Effective sputtering yields of titanium,titanium nitride,and molybdenum induced by nitrogen ions and ions of nitrogen-oxygen mixtures

This work is dedicated to studying the effects of nitrogen ions and ions of nitrogen and oxygen mixtures on the surface of titanium, titanium nitride, and molybdenum. The usage of magnetron sputtering systems as a model device to study the effect of reactive gases on elements of electric jet engines is proposed and justified. The processes of sputtering of a surface exposed to non-monoenergetic ion beams are studied. The effective sputtering yields of titanium, titanium nitride, and molybdenum induced by argon and nitrogen ions and ions of nitrogen-oxygen mixtures at various intermediate-energy ion beams are determined. It is shown that the sputtering yields of reactive-gas ions are significantly lower than the sputtering yields of inert gases.     

Radiation effects and pulsed laser deposition of titanium by Nd:Yag laser

A study of Ti laser irradiation and thin film deposition produced by an Nd:Yag pulsed laser is presented. The laser pulse, 9?ns width, has a power density of the order of 10¹⁰?W/cm². The titanium etching rate is of the order of 1?µg/pulse, it increases with the laser fluence and shows a threshold value at about 30?J/cm² laser fluence. The angular distribution of ejected atoms (neutrals and ions) is peaked along the normal of the target surface. At high fluence, the fractional ionization of the plasma produced by the laser is of the order of 10%. Time-of-flight measurements demonstrate that the titanium ions, at high laser fluence, may reach kinetic energies of about 1?keV. Obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce coverage of thin films of titanium and to realize high adherent titanium-substrate interfaces. The obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce a coverage of thin titanium films on polymers, and to realize highly adherent titanium–substrate interfaces.     

Structural state and phase composition of nickel surface layers modified by high-intensity implantation of titanium ions

This paper reports on the results of experimental investigations into the microstructure and the elemental and phase compositions of ion-alloyed nickel surface layers modified by high-intensity implantation of titanium ions. It is established that the implantation of titanium ions into nickel surface layers up to 1600 nm thick leads to the formation of intermetallic phases (namely, NiTi, Ni₃Ti, and NiTi₂), a solid solution of titanium in nickel, titanium oxides of different stoichiometries, and titanium carbide TiC. It is demonstrated that the phases formed in the ion-alloyed nickel surface layers have a nanocrystalline structure. The average size of the nanocrystal grains is equal to 40 nm.     

微波消解ICP-OES快速测定难溶钒钛磁铁矿中铁、钛、钒

建立了添加络合剂A进行微波消解难溶钒钛磁铁矿,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定其中铁、钛、钒的方法。通过正交实验确定的最优消解条件是:0.1g钒钛磁铁矿;12mL浓盐酸;0.04g络合剂A;消解时间10min;微波功率385W。用新建立的方法对攀枝花钢铁研究院的钒钛磁铁矿(GBW07226)进行消解,用ICP-OES法对Fe,Ti,V进行测定,测定的相对误差和相对标准偏差均达到分析化学的要求。新建立的方法中,添加络合剂与溶解出的金属离子络合,使得试样与溶解介质盐酸的接触面不断更新,显著加速了矿物的溶解,用ICP-OES法测定消解液,实现了多种主量、微量元素同时测定。该法试剂用量少、经济;样品消解、测定迅速;对环境友好;适合大批量样品快速测定。建立的方法对国家商检部门、相关分析测试单位等具备实际应用价值。     

Creating Ti:Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> media with pinched beams of electrons and Ti<Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>+</Superscript> ions

The collective acceleration of multiply charged titanium ions on pinched electron beams and the mechanisms of titanium ion implantation into sapphire crystals are studied. Efficient Ti³⁺ ion implantation is achieved by irradiating sapphire crystals with high current picosecond beams of electrons and Ti ⁿ⁺. The ions are shock-implanted into regular positions of the crystalline lattice, replacing Al³⁺ ions.     

