物理有机手段在铑催化的惰性键转换中的应用

本研究组过去几年中在过渡金属铑(Rh)催化的惰性化学键转换方面取得了一定的研究进展.从Rh( Ⅲ)催化的C–H键对亚胺、醛、酮及酯或酰胺类化合物的加成反应开始,对这类反应机理进行了系统深入的研究,在此基础上,开展了Rh(Ⅰ)催化的C–H键和羧酸的脱羰基偶联反应;Rh( Ⅲ)催化的通过C–C键断裂进而实现的烯基化、芳基化、还原断裂及有机分子片段转换反应;Rh(Ⅰ)催化的通过C–C键断裂进而实现的脱羰基化反应以及有机分子片段的快速重组反应.本文以这些研究为素材,展示了几种重要的物理研究手段,如同位素实验、竞争反应、活性中间体合成、动力学实验及计算化学在反应机理研究中的应用.     

导向的过渡金属催化不活泼C(sp~3)-H键氧化反应研究进展

近年来,过渡金属催化不活泼C(sp3)—H键氧化反应取得重要进展.该领域的研究主要集中在过渡金属催化甲烷选择性氧化,以及过渡金属催化导向基团螯合甲基氧化方面,这些研究成果实现了许多传统氧化方法不能完成的高效选择性转化.重点概述导向基团(肟、噁唑啉、吡啶、酰胺、羧酸、羟基)对促进过渡金属催化氧化C(sp3)—H键的影响,底物的乙酰氧基化、羟基化、羰基化、酯化反应以及催化反应体系和相关机制.     

过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化反应进展

近二十年来,过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化已发展成为在酮的非传统反应位点构建碳碳键和碳杂键(杂原子为氮、氟和氧原子等)的强有力而快捷的手段.其中,钌、铑、钯、铱等贵金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键活化反应得到了广泛研究,而廉价3d金属锰、铁和钴催化的酮羰基导向C—H活化反应逐渐成为当前研究的热点.文中按照过渡金属催化的酮羰基导向C—H键官能化的不同反应类型(烷基化、烯基化、酰胺化、芳基化、环化等)综述了该领域近年来(2014～2021)的研究进展.     

过渡金属催化醇与胺有氧脱水反应及相关研究进展

与其他胺和酰胺衍生物的合成方法相比,过渡金属催化醇与各类胺和酰胺的脱水N-烷基化反应是一种相对绿色、原子经济性较高的方法,一般被称为"借氢"或"氢自动转移"反应及其方法学.近年来,在空气氛围下过渡金属催化醇与胺和酰胺的有氧脱水N-烷基化反应,可使用更稳定的金属催化剂、可在无配体、空气等更温和简单的条件下进行,也引起了人们的极大关注.主要介绍近年来过渡金属催化下醇与胺和酰胺在空气或者氧化剂作用下构建C—N,C=N键合成胺和酰胺衍生物以及亚胺类化合物的有氧脱水反应进展情况,同时也对相关有氧脱水C-烷基化反应进行简单介绍.相关反应的机理研究也将作适当讨论.     

过渡金属参与C―H键切断模式的理论研究进展

过渡金属催化活化C―H键来构建新共价键因具有原子经济和合成简捷的特点,已成为合成化学中最为有效策略之一。本文中,我们总结了过渡金属参与的C―H键切断的理论研究进展,并系统性提出了C―H键切断的相关模式,包括:C―H键对金属的氧化加成、碱协助的去质子化、σ-复分解、Friedel-Crafts型亲电芳香取代、α-或β-氢消除以及夺氢活化等。理论计算表明,当使用还原性较强的零价金属催化剂时,反应可按照氧化加成模式进行。当使用金属羧酸盐作为催化剂时,通常以协同金属化-去质子化机理模式实现C―H键切断。当使用阳离子金属催化剂,富电子芳烃比缺电子芳烃优先反应时,C―H键切断则会经历碱协助的内部亲电取代模式。σ-复分解是协同金属化-去质子化机理的另一种模式。如果亲电体对芳烃进行加成时,则可按照Friedel-Crafts型亲电芳香取代方式活化C―H键。α-或β-氢消除也是比较常见的活化C―H键模式。此外,夺氢活化可通过自由基过程实现C―H键活化。本文通过对过渡金属参与的C―H键活化模式的论述旨在为实验提供理论指导。     

