shear, and ₀, and of a third material constant related to the mechanism of rupture of linkages between particles in the intermediate, non-Newtonian flow regime, Calculation of of bulk polymers is important, since it cannot be determined experimentally. The equation was applied to the melt flow data of two low density polyethylenes at three temperatures.Using data in the non-Newtonian region covering 3 decades of shear rate to extrapolate to the zero-shear viscosity resulted in errors amounting to about onethird of the measured ₀ values. The extrapolated upper Newtonian viscosity was found to be independent of temperature within the precision of the data, indicating that it has a small activation energy.The ₀ values were from 100 to 1,400 times larger than the values at the corresponding temperatures.The values of were large compared to the values found for colloidal dispersions and polymer solutions, but decreased with increasing temperature. This shows that shear is the main factor in reducing chain entanglements, but that the contribution of Brownian motion becomes greater at higher temperatures.

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Zusammenfassung Die Gleichung vonCross beschreibt das Fließverhalten von pseudoplastischen Flüssigkeiten durch drei Konstante: Die obereNewtonsche Viskosität (bei sehr hohen Schergeschwindigkeiten), die untereNewtonsche Viskosität ₀ (bei Scherspannung Null), und eine Materialkonstante, die vom Brechen der Bindungen zwischen Partikeln im nicht-Newtonschen Fließbereich abhängt. Die Berechnung von ist wichtig für unverdünnte Polymere, wo man sie nicht messen kann.Die Gleichung wurde auf das Fließverhalten der Schmelzen von zwei handelsüblichen Hochdruckpolyäthylenen bei drei Temperaturen angewandt. Die Werte von ₀, durch Extrapolation von gemessenen scheinbaren Viskositäten im Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich von 10 bis 4000 sec^–1 errechnet, wichen bis 30% von den gemessenen ₀-Werten ab. Die Aktivierungsenergie der war so klein, daß die-Werte bei den drei Temperaturen innerhalb der Genauigkeit der Extrapolation anscheinend gleich waren. Die ₀-Werte waren 100 bis 1400 mal größer als die-Werte.Im Verhältnis zu kolloidalen Dispersionen und verdünnten Polymerlösungen war das der Schmelzen groß, nahm aber mit steigender Temperatur ab. Deshalb wird die Verhakung der Molekülketten hauptsächlich durch Scherbeanspruchung vermindert, aber der Beitrag derBrownschen Bewegung nimmt mit steigender Temperatur zu.

     

Translatory accelerating motion of a circular disk in a viscous fluid

The exact solution of the equation of motion of a circular disk accelerated along its axis of symmetry due to an arbitrarily applied force in an otherwise still, incompressible, viscous fluid of infinite extent is obtained. The fluid resistance considered in this paper is the Stokes-flow drag which consists of the added mass effect, steady state drag, and the effect of the history of the motion. The solutions for the velocity and displacement of the circular disk are presented in explicit forms for the cases of constant and impulsive forcing functions. The importance of the effect of the history of the motion is discussed.Nomenclature a radius of the circular disk - b one half of the thickness of the circular disk - C dimensionless form of C ₁ - C ₁ magnitude of the constant force - D fluid drag force - f(t) externally applied force - F() dimensionaless form of applied force - F ₀ initial value of F - g gravitational acceleration - H() Heaviside step function - k magnitude of impulsive force - K dimensionless form of k - M a dimensionless parameter equals to (1+37#x03C0;_s/4_f) - S displacement of disk - t time - t ₁ time of application of impulsive force - u velocity of the disk - V dimensionless velocity - V ₀ initial velocity of V - V _t terminal velocity - parameter in (13) - parameter in (13) - (t) Dirac delta function - ratio of b/a - () function given in (5) - dynamical viscosity of the fluid - kinematic viscosity of the fluid - _f fluid density - _s mass density of the circular disk - dimensionless time - _i dimensionless form of t _i - dummy variable - dummy variable     

On the effects of uniform high suction on the rotationally symmetric flow of a conducting liquid near a stationary disc in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

