二氧化碳碳化法沉淀制备晶型碳酸稀土的工艺研究EI北大核心CSCD

碳酸稀土作为生产稀土氧化物的重要前驱体,是稀土元素精深加工和材料制备中重要的中间原料。目前碳酸稀土的制备方法包括碳酸氢铵沉淀法、碳酸氢镁沉淀法和碳酸钠沉淀法等,存在着氨氮污染、结晶性能不好、不利于工业化生产等问题;本文将二氧化碳碳化法引入到晶型碳酸稀土的制备过程,以开发一种绿色易产业化的碳酸稀土沉淀结晶技术。实验以LaCl_(3)为原料,研究了碳化体系、碳化温度和碳化时间对产物结晶性能的影响;结果表明:在20℃,pH=5.0的条件下碳化60 min,可以获得D_(50)=21.4μm,(D_(90)-D_(10))/2D_(50)=0.745,晶型片状的La_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)·8H_(2)O。此外还以CeCl_(3)和YCl_(3)为原料,探讨了二氧化碳碳化法的适应性问题,分别在20和40℃条件下碳化获得了晶型Ce_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)·8H_(2)O和Y_(2)(CO_(3))_(3)·2H_(2)O。本文将二氧化碳碳化法应用到晶型碳酸稀土的制备过程中,具有易工业化、易操作、减少碳排放等优点,也为碳化法制备晶型碳酸稀土提供了理论和工艺指导。     

碳酸稀土在冰晶石—氧化铝系熔体中的溶解度

用过饱和平衡法测定了碳酸稀土在冰晶石-氧化铝系熔体中的溶解度。考查了熔体温度等因素对溶解度的影响,得出了溶解度与碳酸稀土的焙烧温度、焙烧时间、氧化铝含量及熔体分子比之间的回归方程,并就碳酸稀土的热分解产物在冰晶石-氧化铝系熔体中的溶解机理进行了探讨。     

非异氰酸酯聚氨酯的合成与应用

聚氨酯是一种重要的高分子材料,但其关键原料异氰酸酯有毒和湿敏的缺点限制了其应用前景.环碳酸酯化合物与伯胺反应是制备得到聚氨酯的一条新途径,用这种方法合成的非异氰酸酯聚氨酯(NIPU),其羟基氨基甲酸酯基形成分子内氢键而具有比传统聚氨酯更好的耐水解性和机械性能.本文介绍了NIPU的合成机理,总结了环碳酸酯的合成方法,综述...     

碳酸镨的结晶活性、外观形貌及结晶生长机制

采用原位pH值测定法确定了碳酸镨的结晶活性区域,并用扫描电镜观测了不同结晶区域结晶碳酸镨的外观形貌.结果表明在低配比区域(NH4HCO3/PrCl3的摩尔比小于3)为碳酸镨的易结晶区域,结晶产物为交叉层叠的花瓣形颗粒;在高配比区域(NH4HCO3/PrCl3的摩尔比大于3)为碳酸镨的可结晶区域,延长陈化时间可以得到鱼鳞片状的亮晶产物;所有结晶碳酸镨都具有镧石型结构,其基本构筑单元为片状结晶,这与镧石的层状结构相关.影响结晶的主要因素是加料比,其它因素象温度,加料方式和搅拌强度等对结晶过程也有影响.     

