生物法与化学法制备硫酸软骨素

硫酸软骨素（ChS）是一种天然的酸性黏多糖,生物活性多样,在医学、生物、制药、食品、化妆品和材料等领域均有广泛应用,特别是在治愈骨关节病上具有颇为理想的效果。本文系统地总结了有关硫酸软骨素及其类似物的生物与化学制备方法的研究进展,如高产微生物菌株筛选与改良,培养条件优化与调控,汇聚式合成策略构建,经济易得的起始物原料等,并指出制备硫酸软骨素中存在的问题以及发展方向。     

氢氧化钾活化制备超级电容器多孔碳电极材料

具有高比表面积、良好导电性的多孔碳材料在超级电容器中有着广泛的应用前景. 大量的研究工作致力于通过物理或者化学手段合成并调控多孔材料的微观结构. 在众多多孔碳材料的制备方式中,氢氧化钾作为一种高效的活化剂,常用于制备具有良好孔径分布和高比表面积多孔碳电极材料. 本文主要结合作者课题组的研究工作,着重概述利用氢氧化钾活化sp²碳纳米材料制备多孔碳材料的机理过程、结构形貌的转变以及所得材料的电化学性能,希望对发展新型的高性能基多孔碳材料的超级电容器电极材料有所帮助.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇的毛细管电泳非接触电导法检测

建立了毛细管电泳-非接触电导检测分离测定硫酸沙丁胺醇的分析方法。分别考察了分离介质、背景电解质及其浓度和pH、分离电压、进样时间、激发电压、激发频率等因素对实验结果的影响。在优化的实验条件(以15 mmol/L乳酸水溶液(pH 2.7)为电泳介质,10 kV下电动进样3 s,分离电压为10 kV,激发电压为60 V,激发频率为120 kHz)下,硫酸沙丁胺醇的检出限(信噪比为3)为1.92 mg/L,在9.60～48.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.995),迁移时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%。将该方法用于硫酸沙丁胺醇片和硫酸沙丁胺醇气雾剂中的硫酸沙丁胺醇含量的测定,加标回收率为90%～113%,检测结果与药厂的标示值相符合,为硫酸沙丁胺醇的检测提供了一种简便、快速、高灵敏的方法。关键词: 毛细管电泳;非接触电导检测法;硫酸沙丁胺醇;硫酸沙丁胺醇片;硫酸沙丁胺醇气雾剂     

改良硫酸法生产工艺中糠醛的测定

糠醛是一种重要的基本有机化工原料,广泛应用于合成树脂、医药、染料、石油化工等部门.我国目前生产糠醛主要是硫酸法,部分厂家采用盐酸法,设备腐蚀性大,废渣难于处理.本工艺采用改良硫酸法以稻草、麦杆等为原料制取糠醛,由于馏出液成分复杂,测试方法直接影响结果的准确度,给生产工艺条件的控制带来严重不便.为此,本文讨论了不同测定方法和条件对测定结果的影响,从而选择出适宜的测定手段.1 试验部分1.1 试液的配制与标化盐酸羟胺溶液:溶解盐酸羟胺4g于20ml水中,用95%乙醇稀释至200ml,在沸水浴上回流30min后,冷却至室温,加入溴酚蓝指示剂5ml,用氢氧化钠中和至产生两色性的绿色,使用前配制.     

海带褐藻多糖硫酸酯的降解与岩藻寡糖的制备

采用稀酸水解的方法降解粗褐藻多糖硫酸酯(FPS)制备了硫酸化岩藻寡糖.通过考察降解及沉降条件研究了FPS的水解及沉降规律.通过理化性质分析发现,沉降所得上层清液为杂合硫酸化岩藻寡糖[岩藻糖(Fuc)含量55%].进一步采用Bio-Gel P4低压凝胶渗透色谱分离纯化,得到4种以岩藻糖为主的低聚合度硫酸化寡糖.单糖组成分析和电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)分析结果表明,各组分主要为系列低聚合度硫酸化岩藻寡糖或硫酸化岩藻糖,包括Fuc_(1~3)S_(1~3),Fuc_(1~2)S_(1~2),Fuc_(1~2)S_1及FucGlcAS.     