过渡金属催化的惰性碳氢键卤化反应研究进展

卤化反应是有机化学中最重要的反应之一,近年来,过渡金属催化的碳氢键卤化反应已经成为合成有机卤化物的重要方法.本文综述了过渡金属催化的惰性碳氢键卤化的研究进展,按照不同的过渡金属(钯、铜、铑、钌、钴)对底物范围和反应机理等进行详细的探讨,并对该领域的局限性和未来发展进行了总结和展望.     

过渡金属催化合成吡咯-2-甲酸酯的研究进展

吡咯-2-甲酸酯广泛存在于生物活性分子中,在医药领域具有十分重要的应用,因此吡咯-2-甲酸酯类化合物的合成研究受到了广泛关注.过渡金属催化的环加成反应在合成吡咯骨架方面应用广泛,具有区域选择性专一的优点.且过渡金属配体导向的C-N键构筑方法具有原子步骤经济性较高、效率高、反应条件温和以及选择性高等优点.按照过渡金属催化剂分类,对吡咯-2-甲酸酯的[3+2]、[4+1]与[2+2+1]等成环反应的合成方法进行综述,介绍了过渡金属催化吡咯-2-甲酸酯化合物的机理及其应用,并对吡咯-2-甲酸酯的合成进行了展望.     

第Ⅷ族过渡金属配合物催化羰基化合物硅氢化的反应机理

硅氢加成是有机硅化学中的重要反应,多种过渡金属包括铁、铑、钌、钯、铂等的配合物对不饱和化合物的硅氢加成均有高的催化活性,尤其在羰基化合物的硅氢化反应中应用广泛.由于有机硅烷可以为包含一个Si—H键的叔硅烷、二个Si—H键的仲硅烷或三个Si—H键的伯硅烷,羰基化合物的硅氢化产物会随硅烷和过渡金属配合物的不同而出现差异.指出了羰基化合物硅氢加成反应的几种机理及其在不同金属配合物和硅烷参与反应时的适用性.重点讨论了Rh,Ru,Fe,Ir反应机理类型和影响条件.此外,描述了部分主要中间体和过渡态以及相关的能量参数,并对第VIII族过渡金属配合物催化羰基化合物硅氢化反应机理的研究进行了展望.     

过渡金属催化C—H氧化反应研究

对我们研究小组近几年在过渡金属催化C—H氧化反应方面取得的成果进行了阶段小结.重点从催化剂,氧化剂和溶剂等反应条件对反应的影响,讨论了不同类型C—H键的氧化切断方法,并对相关反应机理进行了讨论.     

钯催化的Allenylic环加成反应

<正>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 4710~4713过渡金属催化的环加成反应是构建环状化合物的有效方法之一,在有机化学、药物化学以及材料化学研究中受到广泛关注.大多数过渡金属催化的环加成反应通过"偶极型中间体"进行,而基于"非偶极型中间体"的过渡金属催化的环加成反应则发展相对缓慢.云南大学化学科学与工程学院/自然资源药物化学教育部重点实验室邵志会     

Catalytic oxidative cleavage of terminal olefins by chromium(III) stearate

A new synthetic methodology for the preparation of carbonyl compounds from the oxidative cleavage of terminal olefins has been developed. With the use of TBHP in combination with chromium(III) stearate, selective oxidation of double bonds conjugated with aromatic ring or carbonyl group could be achieved at ambient temperature in moderate to excellent yield. The oxidative cleavage of electron rich -methylstyrene derivatives proceeded in good to excellent yield whereas lower yields were observed in -methylstyrene derivatives containing an electron withdrawing group. This developed oxidation reaction was believed to undergo via free radical process and high valent chromium oxo species.     

