Quantum dynamics, measurement and entropy

The aim of this paper is to present a line of ideas, centred around entropy production andquantum dynamics, emerging from von Neumann's work on foundations of quantum mechanics and leading to current research. The concepts of measurement, dynamical evolution and entropy were central in J. von Neumann's work. Further developments led to the introduction of generalized measurements in terms of positive operator-valued measures, closely connected to the theory of open systems. Fundamental properties of quantum entropy were derived and Kolmogorov and Sinai related the chaotic properties of classical dynamical systems with asymptotic entropy production. Finally, entropy production in quantum dynamical systems was linked with repeated measurement processes and a whole research area on nonequilibrium phenomena in quantum dynamical systems seems to emerge.     

Optimal Decompositions with Respect to Entropy and Symmetries

The entropy of a subalgebra, which has been used in quantum ergodic theory to construct a noncommutative dynamical entropy, coincides for N-level systems and Abelian subalgebras with the notion of maximal mutual information of quantum communication theory. The optimal decompositions of mixed quantum states singled out by the entropy of Abelian subalgebras correspond to optimal detection schemes at the receiving end of a quantum channel. It is then worthwhile studying in some detail the structure of the convex hull of quantum states brought about by the variational definition of the entropy of a subalgebra. In this Letter, we extend previous results on the optimal decompositions for 3-level systems.     

Dynamical Localization Simulated on Actual Quantum Hardware

Quantum computers are invaluable tools to explore the properties of complex quantum systems. We show that dynamical localization of the quantum sawtooth map, a highly sensitive quantum coherent phenomenon, can be simulated on actual, small-scale quantum processors. Our results demonstrate that quantum computing of dynamical localization may become a convenient tool for evaluating advances in quantum hardware performances.     

Statistische Bewegungsgesetze abgeschlossener Systeme und Entropie-Vermehrung

The most general dynamical laws describing the evolution of isolated systems are discussed. These may be described by linear transformations which in classical physics apply to probability-distributions in quantum physics to density operators. Entropy does not decrease if and only if the equipartition is invariant under the dynamical transformation. This invariance follows in a natural way for isolated systems from the interpretation of entropy as lack of information. If entropy is conserved for quantum systems the dynamical transformation becomes a unitary transformation generated by a Hamiltonian whereas for classical systems a generalized form ofLiouville's equation may be derived.     

Quantum transmission processes and their entropies

In classical information theory, one of the most important theorems are the coding theorems, which were discussed by calculating the mean entropy and the mean mutual entropy defined by the classical dynamical entropy (Kolmogorov-Sinai). The quantum dynamical entropy was first studied by Emch [13] and Connes-Stormer [11]. After that, several approaches for introducing the quantum dynamical entropy are done [10, 3, 8, 39, 15, 44, 9, 27, 28, 2, 19, 45]. The efficiency of information transmission for the quantum processes is investigated by using the von Neumann entropy [22] and the Ohya mutual entropy [24]. These entropies were extended to S- mixing entropy by Ohya [26, 27] in general quantum systems. The mean entropy and the mean mutual entropy for the quantum dynamical systems were introduced based on the S- mixing entropy. In this paper, we discuss the efficiency of information transmission to calculate the mean mutual entropy with respect to the modulated initial states and the connected channel for the quantum dynamical systems.     

Loschmidt Echo and Fidelity Decay Near an Exceptional Point

Non‐Hermitian classical and open quantum systems near an exceptional point (EP) are known to undergo strong deviations in their dynamical behavior under small perturbations or slow cycling of parameters as compared to Hermitian systems. Such a strong sensitivity is at the heart of many interesting phenomena and applications, such as the asymmetric breakdown of the adiabatic theorem, enhanced sensing, non‐Hermitian dynamical quantum phase transitions, and photonic catastrophe. Like for Hermitian systems, the sensitivity to perturbations on the dynamical evolution can be captured by Loschmidt echo and fidelity after imperfect time reversal or quench dynamics. Here, a rather counterintuitive phenomenon in certain non‐Hermitian systems near an EP is disclosed, namely the deceleration (rather than acceleration) of the fidelity decay and improved Loschmidt echo as compared to their Hermitian counterparts, despite large (non‐perturbative) deformation of the energy spectrum introduced by the perturbations. This behavior is illustrated by considering the fidelity decay and Loschmidt echo for the single‐particle hopping dynamics on a tight‐binding lattice under an imaginary gauge field.     

Distinguishability of particles in glass-forming systems

The distinguishability of particles has important implications for calculating the partition function in statistical mechanics. While there are standard formulations for systems of identical particles that are either fully distinguishable or fully indistinguishable, many realistic systems do not fall into either of these limiting cases. In particular, the glass transition involves a continuous transition from an ergodic liquid system of indistinguishable particles to a nonergodic glassy system where the particles become distinguishable. While the question of partial distinguishability of microstates has been treated previously in quantum information theory, this issue has not yet been addressed for a system of classical particles. In this paper, we present a general theoretical formalism for quantifying particle distinguishability in classical systems. This formalism is based on a classical definition of relative entropy, such as applied in quantum information theory. Example calculations for a simple glass-forming system demonstrate the continuous onset of distinguishability as temperature is lowered. We also examine the loss of distinguishability in the limit of long observation time, coinciding with the restoration of ergodicity. We discuss some of the general implications of our work, including the direct connection to topological constraint theory of glass. We also discuss qualitative features of distinguishability as they relate to the Second and Third Laws of thermodynamics.     