响应面法优化硫酸铬催化木糖水解制备糠醛的研究

以木糖为原料,硫酸铬为催化剂,甲苯/水为双相反应体系,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合试验设计考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、木糖浓度对糠醛产率的影响。响应面分析结果表明:反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量及木糖浓度对糠醛产率有显著影响,且显著性大小顺序依次为:反应温度≈反应时间木糖浓度催化剂用量。当反应温度为150℃,反应时间为118min,木糖浓度为0.5mol·L-1,催化剂用量为0.1mol·L-1时,糠醛产率有最大值,为44.25%。最佳条件下得到的实验结果与二次回归模型预测值相一致。     

硫酸阿米卡星的毛细管电泳法快速测定

建立了毛细管电泳高频电导法快速测定注射液中硫酸阿米卡星的新方法.考察了缓冲溶液、有机溶剂添加剂以及分离电压和进样条件等因素对分离检测的影响.采用5.0 mmol/L乳酸-30%(体积分数)乙醇缓冲液体系为运行电泳介质,分离电压20.0 kV,在最佳实验条件下,5.5 min内即可实现硫酸阿米卡星的分离检测,硫酸阿米卡星的线性范围为5.00 ～150 mg/L,检出限为1.5 mg/L.     

以哌嗪为模板剂的二维层状硫酸铈[C4N2H12]3[Ce2（S04）6（H2P）2]·H2O的水热合成与晶体结构表征

以哌嗪为模板剂,在水热条件下合成了一个新的具有二维拓展骨架结构的稀土硫酸盐[C4N2H12]3[Ce2（SO4）6（H2O）2]·H2O,并对其进行了结构表征和热分析.单晶结构解析结果表明,该化合物晶体属于单斜晶系,P21/c空间群,晶体学参数a=0.66335（10）nm,b=2.8088（4）nm,c=1.02212（15）nm,β=96·160（2）°,V=1·8935（5）nm3R1=0·0466,wR2=0·1226.该化合物由[—Ce—S3—Ce—S1—Ce—S3—Ce—S1—]八元环连接形成二维层状结构,无机层间通过氢键连接成三维无限结构.     

游离细胞法制备丙烯酰胺

采用新工艺游离细胞法半连续操作制备丙烯酰胺,探讨了反应的最佳条件。结果表明,在温度高于20℃时酶易失活,底物丙烯腈体积分数高于4％和产物丙烯酰胺质量浓度高于300g／L时,将对酶活性产生强烈的抑制作用;在较低温度下,采用底物流加及酶流加方法能保持较高的酶活性。当菌悬液体积分数为10％、反应温度为20℃、流动加入时,最终生成丙烯酰胺的质量浓度为366g/L,与菌悬液一次性加入相比,丙烯酰胺质量浓度提高23％。     

二维层状水合酸式硫酸铈H3O[Ce(SO4)2·(H2O)3]·H2O的水热合成与结构表征

镧系金属硫酸盐由于在稀土分离等方面具有重要的应用而受到广泛关注。但是，因其适于结构测定的单晶相对难以得到，迄今，关于稀土硫酸盐的结构报道仍然较少，且主要局限于水合硫酸盐和三元硫酸盐．近几年中，基于硫酸根与磷酸根在结构上的相似性，借鉴在水热／溶剂热体系中采用有机胺作模板剂大量合成具有空旷骨架结构的微孔磷酸盐的成功经验，以有机胺为模板剂合成具有空旷骨架结构的镧系金属硫酸盐的工作也已见诸报道．在这些化合物中，由于硫酸根配位方式的多样性和稀土元素配位数和配位构型的可调变性，展现出了一些有趣的结构特征．     