碱式碳酸钴的水热合成及其结构表征

采用水热法合成了不同形貌的碱式碳酸钴。在反应体系中,硝酸钴为钴源,尿素为沉淀剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为结构导向剂。通过调整结构导向剂的种类、比例以及反应温度,经水热处理可实现对碱式碳酸钴的形貌和尺寸大小的控制。用红外光谱(FT-IR)对所制样品的组分进行分析,用X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)表征产物的结构和形貌。结果表明:四种样品都各自呈现一种独特而有趣的形貌。     

制备条件影响碳酸羟基磷灰石晶格的计算分析

在碳酸羟基磷灰石(CHA)结构分析中,对A型取代(CO₃^2-取代OH^-)和B型取代(CO₃^2-取代PO₄^3-)2种取代的稳定性仍存有争议。为了研究碳酸取代的可能位置和2种取代稳定性,本文利用计算机辅助手段详细研究了不同反应顺序和不同反应试剂对碳酸羟基磷灰石晶体结构的影响。本实验分别采用含Na和不含Na 2种不同的反应试剂,分别在HA生成过程中和HA生成以后加入CO₃^2-,通过离子共沉淀法制备了4种碳酸羟基磷灰石。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)对他们的结构和基团进行了表征,并用Jade 6.5, Materials Studio 4.0以及Origin 7.0进行了精修、计算和拟合。结果表明,无论工艺过程如何变化,均主要生成晶体能量较低、晶格结构稳定的B型取代碳酸羟基磷灰石;与普通磷灰石相比,由于存在晶格畸变,因此碳酸取代磷灰石的结晶度下降;碳酸根在反应溶液中的浓度影响CHA的晶格畸变程度,较高游离碳酸浓度引起的晶格畸变大;Na⁺的引入,可以降低碳酸羟基磷灰石中的晶格畸变,从而提高结晶度;含Na的B型取代主要是取代Ca(Ⅱ)位置的Ca离子。IR分析结果表明四种碳酸羟基磷灰石中的CO₃^2-均以B型取代为主,通过对870 cm^-1附近峰的拟合,计算出材料中A型取代和B型取代的比值。     

用Reichardt''''s Dye研究碳酸酯溶剂极性的经验参数ET(30)

使用2,6-二苯基-4-(2,4,6-三苯基-1-吡啶鎓)苯氧内盐染料(Reichardt's Dye)研究锂离子电池中非水电解质溶剂碳酸酯的极性,并测量极性经验参数ET(30)碳酸乙烯酯为48.6,碳酸丙烯酯为46.1,2,3-碳酸丁烯酯为45.7,碳酸二甲酯为39.0,碳酸甲乙酯为37.3,碳酸二乙酯为37.0.LiClO4加入到碳酸酯溶剂中,显色剂受到离子的盐效应影响,表现为溶液体系的ET(30)值增加,极性增大.由于溶液中粒子间的相互作用不同,环碳酸酯与链状碳酸酯极性变化趋势不同.极性大的溶剂易形成Ar-O-…solvent…Li+结构,起到缓冲作用,抑制了显色剂的酚氧基与Li+直接作用.     

氯化聚丙撑碳酸酯增容聚丙撑碳酸酯/秸秆粉复合材料的制备及性能

聚丙撑碳酸酯(PPC)是一种新型热塑性生物降解材料,但其热性能及力学性能较差,应用受到限制。以秸秆粉这种农作物副产品作为增强体改性PPC,既可以提高PPC的力学性能同时又可开发利用秸秆资源。氯化聚丙撑碳酸酯(CPPC)是聚丙撑碳酸酯(PPC)经过氯化得到的,对天然纤维表面具有良好的浸润性和粘结性。本文以CPPC为增容剂,通过熔融共混法制备了PPC/秸秆粉复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉伸实验、动态力学性能测试(DMA)及转矩流变仪对复合材料的结构及性能进行了表征,重点考察了CPPC的添加量对复合材料力学和流变性能的影响。结果表明,当CPPC质量分数为1.8%时,可使添加质量分数为30%秸秆粉的PPC复合材料拉伸强度提高38%,模量提高30%。同时,CPPC的引入使复合材料的粘度下降,改善了PPC/秸秆粉复合材料的加工性能。因此,作为增容剂的CPPC为制备高性能PPC/天然纤维复合材料提供了新的解决办法。     

碳酸酯基阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的相转移催化性能研究

采用二月桂酸二丁基锡为催化剂,N,N-二甲基乙醇胺与碳酸二甲酯酯交换反应制得二(N,N-二甲基胺基乙基)碳酸酯(Ⅰ),产率92％(以碳酸二甲酯计);再与1-溴代十六烷反应得到一种含碳酸酯基阳离子Gemini表面活性剂(Ⅱ),产率68.5％[以(Ⅰ)计],用IR、1 HNMR、元素分析表征了其结构.采用(Ⅱ)为固-液相转...     