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Nanosized Powder of Zn-Doped Titanium Dioxide

Nanosized powder materials made Zn-doped titanium dioxide with concentration of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol % Zn²⁺ have been synthesized from aqueous solutions of inorganic compounds of titanium modified with zinc(II) ions. The materials obtained have been studied by electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. It has been found that if zinc ions introduced in titanium dioxide the stabilization of anatase modification takes place retaining size and morphology of particles. The materials synthesized have shown photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. The highest photocatalytic activity has been found for material containing 0.1 mol % Zn²⁺ and calcined at 600°С.     

Amethyst and morion quartz gemstone raw materials from Turkey: color saturation and enhancement by gamma,neutron and beta irradiation

Color-enhancement investigations without using heating treatment from dull or pale to ideal saturation and/or changes to the formation of the rarer attractive colors are widely conducted to revalue abandoned gem material sources in the world. Such an investigation is carried out on pale or dull purple-colored amethyst and smoky-colored morion samples, which are two important gem species of the crystalline quartz (SiO₂) mineral that are currently abandoned in natural deposits in Turkey because of their unattractive coloration. The results of color enhancements observed on these samples, after irradiation with artificial gamma, neutron and beta beams, were examined by comparing with samples with the ideal color saturation and also with colorless samples, using optical absorption (OA) and radioluminescence (RL) spectroscopy. The ICP-AES analyses reveal that the main impurity elements of over 100 ppm in abundance in these quartz species are aluminum, iron and titanium for amethyst, and aluminum, iron, titanium and manganese for morion. The OA spectra indicate that vivid purple coloration of amethyst is due to the transmittance at about 395–420 nm band gap as a result of absorbance peaks at 375, 480 and 530 nm. These absorbances may be related to the unusual oxidized small proportions of certain impurity ions, after being exposed mainly to gamma irradiation, such as Al(IV) from the total aluminum, Ti(V) from the total titanium and Fe(IV) from the total iron, respectively. However, the RL spectroscopy of amethyst samples before and after they were exposed to artificial gamma, neutron and beta radiation beams demonstrates that the ions most affected by irradiation are Fe(IV) first and Al(IV) and Ti(V) second, and these ions represent the RL peaks at 600, 720 and 495 nm, respectively. The OA spectra indicate that dark smoky coloration in morion is due to a lack of transmittance at the visible region as a result of the absorbance peaks at 375, 450–490, 620 and 730 nm. These absorbances also may be related to the unusual oxidized small proportions of certain impurity ions by irradiation, such as Al(IV) from the total aluminum, Ti(V) from the total titanium and Mn(III) from the total manganese, respectively. In addition, the buoyancies of these absorbance peaks in the visible region produce the color hues between light smoky and dark smoky colorations in morion samples. These oxidized ion states are more resistant and stable against environmental destructive conditions in comparison with amethyst. Thus, the dark smoky coloration of morion becomes dull or pale after relatively longer periods. But, the RL spectroscopy of morion before and after being exposed to gamma, neutron and beta irradiation beams demonstrates that the most induced ions from the irradiation are Mn(III) and Al(IV) first and Ti(V) second. These ions represent the RL peaks at about 400, 720 and about 500 nm, respectively.     

X-ray spectral analysis of the electronic structure of iron and titanium ions in vitreous systems

Variations in the electronic configuration of iron and titanium ions in vitreous systems were studied by the methods of x-ray spectroscopy. It was found that the crystallization temperature and the oxide content in vitreous systems significantly affect the electronic configuration of iron and titanium ions.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 30–34, September, 1976.     

Study of n=2,Δn=0 transition of Be-, B-, C-, N- and O-like sequence in the beam--foil spectrum of titanium

The foil-excited the spectrum of highly stripped titanium ions between 12-40 nm has been studied. Titanium ions of 80 and 120 MeV were provided by the HI-13 tandem accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. GIM-957 XUV-VUV monochromator was refocused to get highly-resolved spectra. Our experimental results and the published spectral data of laser-produced plasma show agreement in nearly all cases within ±0.03 nm. The spectra contained some weak or strong lines previously unclassified. These spectral lines mainly belong to 2s2p^2 for TiXVⅢ, 2p^3 for TiXVIII, 2s2p^3 for TiXVII, 2p^6 4p for Ti XII and 2p^6 3d for Ti XII transitions.     