Syntheses and Structures of Na2Mg3(OH)2(SO4)3·4H2O and K2Mg3(OH)2(SO4)3·2H2O

The crystal structures of Na₂Mg₃(OH)₂(SO₄)₃ · 4H₂O and K₂Mg₃(OH)₂(SO₄)₃ · 2H₂O, were determined from conventional laboratory X‐ray powder diffraction data. Synthesis and crystal growth were made by mixing alkali metal sulfate, magnesium sulfate hydrate, and magnesium oxide with small amounts of water followed by heating at 150 °C. The compounds crystallize in space group Cmc2₁ (No. 36) with lattice parameters of a = 19.7351(3), b = 7.2228(2), c = 10.0285(2) Å for the sodium and a = 17.9427(2), b = 7.5184(1), c = 9.7945(1) Å for the potassium sample. The crystal structure consists of a linked MgO₆–SO₄ layered network, where the space between the layers is filled with either potassium (K⁺) or Na⁺‐2H₂O units. The potassium‐bearing structure is isostructural to K₂Co₃(OH)₂(SO₄)₃ · 2(H₂O). The sodium compound has a similar crystal structure, where the bigger potassium ion is replaced by sodium ions and twice as many water molecules. Geometry optimization of the hydrogen positions were made with an empirical energy code.     

H2SO4/HNO3混酸和高铁酸钾体系制备膨胀石墨

以天然鳞片石墨为原料、高铁酸钾为氧化剂、浓硫酸、硝酸为插层剂微波法制备膨胀石墨,通过红外光谱、XRD和SEM对其结构进行表征。探讨了混酸用量、氧化剂用量、混酸比例、插层反应温度、插层反应时间对膨胀效果的影响。结果表明,石墨（g）:高铁酸钾（g）:混酸（mL）为1:0.3:18、V硫酸:V硝酸为2:1、插层反应温度35 ℃、反应时间60 min时,膨胀体积达75 mL/g,比硫酸为插层剂时膨胀体积增长了约87.5%。     

Sulfonation of Benzocrown Ethers by Potassium Sulfate in Polyphosphoric Acid

A new method is developed for the sulfonation of benzocrown ethers with potassium sulfate in polyphosphoric acid. The reaction takes place spontaneously and gives high yields of the sulfonic acids.     

Thermodynamics of phase equilibria of the K2SO4 +Rb2SO4+H2O system at 25°C

Activities of water in the K₂SO₄+Rb₂SO₄+H₂O system at 25°C have been measured isopiestically. On the basis of the experimental activities of water ternary parameters of the Pitzer equations have been calculated. According to our data and experimental solubility data from the literature, continous solid solutions between K₂SO₄ and Rb₂SO₄ are formed in this system. With the use of the Guggenheim polynomial for simulating excess functions of solid solutions on the basis of the original and literature solubility data, excess Gibbs energies of solid solution formation as well as a solubility diagram have been calculated. Results of the solubility calculation are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Synthesis and Characterizaion of a New Inorganic-organic Sulfate Compound--Crystal Structure of [Ni(H2O)6][H2N(C2H4)2NH2](SO4)2

[Ni(H2O)6][H2N(C2H4)2NH2](SO4)2 is an inorganic-organic compound with a new open framework synthesized by hydrothermal method, and characterized by means of single-crystal diffraction and spectroscopic data. The compound crystallized in a monoclinic space group P21/n with a=1.29089(2) nm, b=1.06301(3) nm, c=1.33202(4) nm, β=114.0870(10)°, V=1.67127(8) nm3, Z=4, and was solved by using the direct method and the least-squares refinement converged at R=0.0214[I>2σ(I)]. The structure consists of isolated Ni(H2O)6 octahedra and SO4 tetrahedra, with both of them hydrogen-bonded to piperazine cations.     