In the present paper an attempt has been made to find out effects of uniform high suction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, on the motion near a stationary plate when the fluid at a large distance above it rotates with a constant angular velocity. Series solutions for velocity components, displacement thickness and momentum thickness are obtained in the descending powers of the suction parameter a. The solutions obtained are valid for small values of the non-dimensional magnetic parameter m (= 4 _e ² H ₀ ² /) and large values of a (a2).Nomenclature a suction parameter - E electric field - E _r , E , E _z radial, azimuthal and axial components of electric field - F, G, H reduced radial, azimuthal and axial velocity components - H magnetic field - H _r , H , H _z radial, azimuthal and axial components of magnetic field - H ₀ uniform magnetic field - H* displacement thickness and momentum thickness ratio, */ - h induced magnetic field - h _r , h , h _z radial, azimuthal and axial components of induced magnetic field - J current density - m nondimensional magnetic parameter - p pressure - P reduced pressure - R Reynolds number - U ₀ representative velocity - V velocity - V _r , V , V _z radial, azimuthal and axial velocity components - w ₀ uniform suction through the disc. - density - electrical conductivity - kinematic viscosity - _e magnetic permeability - a parameter, (/)^1/2 z - a parameter, a - * displacement thickness - momentum thickness - angular velocity     

Viscous properties of calcium carbonate filled polymer melts

Summary The viscous properties of calcium carbonate filled polyethylene and polystyrene melts were examined. The relative vircosity _r defined in the previous paper gave an asymtptotic value( _r)_l in the range of the shear stress below 10⁵ dyne/cm².( _r)_l of the calcium carbonate filled system was higher than that of the glass beads or glass balloons filled system at the same volume fraction of the filler. Maron-Pierce equation with ₀ = 0.44 was able to approximate the( _r)_l — relationship. However, it was deduced here that the high value of( _r)_l of calcium carbonyl filled system was due to the apparent increase of and this increase was attributed to the fixed polymer layer formed on the powder particle. By assuming the particle as a sphere with a diameter of 2 µm, the thickness of the fixed polymer layer was estimated as about 0.17 µm. The yield stress estimated from the Casson's plots increased exponentially with.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die viskosen Eigenschaften von Polyäthylen-und Polystyrol-Schmelzen untersucht, die mit Kalziumkarbonat-Teilchen gefüllt waren. Für die relative Viskosität _r, wie sie in einer vorangegangenen Veröffentlichung definiert worden war, ergab sich bei Schubspannungen unterhalb 10⁵ dyn/cm² ein asymptotischer Wert( _r)_l. Dieser war bei den mit Kalziumkarbonat gefüllten Schmelzen höher als bei Schmelzen, die bis zur gleichen Volumenkonzentration mit Glaskugeln oder Glasballons gefüllt waren. Die ( _r) _l —-Abhängigkeit ließ sich durch eine Gleichung nachMaron und Pierce mit ₀ = 0,44 beschreiben. Es wurde jedoch geschlossen, daß der hohe( _r)_l-Wert der mit Kalziumkarbonat gefüllten Schmelzen auf eine scheinbare Zunahme von zurückzuführen ist, verursacht durch eine feste Polymerschicht auf der Teilchenoberfläche. Unter Annahme kugelförmiger Teilchen mit einem Durchmesser von 2 µm ließ sich die zugeordnete Schichtdicke zu 0,17 µm abschätzen. Die mittels der Casson-Beziehung geschätzte Fließspannung ergab eine exponentielle-Abhängigkeit.

