High speed in spin‐torque‐based magnetic memory using magnetic nanocontacts

Magnetization switching by a spin‐polarized current in perpendicular anisotropy devices with magnetic nanocontact (NC) is investigated using a micromagnetic formalism. The critical switching current (i_cr) and switching time (τ₀) can be reduced when a soft layer is exchange coupled to the NC. The study reveals that devices with fewer NCs have smaller i_cr compared to those with a large number. Furthermore, τ₀ for nanoconstricted devices is almost constant with anisotropy field (H_k), in contrast to devices without NCs that show an exponential increase with H_k. This suggests that nanoconstricted devices could be used to improve thermal stability, while reducing i_cr and τ₀. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Visualization of microvessels by angiography using inverse‐Compton scattering X‐rays in animal models

The fundamental performance of microangiography has been evaluated using the S‐band linac‐based inverse‐Compton scattering X‐ray (iCSX) method to determine how many photons would be required to apply iCSX to human microangiography. ICSX is characterized by its quasi‐monochromatic nature and small focus size which are fundamental requirements for microangiography. However, the current iCSX source does not have sufficient flux for microangiography in clinical settings. It was determined whether S‐band compact linac‐based iCSX can visualize small vessels of excised animal organs, and the amount of X‐ray photons required for real time microangiography in clinical settings was estimated. The iCSX coupled with a high‐gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor camera could visualize a resolution chart with only a single iCSX pulse of ～3 ps duration; the resolution was estimated to be ～500 µm. The iCSX coupled with an X‐ray cooled charge‐coupled device image sensor camera visualized seventh‐order vascular branches (80 µm in diameter) of a rabbit ear by accumulating the images for 5 and 30 min, corresponding to irradiation of 3000 and 18000 iCSX pulses, respectively. The S‐band linac‐based iCSX visualized microvessels by accumulating the images. An iCSX source with a photon number of 3.6 × 10³–5.4 × 10⁴ times greater than that used in this study may enable visualizing microvessels of human fingertips even in clinical settings.     

Raman scattering studies of spin‐waves in hexagonal BaFe12O19

We present the results of polarized Raman spectroscopy of hexagonal BaFe₁₂O₁₉ single crystal. The spectra, recorded from 200 to 800 cm^–1 and 1100 to 1700 cm^–1 in the 20–250 K temperature range, are analyzed on the basis of both crystal vibrations and spin‐waves. In the low wavenumber range, the Γ‐point phonons are observed. In the high wavenumber range, phonon mixings are observed; more interestingly, four modes of spin‐waves are identified in hexagonal BaFe₁₂O₁₉. Both have not been studied previously. Our analyses of the spin‐waves provide an optical method for quantitatively estimating the spin exchange interactions in hexagonal BaFe₁₂O₁₉. The four strong exchange integrals are found to have the values of J_ce = 1.31 meV, J_ae = 1.36 meV, J_cd = 1.46 meV, and J_bd = 1.71 meV. Our results also indicate that at ~200 and ~80 K, there would be additional spin‐ordering transitions in hexagonal BaFe₁₂O₁₉. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compton scattering of 59.5 keV gamma rays from p-Si sample in an external electric field

This study is related to Compton scattering of photons from a p-Si sample whose surface charge density distributions are changed by an external electric field. The external electric field intensity in the range 0-75 kV/m was used to change the surface charge density distributions of the sample. The sample surface perpendicular to the electric field was selected as the scattering surface. The p-Si sample was bombarded by 59.5 keV γ-photons emitting from an Am-241 point source. The Compton scattered photons at an angle of 90^o were detected by an Si(Li) detector. The Compton scattering intensity suddenly increased with the application of the electric field since the applied electric field distorts both the negatively charged scattering center (free electron, bound electron, ionized acceptor) and the positively charged scattering center (hole) and their momentum distribution in the sample. There is a good third-order polynominal relation between the Compton scattering intensity and the increasing (or decreasing) electric field intensity. The results show that the positively charged scattering centers behave like negatively charged scattering centers, but the latter are slightly more effective than the former in the Compton scattering of γ-rays from the sample in the electric field.     