(英)硫酸氢钾高效催化一锅法合成5-未取代的3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮

无溶剂条件下,硫酸氢钾可有效催化芳香醛、苯乙酮衍生物和脲的三组分"一锅法"Biginelli反应来合成5-未取代的3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮。确定了优化反应条件。产品结构经IR、1H NMR、MS和元素分析进行表征。     

Reaction with SO3 in Ionic Liquids: The Example of K2(S2O7)­(H2SO4)

The ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, [bmim]HSO₄, turned out to be resistant even to strong oxidizers like SO₃. Thus, it should be a suitable solvent for the preparation of polysulfates at low temperatures. As a proof of principle we here present the synthesis and crystal structure of K₂(S₂O₇)(H₂SO₄), which has been obtained from the reaction of K₂SO₄ and SO₃ in [bmim]HSO₄. In the crystal structure of K₂(S₂O₇)(H₂SO₄) (orthorhombic, Pbca, Z = 8, a = 810.64(2) pm, b = 1047.90(2) pm, c = 2328.86(6) pm, V = 1978.30(8) ų) two crystallographically unique potassium cations are coordinated by a different number of monodentate and bidentate‐chelating disulfate anions as well as by sulfuric acid molecules. The crystal structure consists of alternating layers of [K₂(S₂O₇)] slabs and H₂SO₄ molecules. Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen atoms of sulfuric acid molecules and oxygen atoms of the neighboring disulfate anions are observed.     

以哌嗪为模板剂的二维层状硫酸铈[C4N2H12]3[Ce2(SO4)6(H2O)2]·H2O的水热合成与晶体结构表征

以哌嗪为模板剂, 在水热条件下合成了一个新的具有二维拓展骨架结构的稀土硫酸盐[C4N2H12]3[Ce2(SO4)6(H2O)2]·H2O, 并对其进行了结构表征和热分析. 单晶结构解析结果表明, 该化合物晶体属于单斜晶系, P21/c空间群, 晶体学参数a=0.66335(10) nm, b=2.8088(4) nm, c=1.02212(15) nm, β=96.160(2)°, V=1.8935(5) nm3, R1=0.0466, wR2=0.1226. 该化合物由[—Ce—S3—Ce—S1—Ce— S3—Ce—S1—]八元环连接形成二维层状结构, 无机层间通过氢键连接成三维无限结构.     

EQCM Study of Iridium Anodic Oxidation in H2SO4 and KOH Solutions

In the present study anodic oxidation of iridium layer formed thermally on a gold‐sputtered quartz crystal electrode has been investigated by electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) in the solutions of 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 0.1 M KOH. The emphasis here has been put on the microgravimetric behavior of iridium as a metal, because a few previous EQCM studies reported in literature have been devoted to iridium oxide films (IROFs). The objective pursued here has been to elucidate the nature of the main voltammetric peaks, which occur at different ranges of potential in the solutions investigated. It has been found that anodic oxidation of iridium electrode in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 0.1 M KOH solutions is accompanied by irregular fluctuations of the electrode mass at 0.4 V<E<0.8 V followed by regular increase in mass at 0.8 V<E<1.2 V. The cathodic process initially, at 1.2 V>E>0.9 V, proceeds without any or with slight increase in electrode mass, whereas at E<0.8 V a regular decrease in mass is observed. It has been found that mass to charge ratio characterizing the processes of interest is 2 to 3 g F^?1in acidic medium, whereas in the case of alkaline one it is 4 to 6 g F^?1. The main pair of peaks seen in the voltammograms of Ir electrode in alkaline medium at E<0.8 V is attributable to redox transition Ir(0)→Ir(III), whereas those observed in the case of acidic medium at E>0.8 V should be related to the redox process Ir(0)→Ir(IV) going via intermediate stage of Ir(III) formation. As a consequence of these redox transitions, the gel‐like surface layer consisting of Ir(III) or Ir(IV) hydrous oxides forms on the electrode surface.