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With 7 figures and 1 table     

Fractal-time stochastic processes and dynamic functions of polymeric systems

Dynamic material functions of polymeric systems are calculated via a defect-diffusion model. The random motion of defects is modelled by a fractaltime stochastic process. It is shown that the dynamic functions of polymeric solutions can be approximated by the defect-diffusion process of the mixed type. The relaxation modulus of Kohlrausch type is obtained for a fractal-time defect-diffusion process, and it is shown that this modulus is capable of portraying the dynamic behavior of typical viscoelastic solutions.The Fourier transforms of the Kohlrausch function are calculated to obtain and. A three-parameter model for and is compared with the previous calculations. Experimental measurements for five polymer solutions are compared with model predictions. D rate of deformation tensor - G(t) mechanical relaxation modulus - H relaxation spectrum - I(t) flux of defects - P _n (s) probability of finding a walker ats aftern-steps - P generating function ofP _n (s) - s(t) fraction of surviving defects - , () gamma function (incomplete) - ₀ zero shear viscosity - ^* () complex viscosity - frequency - t _n n-th moment - F[] Fourier transform - f ^* (u) Laplace transform off(t) - , components of ^* - G _f, _f ^* fractional model - G ₃, ₃ ^* three parameter model - complex conjugate ofz - material time derivative ofD     

The dynamic and steady shear properties of synovial fluid and of the components making up synovial fluid

Steady-shear and dynamic properties of a pooled sample of cattle synovial fluid have been measured using techniques developed for low viscosity fluids. The rheological properties of synovial fluid were found to exhibit typical viscoelastic behaviour and can be described by the Carreau type A rheological model. Typical model parameters for the fluid are given; these may be useful for the analysis of the complex flow problems of joint lubrication.The two major constituents, hyaluronic acid and proteins, have been successfully separated from the pooled sample of synovial fluid. The rheological properties of the hyaluronic acid and the recombined hyaluronic acid-protein solutions of both equal and half the concentration of the constituents found in the original synovial fluid have been measured. These properties, when compared to those of the original synovial fluid, show an undeniable contribution of proteins to the flow behaviour of synovial fluid in joints. The effect of protein was found to be more prominent in hyaluronic acid of half the normal concentration found in synovial fluid, thus providing a possible explanation for the differences in flow behaviour observed between synovial fluid from certain diseased joints compared to normal joint fluid.Nomenclature A Ratio of angular amplitude of torsion head to oscillation input signal - G Storage modulus - G Loss modulus - I Moment of inertia of upper platen — torsion head assembly - K Restoring constant of torsion bar - N ₁ First normal-stress difference - R Platen radius - S ⁽ⁱ⁾ Geometric factor in the dynamic property analysis - t ₁ Characteristic time parameter of the Carreau model - X, Y Carreau model parameters - Z () Reimann Zeta function of - Carreau model parameter - Shear rate - Apparent steady-shear viscosity - ^* Complex dynamic viscosity - Dynamic viscosity - Imaginary part of the complex dynamic viscosity - ₀ Zero-shear viscosity - ₀ Cone angle - Carreau model characteristic time - Density of fluid - Shear stress - Phase difference between torsion head and oscillation input signals - ₀ Zero-shear rate first normal-stress coefficient - Oscillatory frequency     

Dehnströmungen mit verdünnten Polymerlösungen: Ein theoretisches Modell und seine experimentelle Verifikation

Zusammenfassung Es werden theoretische Überlegungen zusammenfassend dargestellt, welche die Streckung und Ausrichtung von flexiblen Makromolekülen in stationären einfachen Dehnströmungen beschreiben. Die Makromoleküle werden hierbei als EDNE-(endlich dehnbare, nichtlinear elastische) Hanteln modelliert. Für den Fall niedriger bzw. hoher Dehnungsraten werden Dehnviskositätsgleichungen für Strömungen mit verdünnten Polymerlösungen angegeben.Die Arbeit vergleicht die abgeleiteten theoretischen Gleichungen mit experimentellen Ergebnissen, welche für Porenströmungen erhalten wurden; Porenströmungen weisen Dehnströmungen auf. Anhand der durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen, in denen alle die den Druckverlust maßgebend beeinflussenden strömungsmechanischen und physikalisch-chemischen Parameter variiert wurden, kann gezeigt werden, daß sich die aufgezeigten theoretischen Zusammenhänge quantitativ bestätigen lassen.Schlüsselwörter Dehnströmung, Makromolekülmodell, Porenströmung, EDNE-Hantelmodell, Polymerlösung

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Summary The present paper summarizes theoretical considerations regarding the elongation of flexible macromolecules in simple steady elongational flows. The macromolecules are treated as FENE(finite extensible, nonlinear elastic)-dumbbells. Equations for extensional viscosity are given for flows of dilute polymer solutions applicable at low and high elongation rates.The present paper compares the derived theoretical relationships with experimental results. These results were obtained in porous media flows, which exhibit strong elongational rates. It can be shown on the basis of the experimental investigations, that all fluid mechanic and physico-chemical parameters that influence the measured pressure losses responded as predicted by the theory.