Modification of surface oxide layers of titanium targets for increasing lifetime of neutron tubes

The peculiarities of interaction of hydrogen ions with a titanium target and its surface oxide layer were studied. Two ways of modification of the surface oxide layers of titanium targets for increasing the lifetime of neutron tubes were proposed: (1) deposition of an yttrium oxide barrier layer on the target surface; (2) implementation of neutron tube work regime in which the target is irradiated with ions with energies lower than 1000 eV between high-energy ion irradiation pulses.     

Molecular-Dynamics Simulation of the Interaction of Argon Cluster Ions with Titanium Surface

The molecular-dynamics simulation of impacts of accelerated argon cluster ions with titanium surface is carried out. The dependences of the dimensions of the produced defects and of the number of sputtered titanium atoms on the cluster-ion dimensions, energies, and incidence angles are studied.     

X-ray emission spectra and chemical bonding in TiC,TiN and TiO

The experimental X-ray emission spectra of titanium carbide, nitride and oxide have been obtained. Quantum-chemical calculations of the electronic structure of clusters in TiC, TiN and TiO have been carried out by the semiempirical Mulliken-Wolfsberg-Helmholtz method with self-consistency on charges and configurations. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with the X-ray spectroscopy data and offer a reasonable explanation of the experimental spectra. Chemical bonding and electronic structure of the compounds are discussed. Ionicity is shown to increase from TiC to TiO according to the electronegativity principle, the calculated charges on the metal ions being close to experimental estimates. The role of metal-metal and metal-nonmetal interactions in the chemical bonding is analysed. Vacancy models for TiO and their effect on the X-ray emission spectra are investigated. By the CNDO method with configurational interactions the optical spectrum of titanium carbide has been calculated. It is shown that this spectrum may be interpreted from the results for the [TiC₆] cluster, without introducing the Lye-Logothetis band scheme with negative charge on the metal ion.     

含氘电极真空弧等离子体空间分布特性诊断研究

真空弧放电等离子体含有多种离子成分,并且各离子在空间上具有不同的分布规律.本文针对金属氘化物电极真空弧离子源,搭建了一台紧凑型磁分析装置,用来研究放电等离子体中氘离子与金属离子的空间分布.当离子源弧流为100 A左右时,该装置能有效地传输引出束流,并且具有较好的二次电子抑制效果,可准确获得各离子流强.利用该装置测量并获得了氘化钛含氘电极真空弧放电等离子体内氘离子和钛离子空间分布规律,结果表明:径向上,氘离子和钛离子都呈高斯分布,但氘离子分布均匀,而钛离子相对集中在轴线附近,导致轴线附近氘离子比例最低;轴向上,所有离子数量都以自然指数函数减少,而且相对幅度接近,所以氘离子比例几乎不变.本文研究结果不仅有助于理解真空弧放电等离子体膨胀过程,还可以指导金属氘化物电极真空弧离子源及其引出设计.     

Electrostatic stabilization of an ordered phase in titanium monoxide

The influence of the ordering of titanium and oxygen atoms on the Madelung energy has been studied using the computer simulation. The dependence of the Madelung constant on the crystal size for the titanium monoxide with ordered and disordered distributions of atoms and vacancies has been obtained for the first time. It has been demonstrated that the Madelung energy in the ordered titanium monoxide is considerably (by 6%) lower than that in the disordered monoxide. The electrostatic interaction between titanium and oxygen ions stabilizes the ordered phase in titanium monoxide up to high temperatures and should substantially affect the disordering processes that occur in this compound at high temperatures.     

Features of TiN film deposition by the vacuum-arc method

The chemical homogeneity of TiN thin films produced by the sputtering of a titanium target in a nitrogen atmosphere are studied using atomic-force microscopy and the backscattering of helium ions. It is established that TiN films of submicron thickness contain titanium nanoparticles, the number of which increases with decreasing nitrogen pressure.     