DFT investigation on the mechanism of the deacetylation reaction catalyzed by LpxC

LpxC is a key enzyme in the biochemical synthesis of Lipid A, an important outer cell-membrane component found in a number of pathogenic bacteria. Using DFT, we have investigated the binding of the substrate within its active site as well as the deacetylation mechanism it catalyzes. The substrate is found to preferentially coordinate to the active site Zn2+ via its carbonyl oxygen between a Zn2+-bound H2O and an adjacent threonine (Thr191). Furthermore, upon substrate binding a nearby Glu78 residue is found to readily deprotonate the remaining Zn2+-bound H2O. Unlike several related metallopeptidases, the mechanism of LpxC is found to proceed via four steps; (i) initial hydroxylation of the substrates' carbonyl carbon to give a gem-diolate intermediate, (ii) protonation of the amide nitrogen by the histidine His265-H+, (iii) a barrier-less change in the active site-intermediate hydrogen-bond network and finally, (iv) C-N bond cleavage. Notably, the rate-determining step of the mechanism of LpxC is found to be the initial hydroxylation while the final C-N bond cleavage occurs with an overall barrier of 23.6 kJ mol-1. Furthermore, LpxC uses a general acid/base pair mechanism as indicated by the fact that both His265-H+ and Glu78 are accordingly involved.     

过渡金属催化的硅烷基C(sp3)–H键活化

有机硅化合物在有机合成、材料化学和药物化学中都有广泛应用.因此,其自身的合成方法学在近年来广受关注.从原子经济性的角度出发,选择性的C(sp³)–H键切断是一种高效经济的合成策略.硅烷基单元在有机化合物中广泛存在,通过对硅烷基中的C(sp³)–H键直接官能团化来合成新的有机硅化合物是一种十分有前景的合成方法.近年来,过渡金属催化的C(sp³)–H键活化成为有机合成研究的热点领域.与肟基、唑啉、吡啶基、酰胺基、羧酸酯基等官能团或是与氧、氮或硫等杂原子相连的C(sp³)–H键的活化研究已有许多报道,但是与硅相邻的C(sp³)–H键活化研究报道很少.本文综述了近年来过渡金属催化的硅烷基C(sp³)–H键切断的研究进展.     

Pt/NbPWO双功能催化剂的制备及氢解碱木质素制备芳香单体

木质素是一种天然芳香族聚合物,约占木质纤维素的30%,是唯一通过裂解C―O醚键和C―C键生产芳香族化学品或液体燃料的可再生芳香族资源。迄今为止,对木质素氢解制备有价值化合物的研究主要集中在相对不稳定的C―O键的裂解上,这限制了木质素氢解的效率。采用水热法和湿浸渍法制备了多功能Pt/NbPWO催化剂。通过破坏碱木质素中的C―O键和C―C键,可以得到产率为18.02%的芳香族单体。该反应不仅可以断裂木质素聚合物中醚键,同时也可以断裂部分关键的C―C键。其氢解机理可能是丰富的Brønsted酸和Lewis酸位点参与了C―C的活化。此外,重点分析载体和Pt物种在Pt/NbPWO催化剂中的协同作用。     

Pt/NbPWO双功能催化剂的制备及氢解碱木质素制备芳香单体

Lignin is a natural aromatic polymer that accounts for nearly 30% of lignocellulose and is considered the only renewable aromatic (re)source for producing aromatic chemicals or liquid fuels via the cleavage of C―O ether bonds and C―C bonds. Thus far, the majority of investigations involving the production of valuable compounds via lignin hydrogenolysis have focused on the cleavage of relatively labile C―O bonds only, which restricts the efficiency of hydrogenolysis. Therefore, in this work, a bifunctional Pt/NbPWO catalyst was synthesized using hydrothermal and wet impregnation methods. It was found that aromatic monomers with a yield of 18.02% could be obtained by breaking the C―O and C―C bonds in alkali lignin. This reaction was applicable to breaking the key C―C bonds when the C―O ether bonds were broken in lignin polymers. The hydrogenolysis mechanism most likely involves the abundant Brønsted acid and Lewis acid sites on the catalyst that facilitate C―C bond activation. Additionally, the synergy between the support and Pt species in the Pt/NbPWO catalyst was primarily emphasized.     