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a Mark-Houwink-Exponent - A Avogadro-Konstante - b Verhältnis von Molekülzeitkonstanten - c Polymergewichtskonzentration - d Kugeldurchmesser der Schüttung - D Diffusionskonstante - De Deborahzahl - f Reibungsbeiwert der Porenströmung - F Kraftvektor des Hantelmodells - g Erdbeschleunigung - H Hookesche Federkonstante des Makromoleküls - k Boltzmann-Konstante - k _1,2,3 empirische Konstanten - K Mark-Houwink-Konstante - l ₀ Länge des Monomeren - L Länge des statistischen Fadenelementes - L ₀ Maximallänge des gestreckten Polymermoleküls - L Bezugslänge für den Druckverlust der Porenströmung - m Masse des statistischen Fadenelementes - m ₀ Masse des Monomeren - Molarität - M Molekulargewicht des Polymeren - n Porosität der Kugelschüttung - n ₀ Hantelkonzentration - N Anzahl der statistischen Fadenelemente - p Druckverlust der Porenströmung - P Polymerisationsgrad - R Endpunktabstand des Makromoleküls - R ₀ maximaler Endpunktabstand des gestreckten Moleküls - mittlerer Endpunktabstand des Moleküls - Orientierungsvektor des Hantelmodells - Re Reynoldszahl der Porenströmung - t Zeit - T Temperatur - mittlere Filtergeschwindigkeit der Porenströmung - v Strömungsfeld - Aufweitungsparameter - Bindungswinkel zweier Kohlenstoffatome - Dehnungsrate - Stokesscher Reibungsfaktor - dynamische Viskosität - ^* reduzierte Viskosität - [] Grenzviskositätszahl - Dehnviskosität - ^* reduzierte Dehnviskosität - Widerstandskennzahl der Porenströmung - v kinematische Viskosität - Dichte des Fluids - _H Hookesche Relaxationszeit des EDNE-Hantelmodells - _H,e Hookesche Relaxationszeit des linear elastischen Hantelmodells - _R Relaxationszeit des starren Hantelmodells - _zz , _yy Normalspannungen - Volumenkonzentration - _fl. dimensionsloser Faktor des Strömungsfeldes - ₀ Konstante der Flory-Fox-Gleichung - Verteilungsfunktion des Hantelmodells - _eq. Gleichgewichtsverteilungsfunktion - a aufgeweitet - e effektiv - max maximal - p polymer - s solvent, Lösungsmittel - Theta-Zustand Mit 12 Abbildungen und 2 Tabellen     