On the formation of temperature-induced defects at the surface of TEM specimens prepared from TiAl using high-energy Gallium and low-energy Argon ions

ABSTRACT

Specimens for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigations were prepared from γ titanium aluminide alloys with Gallium and Argon ions using a focused ion beam (FIB) and a precision ion polishing system (PIPS). Preparation to electron transparency by Gallium ions alone leads to the formation of crystalline platelets of the α titanium phase at the specimen surfaces, revealed through conventional and high resolution (HR) TEM analysis. The platelets are assumed to precipitate from priorly formed amorphous layers. The required crystallisation temperature of about 480°C is generated through the ion bombardment implying that the γ titanium aluminides can be heated substantively during sputtering. The primary reason for this is the restricted transfer of heat away from the beam impact point when the specimen thickness comes close to the beam diameter. The formation of the platelets can be avoided by terminating the Gallium ion treatment prior to that, while providing for a sufficient thermal bonding of the specimen to the grid as well and polishing off the remaining material by Argon ions, which are much less focused and less energetic, so that the local heat peaks are reduced.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Titanium(IV) by Extraction of its Thiocyanate Complex with Cationic Surfactants

Abstract

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of titanium(IV) is described. It is based on the extraction of titanium(IV) as an ion‐associated complex, formed between the titanium(IV)–thiocyanate anion and the cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA), cetylpyridinium (CP), or tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium (TDMA) cation in chloroform or dichloromethane. Optimum conditions for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of titanium(IV) by all extractants were determined. The effect of chloride ions on the extraction was also examined. In their presence the systems studied were most sensitive. The apparent molar absorptivities of the complex, at 420 nm, and limit of detection, in the presence of chloride ions, were (6–7) × 10⁴ L mol^?1 cm^?1 and 20–35 ng Ti(IV) mL^?1, respectively, depending upon the reagent used. Titanium determination was feasible in the presence of many foreign ions. The ratios of titanium(IV) and CTMA, CP or TDMA determined by Job's method were 1:2. The validity of the method was tested on bauxite and aluminum alloy samples. The values determined were in good agreement with the certified values.     

Influence of surface morphology of cpTi on the adsorption and attachment of collagen/chitosan

The surface microtopography of implant influences distinctly the rate of bone-formation and the ratio of bone-implant contact. However, it is indicated that the surface of titanium implant existed contamination after different surface treatments. Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymers for its adsorption property for metal ions. In this study, we report on the pretreatment of the metal surface and aim to compare the efficacy of three treatments for the binding ability of collagen/chitosan (CL/CS). The compound of collagen and chitosan was immobilized on the titanium oxide and the morphology and chemical composition were used to characterize the titanium surfaces by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The result showed that the surface displayed irregularities after roughness treatments and the rough surface was beneficial to the adsorption and attachment of CL/CS. The combination of CL/CS was related with the titanium surface character.     

Configuration Interaction and Many‐Body Perturbation Theory: Application to Scandium,Titanium, and Iodine

A number of atoms and ions with complex valence configurations are considered as candidates for atomic clocks with high sensitivity to the possible variation of the fine‐structure constant. Present level of the theory is not sufficient to predict frequencies of the clock transitions with accuracy, required for the experiment. Here an approach is tested, where the second‐order perturbation theory is used to iteratively saturate configuration space for valence electrons. On the examples of scandium, titanium, and iodine, it is demonstrated that this improves the efficiency of the CI+MBPT method for systems with strong configuration interaction and/or more than three valence electrons.     

Formation of Ti and TiN ultra-thin films on Si by ion beam sputter deposition

Ultra-thin titanium and titanium nitride films on silicon substrate were obtained by ion beam sputtering of titanium target in vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere, using argon ions with energy of 5 keV and 15 μA target current. Elemental composition and chemical state of obtained films were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with using Mg-Kα X-ray radiation (photon energy 1253.6 eV). It was shown that it is possible to form both ultra-thin titanium films (sputtering in vacuum) and ultra-thin titanium nitride films (sputtering in nitrogen atmosphere) in the same temperature conditions. Photoelectron spectra of samples surface, obtained in different steps of films synthesis, detailed spectra of photoelectron emission from Si 2p, Ti 2p, N 1s core levels and also X-ray photoelectron spectra of Auger electrons emission are presented.