利用康普顿散射实现太赫兹皮秒脉冲的分析

 研究了利用微波与电子束团的康普顿散射实现太赫兹的方法、光子产额和辐射功率。推导出了单个电子产生的太赫兹的光子产额和辐射功率表达式,也推导出了电子束团产生的太赫兹的光子总产额和辐射总功率表达式。结果发现：利用微波与电子束团发生康普顿垂直散射,可以产生太赫兹皮秒脉冲;单个电子产生的太赫兹光子产额与微波功率、微波波长成正比,与微波束截面积成反比;单个电子产生的太赫兹辐射功率与微波功率、电子Lorentz因子的平方成正比,与微波束截面积成反比;电子束团产生的太赫兹光子总产额与微波功率的平方、微波波长的平方成正比,与微波束截面积的平方成反比;电子束团产生的太赫兹辐射总功率与微波功率的平方、微波波长以及电子Lorentz因子的平方成正比,与微波束截面积的平方成反比。     

Scattering and absorption differential cross sections for double photon Compton scattering

The scattering and absorption differential cross sections for nonlinear QED process such as double photon Compton scattering have been measured as a function of independent final photon energy. The incident gamma photons are of 0.662 MeV in energy as produced by an 8 Ci¹³⁷Cs radioactive source and thin aluminum foils are used as scatterer. The two simultaneously emitted photons in this process are detected in coincidence using two Nal(T1) scintillation detectors and a slow-fast coincidence set-up of 30 nsec resolving time. The measured values of scattering and absorption differential cross sections agree with theory within experimental estimated error.     

Adaption of a diffractometer for time‐resolved X‐ray resonant magnetic scattering

A new set‐up is presented to measure element‐selective magnetization dynamics using the ALICE chamber [Grabis et al. (2003), Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 , 4048–4051] at the BESSY II synchrotron at the Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin. A magnetic‐field pulse serves as excitation, and the magnetization precession is probed by element‐selective X‐ray resonant magnetic scattering. With the use of single‐bunch‐generated X‐rays a temporal resolution well below 100 ps is reached. The ALICE diffractometer environment enables investigations of thin films, described here, multilayers and laterally structured samples in reflection or diffuse scattering geometry. The combination of the time‐resolved set‐up with a cryostat in the ALICE chamber will allow temperature‐dependent studies of precessional magnetization dynamics and of damping constants to be conducted over a large temperature range and for a large variety of systems in reflection geometry.     

高阶多项式在拟合铁磁物质磁滞回线中的应用

探讨用不小于三阶的多项式去拟合磁滞回线,完成只用2个多项式拟合整个回线.区别于其他人提出的实际上是利用二次多项式达到的一条曲线分2段、整个回线分4段的拟合.     

产生切连科夫辐射的康普顿电子在介质中的临界散射角

讨论了γ光子在同一种介质中连续产生康普顿散射和切连科夫辐射的条件。这一条件可用产生切连科夫辐射的康普顿电子在介质中的临界散射角的大小来表示。     

In operando quantitation of Li concentration for a commercial Li‐ion rechargeable battery using high‐energy X‐ray Compton scattering

Compton scattering is one of the most promising probes for quantitating Li under in operando conditions, since high‐energy X‐rays, which have high penetration power, are used as the incident beam and the Compton‐scattered energy spectrum has specific line‐shapes for each element. An in operando quantitation method to determine the Li composition in electrodes has been developed by using line‐shape (S‐parameter) analysis of the Compton‐scattered energy spectrum. In this study, S‐parameter analysis has been applied to a commercial coin cell Li‐ion rechargeable battery and the variation of the S‐parameters during the charge/discharge cycle at the positive and negative electrodes has been obtained. By using calibration curves for Li composition in the electrodes, the change in Li composition of the positive and negative electrodes has been determined using the S‐parameters simultaneously.     

Nanoporous Ag–GaN thin films prepared by metal‐assisted electroless etching and deposition as three‐dimensional substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