聚乙烯基撑碳酸酯和聚羟基甲撑的合成与表征

通过乙烯基撑碳酸酯的聚合制得了无色透明的高分子量的聚合物，再经水解制得了聚羟基甲撑膜和粉状物，研究了在丙酮和二甲基甲酰胺中聚乙烯基撑碳酸酯的降解机理。     

丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物对CaCO_3微粒形貌的调控

研究了两种聚合物-丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯（PEGA）和丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯-甲基丙烯 酸共聚物（PEGA-PMAA）对CaCO_3粒子生长的调控。发现PEGA调控下得到CaCO_3片 层状粒子的粒径比在纯水中的小，而PEGA-PMAA调控下的粒子粒径较大，并且长成 了奇特的花状形貌。这说明PEGA在CaCO_3粒子生长过程中起了阻碍作用，而双亲水 的PEGA-PMAA则促进了CaCO_3粒子的生长。     

Formation of stable vaterite with poly(acrylic acid) by the delayed addition method

The crystallization of CaCO3 was examined by changing the addition time of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate by selectively interacting with the crystal at different stages during the crystal-forming process. The precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by a double jet method to prevent heterogeneous nucleation on glass walls, and the sodium salt of PAA was added by a delayed addition method. In the initial presence of PAA in an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate, PAA acted as an inhibitor for the nucleation and growth of crystallization. However, it was found that stable vaterite particles were successfully obtained by delaying the addition of PAA from 1 to 60 min. The vaterite particles were stable in the aqueous solution for more than 30 days, and the CaCO3 particles were formed by a spherulitic growth mechanism. It is suggested that PAA strongly binds with the Ca2+ ion on the surface of CaCO3 particles to stabilize the unstable vaterite form effectively. Upon changing the addition time of PAA, we found that CaCO3 particles were formed through different formation mechanisms in selectively controlled crystallization at different stages during the crystallization process.     

Control on Crystal Forms of Ultrafine Barium Carbonate Particles and Study on its Mechanism

1 INTRODUCTION Barium carbonate is one of the important che- mical materials as well as one of the most important barium salts. Its application covers multitudinous in- dustries and fields such as building material, meta- llurgy, electron, chemical industry and so on[1]. With the fast development of science and technology, it is becoming more and more demanding with barium carbonate’s quality, and more and more scientific workers do researches on the control of Barium car- bonate’s crys…     

Synthesis of size-controlled acid-resistant hybrid calcium carbonate microparticles as templates for fabricating "micelles-enhanced" polyelectrolyte capsules by the LBL technique

Size-controlled, low-dispersed calcium carbonate microparticles were synthesized in the presence of the amphiphilic block copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) by modulating the concentration of block copolymer in the reactive system. This type of hybrid microparticles have acid-resistant properties. By investigating the aggregation behaviors of PS-b-PAA micelles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanism of hybrid calcium carbonate formation illustrated that the block copolymer served not only as "pseudonuclei" for the growth of calcium carbonate nanocrystals, but also forms the supramicelle congeries, a spherical framework, as templates for calcium carbonate nanocrystal growth into hybrid CaCO(3) particles. Moreover, this pilot study shows that the hybrid microparticle is a novel candidate as a template for fabricating multilayer polyelectrolyte capsules, in which the block copolymer is retained within the capsule interior after core removal under soft conditions. This not only facilitates the encapsulation of special materials, but also provides "micelles-enhanced" polyelectrolyte capsules.     