Mean and turbulent velocity measurements of supersonic mixing layers

The behavior of supersonic mixing layers under three conditions has been examined by schlieren photography and laser Doppler velocimetry. In the schlieren photographs, some large-scale, repetitive patterns were observed within the mixing layer; however, these structures do not appear to dominate the mixing layer character under the present flow conditions. It was found that higher levels of secondary freestream turbulence did not increase the peak turbulence intensity observed within the mixing layer, but slightly increased the growth rate. Higher levels of freestream turbulence also reduced the axial distance required for development of the mean velocity. At higher convective Mach numbers, the mixing layer growth rate was found to be smaller than that of an incompressible mixing layer at the same velocity and freestream density ratio. The increase in convective Mach number also caused a decrease in the turbulence intensity ( _u/U).List of symbols a speed of sound - b total mixing layer thickness between U ₁ – 0.1 U and U ₂ + 0.1 U - f normalized third moment of u-velocity, f u³/(U)³ - g normalized triple product of u² , g u²/(U)³ - h normalized triple product of u ², h u ²/(U)³ - l _u axial distance for similarity in the mean velocity - l _u axial distance for similarity in the turbulence intensity - M Mach number - M _c convective Mach number (for ₁ = ₂), M _c (U ₁ – U ₂)/(a ₁ + a ₂) - P static pressure - r freestream velocity ratio, r U ₂/U ₁ - Re unit Reynolds number, Re U/ - s freestream density ratio, s ₂/₁ - T _t total temperature - u instantaneous streamwise velocity - u deviation of u-velocity, uu – U - U local mean streamwise velocity - U ₁ primary freestream velocity - U ₂ secondary freestream velocity - average of freestream velocities, (U ₁ + U ₂)/2 - U freestream velocity difference, U U ₁ – U ₂ - instantaneous transverse velocity - v deviation of -velocity, – V - V local mean transverse velocity - x streamwise coordinate - y transverse coordinate - y ₀ transverse location of the mixing layer centerline - ensemble average - ratio of specific heats - boundary layer thickness (y-location at 99.5% of free-stream velocity) - similarity coordinate, (y – y ₀)/b - compressible boundary layer momentum thickness - viscosity - density - standard deviation - dimensionless velocity, (U – U ₂)/U - 1 primary stream - 2 secondary stream A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, October 17–19, 1988, University of Missouri-Rolla     

Measurement of the relaxation time in Darcy flow

The inertia of a liquid flowing through a porous medium is normally ignored, but if the acceleration is great, it may be important. The relaxation time, defined so that it alone accounts for the inertia, has been determined experimentally with a simple oscillator. A U-Tube is provided with a porous plug and filled with a liquid. During pendulation of the liquid, the frequency and the damping define the relaxation time. The measured value of the relaxation time is about 10 times the theoretical estimate derived from Navier-Stokes equation.Symbols E modulus of elasticity - E _D dissipated energy - E _k kinetic energy - g acceleration of gravity - G pressure gradient - h height - K ₀ permeability - L length of porous plug - n porosity - P dissipated power - pressure - R half the tube length - R _c radius of the tube bend - r radial coordinate - r _o radius of the tube - s coordinate along a streamline in the tube - t time - v flux per unit area - it relaxation time - , auxiliary variables - , v dynamic and kinematic viscosity - , velocity potential for inviscid flow and gravity potential - dissipation function - displacement of the liquid - , _o frequency of damped and undamped oscillations     

On laminar flow through a uniformly porous pipe

Numerous investigations ([1] and [4–9]) have been made of laminar flow in a uniformly porous circular pipe with constant suction or injection applied at the wall. The object of this paper is to give a complete analysis of the numerical and theoretical solutions of this problem. It is shown that two solutions exist for all values of injection as well as the dual solutions for suction which had been noted by previous investigators. Analytical solutions are derived for large suction and injection; for large suction a viscous layer occurs at the wall while for large injection one solution has a viscous layer at the centre of the channel and the other has no viscous layer anywhere. Approximate analytic solutions are also given for small values of suction and injection.

Nomenclature

General r distance measured radially - z distance measured along axis of pipe - u velocity component in direction of z increasing - v velocity component in direction of r increasing - p pressure - density - coefficient of kinematic viscosity - a radius of pipe - V velocity of suction at the wall - r ²/a ² - R wall or suction Reynolds number, Va/ - f() similarity function defined in (6) - u ₀() eigensolution - U(0) a velocity at z=0 - K an arbitrary constant - B _K Bernoulli numbers Particular Section 5 perturbation parameter, –2/R - ² a constant, –K - x / - g(x) f()/ Section 6 perturbation parameter, –R/2 - ² a constant, –K - g() f() - g _c ()=g() near centre of pipe - * point where g()=0 Section 7 2/R - ² K - t (1–)/ - w(t, ) [1–f(t)]/ - ₀, ₁ constants - g() f()– ₀ - ₀/ - ₀ a constant - * point where f()=0     