Asymmetric syntheses of protected (2S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methylproline and 4′-tert-butoxyamido-2′-deoxythymidine

Described herein is a versatile approach to (i) (2S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methylproline 3, a constituent of echinocandins and related oligopeptide antibiotics; (ii) (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyproline 1; (iii) (2R,3S)-3-hydroxyprolinol 5, and (iv) 4′-tert-butoxyamido-2′-deoxythymidine 6b. The method features a stepwise regio- and diastereoselective reductive furylation of the protected (3S,4S)-4-methylmalimide 10, (S)-malimide 9, and a chemoselective oxidative transformation of the furyl group to the carboxyl group as the key steps.     

Solid-supported synthesis of cryptand-like macrobicyclic peptides

A straightforward method for the solid-supported synthesis of cryptand-like bicyclic peptides (1-5) on a backbone amide linker has been described. For the branching, two novel easily available building blocks, viz. N-(4-methoxytrityl)-N-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-protected N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)-beta-alanine (6) and N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) protected iminodiacetic acid monoallyl ester (7), have been employed. The key steps of the synthesis are as follows: (i) stepwise coupling of one amino acid and 6 to the secondary amino group of the linker; (ii) removal of the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group and SPPS by the Fmoc chemistry, using 7 as the penultimate and tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protected glycine as the last amino acid; (iii) removal of the 4-methoxytrityl protection and subsequent SPPS by the Fmoc chemistry; (iv) removal of the allyl and Fmoc groups, followed by cyclization; and (v) removal of the Boc and tert-butyl groups, followed by cyclization. Final cleavage from the support and removal of benzyl-derived protecting groups gives the desired bicyclic products.     

Synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted azines via nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen with perfluoroisopropyl carbanions

Perfluoroisopropyl carbanions generated in situ by treatment of perfluoropropene (HFP) with solid KF in the appropriate solvents add to N-alkylpyridinium, quinolinium, and other azinium salts to give reasonably stable N-alkyldihydroazines containing a perfluoroisopropyl group. In most cases, addition proceeds in position 2 of the heterocyclic ring. Stability of these dihydroazines depends on the nature of the N-alkyl group and other substituents present in the azine ring. The least stable of them were converted into their stable C-trifluoroacetyl derivatives in reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Treatment of N-benzyl- or N-p-methoxybenzyl-2-perfluoroisopropyl dihydroazines with oxidizing agents such as DDQ or cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate results in cleavage of the benzylic C-N bond followed by oxidation of the ring, giving pyridines or quinolines with a perfluoroisopropyl group in the aromatic ring. On the basis of these findings, a new protocol for introduction of perfluoroalkyl substituents into azine rings was elaborated via oxidative nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen. It involves three chemical steps: (i) alkylation of azine with p-MeOC6H4CH2Br, (ii) reaction of the resulting salt with fluorinated carbanions generated in situ from HFP and KF, and (iii) N-deprotection and aromatization of the isolated dihydroazine on treatment with CAN. The first two reactions, (i) and (ii), can be performed as a one-pot operation.     

Stereoselective syntheses of substituted succinic acid derivatives of the iron chiral auxiliary [(η-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)]

A range of alkyl- or aryl-substituted iron succinoyl complexes, incorporating the iron chiral auxiliary [(η⁵-C₅H₅)Fe(CO)(PPh₃)], were prepared in high regio- and diastereoselectivities by employing four successful strategies: (i) the alkylation of chiral enolate equivalents with tert-butyl bromoacetate; (ii) the mutual kinetic resolution of tert-butyl α-bromoacetate with a chiral acetate enolate equivalent; (iii) the alkylation of chiral succinoyl enolate equivalents; (iv) the conjugate addition of organolithium reagents or lithium amide reagents to chiral fumaroyl derivatives. Oxidative cleavage of the iron chiral auxiliary was shown to occur without compromising the stereochemical integrity of the succinoyl fragments.