固液相烃基化反应的研究 I.以碳酸钾为碱的丙二酸乙二酯和氰乙酸乙酯的烃基化反应

The alkylation of diethyl malonate and ethyl cyanoacetate using powdered potassium carbonate asa base in the absence of solvent and other catalyst is studied. The features of this method are: simple preparative procedure, reproducible yield and easy control of monoalkylation. The reaction mechanism is discussed briefly.     

取代二苯醚的新合成反应及历程研究

在碱金属亚硝酸盐和碳酸盐存在下, 被强引电子基团取代的硝基苯在非质子极性溶剂中能发生自射缩合反应, 生成结构对称的双取代二苯醚, 收率较高。此类反应的主要历程属于SNAr, 但同时也存在着SRNAr(SET)历程作为次要途径。     

高分子基质作用下碳酸钙的仿生合成

依据生物矿化的基本原理,在动态条件下,通过仿生合成的方法,以三种高聚物：聚乙三醇、聚乙烯醇、羟乙基纤维作为有机基质,分别合成了高聚物含量不同的三种CaCO~3/高聚物复合材料,这些无机/有机复合材料与生物体内经过生物矿化作用所形成的生物矿物颇为相似,具有独特的微观结构形态和一定的取向,这些结果对于具有生物相容性和优异性能的碳酸钙功能的合成具有一守的指导意义。     

Influnence of Sodium Polyacrylate on Crystallization and Aggregation of Butterfly-like Calcium Carbonate

Butterfly-like calcium carbonate(CaCO₃) particles were successfully prepared via a facile precipitation reaction of Na₂CO₃ with CaCl₂ in the presence of sodium polyacrylate(PAAS). The as-prepared samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). Butterfly-like CaCO₃ particles composed of three segment rods were obtained. Rod aggregates would act as the template for butterfly-like CaCO₃ crystals consisted of regular shaped crystallites with 150―200 nm in diameter. The influences of reaction temperature, the amount of PAAS and reaction time on the nucleation and growth of CaCO₃ crystals were investigated. The possible growth mechanism of CaCO₃ crystals was discussed. This research can not only make us further understand the general principles of the reaction, but also open up a new avenue of industrial production of CaCO₃ particles with exquisite and unique morphologies.     

Uniform nanosized goethite particles obtained by aerial oxidation in the FeSO4-Na2CO3 system

Pure goethite particles in the nanometer size range (from approximately 200 to approximately 80 nm) with an elongated shape (axial ratio from approximately 5 to approximately 8) useful as iron precursors for magnetic recording have been prepared by oxidation of the suspensions resulting from the addition of sodium carbonate to Fe(II) sulfate aqueous solutions under a restrictive set of experimental conditions (Fe(II) concentration, carbonate/Fe(II) mole ratio, temperature, and air flow rate). In all cases, the goethite particles were formed by a dissolution-recrystallization mechanism through an intermediate green-rust phase. The particle size was determined by the carbonate/Fe(II) ratio (which controls the formation pH), the FeSO(4) concentration, and the air flow rate. The smallest particles (length 80 nm) were obtained for a high carbonate/Fe(II) mole ratio (>/=3), a low Fe(II) concentration (0.075 mol dm(-3)), and an air flow rate of 2 dm(3) min(-1). The goethite particles were also characterized by the electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM finding that they were monocrystalline, having the crystalline c axis parallel to the longest particle dimension.     

花椰菜状碳酸钙的"一步法"制备及表征

以碱土金属锶的硝酸盐为添加剂, 采用“一步法”制备了大小均一、 分散性良好的花椰菜状碳酸钙粒子. 考察了反应温度、 反应时间等因素对碳酸钙结晶行为的影响, 确定了最佳反应条件. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射仪(XRD)、 X射线能谱仪(EDAX)等对所得产物的结构和性能进行了表征, 并探讨了其反应原理.