On the closure problem for Darcy's law

In a previous derivation of Darcy's law, the closure problem was presented in terms of an integro-differential equation for a second-order tensor. In this paper, we show that the closure problem can be transformed to a set of Stokes-like equations and we compare solutions of these equations with experimental data. The computational advantages of the transformed closure problem are considerable.Roman Letters A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the macroscopic system, m² - A interfacial area of the- interface contained within the averaging volume, m² - A _e area of entrances and exits for the-phase contained within the averaging volume, m² - B second-order tensor used to respresent the velocity deviation - b vector used to represent the pressure deviation, m^–1 - C second-order tensor related to the permeability tensor, m^–2 - D second-order tensor used to represent the velocity deviation, m² - d vector used to represent the pressure deviation, m - g gravity vector, m/s² - I unit tensor - K C ^–1,–D, Darcy's law permeability tensor, m² - L characteristic length scale for volume averaged quantities, m - characteristic length scale for the-phase, m - l _i i=1, 2, 3, lattice vectors, m - n unit normal vector pointing from the-phase toward the-phase - n _e outwardly directed unit normal vector at the entrances and exits of the-phase - p pressure in the-phase, N/m ² - p intrinsic phase average pressure, N/m² - p –p , spatial deviation of the pressure in the-phase, N/m² - r position vector locating points in the-phase, m - r ₀ radius of the averaging volume, m - t time, s - v velocity vector in the-phase, m/s - v intrinsic phase average velocity in the-phase, m/s - v phase average or Darcy velocity in the \-phase, m/s - v –v , spatial deviation of the velocity in the-phase m/s - V averaging volume, m³ - V volume of the-phase contained in the averaging volume, m³ Greek Letters V /V volume fraction of the-phase - mass density of the-phase, kg/m³ - viscosity of the-phase, Nt/m²     

Similar solutions and the asymptotics of filtration equations

In this paper we consider the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the quasilinear equation of filtration as t. We prove that similar solutions of the equation u _t = (u )_xx asymptotically represent solutions of the Cauchy problem for the full equation u _t = [(u)]_xx if (u) is close to u for small u.     

Wärmeübertragung und Druckverlust in glatten und gebeulten Rohren

Zusammenfassung Es werden Messungen von Wärmeübergang und Druckverlust an einem Glattrohr und zwei unterschiedlichen Beulrohren beschrieben.Ein spezielles Verfahren zur Versuchsauswertung ermöglicht die Berechnung der Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten sowohl im Rohr als auch im Ringspalt ohne Messung der Rohrwandtemperaturen.Für die Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten und Druckverluste im Rohr werden Näherungsgleichungen angegeben.

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Heat transfer and pressure drop in smooth and buckled tubes

Measurements of heat transfer and pressure drop in a smooth and two different buckled tubes are described.A special evaluation method permits the determination of heat transfer coefficients as well in the tube as in the annulus without measuring tube wall temperatures.Approximation equations are presented for in tube heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop.

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Formelzeichen

Symbol Einheit Bedeutung A m² Fläche - B Konstante - c_p kj/kj K isobare spezifische Wärmekapazität - C Konstante - d m Durchmesser - D m Innendurchmesser des Mantelrohres - E Konstante - k W/m ² K Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient - K Korrekturfaktor, Gl. (42) - l m Länge - m kg/s Massenstrom - n Konstante, Exponent - N Anzahl der Messungen - p bar Druck - q Konstante, Exponent - Q W Wärmestrom - V m³/s Volumenstrom - w m/s Geschwindigkeit - W K/W Wärmewiderstand - W/m² K Wärmeübergangskoeffizient - m Wanddicke - endliche Differenz von . - Widerstandsbeiwert - kg/ms dynamische Viskosität - °C Temperatur - W/mK Wärmeleitfähigkeit - v m²s kinematische Viskosität - kg/m³ Dichte - Funktion Indizes a außen - B1 Beulrohr 1 - B2 Beulrohr 2 - fm bei der mittleren Fluidtemperatur - i innen - Lm logarithmischer Mittelwert bei Wand- und mittlerer Fluidtemperatur - m Mittel - m mit der Bezugslänge - m/ gebildet - w bei Wandtemperatur - 0 für Glattrohr - 1 Warmwasserseite - 2 Kaltwasserseite - am Eintritt - am Austritt - * unkorrigierte Werte Dimensionslose Kennzahlen FZ Formkennzahl - Nu Nusselt-ZahlNu= · d/gl - Pr Prandtl-ZahlPr= c_p/ - Re Reynolds-ZahlRe=w · d /v - SK Strömungskennzahl Gl. (12)     