Quantum Chaos and Dynamical Entropy

We review the notion of dynamical entropy by Connes, Narnhofer and Thirring and relate it to Quantum Chaos. A particle in a periodic potential is used as an example. This is worked out in the classical and the quantum mechanical framework, for the single particle as well as for the corresponding gas. The comparison does not only support the general assertion that quantum mechanics is qualitatively less chaotic than classical mechanics. More specifically, the same dynamical mechanism by which a periodic potential leads to a positive dynamical entropy of the classical particle may reduce the dynamical entropy of the quantum gas in comparison to free motion. Received: 26 June 1997 / Accepted: 13 April 1998     

Statistical Physics on the Space (x, v) for Dissipative Systems and Study of an Ensemble of Harmonic Oscillators in a Weak Linear Dissipative Medium

We use the phase space position-velocity (x, v) to deal with the statistical properties of velocity dependent dynamical systems, like dissipative ones. Within this approach, we study the statistical properties of an ensemble of harmonic oscillators in a linear weak dissipative media. Using the Debye model of a crystal, we calculate at first order in the dissipative parameter the entropy, free energy, internal energy, equation of state and specific heat using the classical and quantum approaches. For the classical approach we found that the entropy, the equation of state, and the free energy depend on the dissipative parameter, but the internal energy and specific heat do not depend of it. For the quantum case, we found that all the thermodynamical quantities depend on this parameter. PACS: 05.20.Gg, 05.30.Ch, 05.20.-y, 05.30.-d     

Classically induced suppression of energy growth in a chaotic quantum system

Recent experiments with Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) in traps and speckle potentials have explored the dynamical regime in which the evolving BEC clouds localize due to the influence of classical dynamics. The growth of their mean energy is effectively arrested. This is in contrast with the well-known localization phenomena that originate due to quantum interferences. We show that classically induced localization can also be obtained in a classically chaotic, non-interacting system. In this work, we study the classical and quantum dynamics of non-interacting particles in a double-barrier structure. This is essentially a non-KAM system and, depending on the parameters, can display chaotic dynamics inside the finite well between the barriers. However, for the same set of parameters, it can display nearly regular dynamics above the barriers. We exploit this combination of two qualitatively different classical dynamical features to obtain saturation of energy growth. In the semiclassical regime, this classical mechanism strongly influences the quantum behaviour of the system.     

An ergodic abelian skeleton for quantum systems

Under the assumption that there exists an optimal stationary coupling of a dynamical quantum system with a dynamical classical system, we prove that the quantum system contains an ergodic classical system.     

Ergodic Properties of the Non-Markovian Langevin Equation

We discuss the dissipative dynamics of a classical particle coupled to an infinitely extended heat reservoir. We announce a number of results concerning the ergodic properties of this model. The novelty of our approach is that it extends beyond Markovian dynamics to the case where the Langevin equation is driven by colored noise. Our method works in arbitrary space dimension, and for fully nonlinear systems.     

Higher Order Quantum Onsager Coefficients from Dynamical Invariants

Functionals representing dynamical invariants under unitary quantum dynamics of open systems are used to derive Onsager coefficients for entropy production in irreversible processes if the nonunitary time evolution is determined by quantum dynamical semigroups. The procedure allows a derivation from first principles of the quantum analogue to the classical case.     

Defining quantum dynamical entropy

We propose an elementary definition of the dynamical entropy for a discrete-time quantum dynamical system. We apply our construction to classical dynamical systems and to the shift on a quantum spin chain. In the first case, we recover the Kolmogorov-Sinai invariant and, for the second, we find the mean entropy of the invariant state plus the logarithm of the dimension of the single-spin space.     

Une nouvelle définition de l'entropie dynamique des systèmes non commutatifs

An alternative definition of entropy for non-commutative systems, equivalent to the one by A. Connes, H. Narnhofer, and W. Thirring, is given. It is based on the concepts of conditional entropy, and stationary couplings with classical systems. It allows to prove that any quantum dynamical system with singular spectrum has zero entropy.     

Ergodicity of quantum cellular automata

We define a class of dynamical maps on the quasi-local algebra of a quantum spin system, which are quantum analoges of probabilistic cellular automata. We develop criteria for such a system to be ergodic, i.e., to posses a unique invariant state. Intuitively, ergodicity obtains if the local transition operators exhibit sufficiently large disorder. The ergodicity criteria also imply bounds for the exponential decay of correlations in the unique invariant state. The main technical tool is a quantum version of oscillation norms, defined in the classical case as the sum over all sites of the variations of an observable with respect to local spin flips.     

Quantum dynamical entropies for classical stochastic systems

We compare two proposals for the dynamical entropy of quantum deterministic systems (CNT and AFL) by studying their extensions to classical stochastic systems. We show that the natural measurement procedure leads to a simple explicit expression for the stochastic dynamical entropy with a clear information-theoretical interpretation. Finally, we compare our construction with other recent proposals.     

Reversible destruction of dynamical localization

Dynamical localization is a localization phenomenon taking place, for example, in the quantum periodically driven kicked rotor. It is due to subtle quantum destructive interferences and is thus of intrinsic quantum origin. It has been shown that deviation from strict periodicity in the driving rapidly destroys dynamical localization. We report experimental results showing that this destruction is partially reversible when the deterministic perturbation that destroyed it is slowly reversed. We also provide an explanation for the partial character of the reversibility.