Mixed convection on vertical plate for fluids of any prandtl number

A mixed convection parameter=(Ra) ^1/4/(Re)^1/2, with=Pr/(1+Pr) and=Pr/(1 +Pr)^1/2, is proposed to replace the conventional Richardson number, Gr/Re², for combined forced and free convection flow on an isothermal vertical plate. This parameter can readily be reduced to the controlling parameters for the relative importance of the forced and the free convection,Ra ^1/4/(Re ^1/2 Pr ^1/3) forPr 1, and (RaPr)^1/2/(RePr ^1/2 forPr 1. Furthermore, new coordinates and dependent variables are properly defined in terms of, so that the transformed nonsimilar boundary-layer equations give numerical solutions that are uniformly valid over the entire range of mixed convection intensity from forced convection limit to free convection limit for fluids of any Prandtl number from 0.001 to 10,000. The effects of mixed convection intensity and the Prandtl number on the velocity profiles, the temperature profiles, the wall friction, and the heat transfer rate are illustrated for both cases of buoyancy assisting and opposing flow conditions.

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Mischkonvektion an einer vertikalen Platte für Fluide beliebiger Prandtl-Zahl

Zusammenfassung Für die kombinierte Zwangs- und freie Konvektion an einer isothermen senkrechten Platte wird ein Mischkonvektions-Parameter=( Ra) ^1/4 (Re)^1/2, mit=Pr/(1 +Pr) und=Pr/(1 +Pr)^1/2 vorgeschlagen, den die gebräuchliche Richardson-Zahl, Gr/Re², ersetzen soll. Dieser Parameter kann ohne weiteres auf die maßgebenden Kennzahlen für den relativen Einfluß der erzwungenen und der freien Konvektion reduziert werden,Ra ^1/4/(Re ^1/2 Pr ^1/3) fürPr 1 und (RaPr)^1/4/(RePr)^1/2 fürPr 1. Weiterhin werden neue Koordinaten und abhängige Variablen als Funktion von definiert, so daß für die transformierten Grenzschichtgleichungen numerische Lösungen erstellt werden können, die über den gesamten Bereich der Mischkonvektion, von der freien Konvektion bis zur Zwangskonvektion, für Fluide jeglicher Prandtl-Zahl von 0.001 bis 10.000 gleichmäßig gültig sind. Der Einfluß der Intensität der Mischkonvektion und der Prandtl-Zahl auf die Geschwindigkeitsprofile, die Temperaturprofile, die Wandreibung und den Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten werden für die beiden Fälle der Strömung in und entgegengesetzt zur Schwerkraftrichtung dargestellt.

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Nomenclature C _f local friction coefficient - C _p specific heat capacity - f reduced stream function - g gravitational acceleration - Gr local Grashoff number,g T _w –T )x³/v² - Nu local Nusselt number - Pr Prandtl number,v/ - Ra local Rayleigh number,g T _w –T x ³/( v) - Re local Reynolds number,u x/v - Ri Richardson number,Gr/Re ² - T fluid temperature - T _w wall temperature - T free stream temperature - u velocity component in thex direction - u free stream velocity - v velocity component in they direction - x vertical coordinate measuring from the leading edge - y horizontal coordinate Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - thermal expansion coefficient - mixed convection parameter (Ra)1/4/Re)^1/2 - pseudo-similarity variable,(y/x) - ₀ conventional similarity variable,(y/x)Re ^1/2 - dimensionless temperature, (T–T T _W –T - unified mixed-flow parameter, [(Re) ^1/2 + (Ra)^1/4] - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity - stretched streamwise coordinate or mixed convection parameter, [1 + (Re)^1/2/(Ra) ^1/4]^–1=/(1 +) - density - Pr/(1 + Pr) _w wall shear stress - stream function - Pr/(l+Pr)^1/3 This research was supported by a grand from the National Science Council of ROC