Three‐dimensional (3D) nanoporous gallium nitride (PGaN) scaffolds are fabricated by Pt‐assisted electroless hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching of crystalline GaN followed by in situ electroless deposition of Ag nanostructures onto the interior surfaces of the nanopores, yielding a large surface area substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The resulting 3D SERS‐active substrates have been optimized by varying reaction parameters and starting material concentration, exhibiting enhanced Raman signals 10–100× more intense than either (1) sputtered Ag‐coated porous GaN or (2) Ag‐coated planar GaN. The increase in SERS signal is attributed to a combination of the large surface area and the inherent transparency of PGaN in the visible spectral region. Overall, Ag‐decorated PGaN is a promising platform for high sensitivity SERS detection and chemical analysis, particularly for reaction and metabolic products that can be trapped inside the highly anisotropic nanoscale pores of PGaN. The potential of this sampling mode is illustrated by the ability to acquire Raman spectra of adenine down to 5 fmol. Additionally, correlated SERS and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry spectra can be acquired from same sample spot without further preparation, opening new possibilities for the investigation of surface‐bound molecules with substantially enhanced information content. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On a low intensity <Superscript>241</Superscript>Am Compton spectrometer for measurement of electron momentum density

In this paper, a new design and construction of a low intensity (100 mCi) ²⁴¹Am γ-ray Compton spectrometer is presented. The planar spectrometer is based on a small disc source with the shortest geometry. Measurement of the momentum density of polycrystalline Al is used to evaluate the performance of the new design. The measured profile is in good agreement with the existing theoretical data and our density functional calculations.      

未被俘获电子对多光子非线性Compton散射能量转换效率的影响

 应用单粒子理论和电子与光子非弹性碰撞模型，研究了未被俘获电子对多光子非线性Compton散射能量转换效率的影响。结果表明，未被俘获电子使该散射的频谱展宽随入射电子速度和与电子同时作用的光子数的增大而增大，随电子与光子非弹性碰撞成分的增大而减小，从而使能量转换效率近乎与电子入射速度正比降低。用低能电子入射，能有效地减小这种损失。     

Quasi-free Compton scattering and the polarizabilities of the neutron

Differential cross-sections for quasi-free Compton scattering from the proton and neutron bound in the deuteron have been measured using the Glasgow/Mainz photon tagging spectrometer at the Mainz MAMI accelerator together with the Mainz [48]cm ;SPMOslash; × [64]cm NaI(Tl) photon detector and the G?ttingen SENECA recoil detector. The data cover photon energies ranging from [200]MeV to [400]MeV at θ^LAB _γ = 136.2^°. Liquid deuterium and hydrogen targets allowed direct comparison of free and quasi-free scattering from the proton. The neutron detection efficiency of the SENECA detector was measured via the reaction p(γ,π⁺ n). The “free” proton Compton scattering cross-sections extracted from the bound proton data are in reasonable agreement with those for the free proton which gives confidence in the method to extract the differential cross-section for free scattering from quasi-free data. Differential cross-sections on the free neutron have been extracted and the difference of the electromagnetic polarizabilities of the neutron has been determined to be α_n - β_n = 9.8±3.6(stat)^+2.1 _-1.1(syst)±2.2(model) in units of [10^-4]fm ³. In combination with the polarizability sum α_n + β_n = 15.2±0.5 deduced from photoabsorption data, the neutron electric and magnetic polarizabilities, α_n = 12.5±1.8(stat)^+1.1 _-0.6(syst)±1.1(model) and β_n = 2.7±1.8(stat)^+0.6 _-1.1(syst)±1.1(model) are obtained. The backward spin polarizability of the neutron was determined to be γ⁽ⁿ⁾ _π = (58.6±4.0)×10^-4 fm ⁴. Received: 21 August 2002 / Accepted: 16 October 2002 / Published online: 11 February 2003 RID="a" ID="a"Part of the Doctoral Thesis. RID="b" ID="b"Present address: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig. RID="a" ID="a"Part of the Doctoral Thesis. RID="b" ID="b"Present address: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig. RID="c" ID="c"Part of the Habilitation Thesis. RID="d" ID="d"e-mail: schumacher@physik2.uni-goettingen.de Communicated by Th. Walcher     

In situ magnetic hysteresis measurement of magnetic tips in magnetic force microscope

In situ magnetic hysteresis measurements of magnetic tips in a magnetic force microscope (MFM) are demonstrated using alternating gradient force magnetometry. The measured magnetic moments of MFM tips are estimated in the range from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁵ emu by this technique and the whole MFM tips in cantilevers are considered to be measured from the value of measured magnetic moments. The relationship between the magnetic hysteresis loops of MFM tips and those of coated magnetic films is discussed.     

An extraction algorithm for core‐level excitations in non‐resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering spectra

Non‐resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering of core electrons is a prominent tool for studying site‐selective, i.e. momentum‐transfer‐dependent, shallow absorption edges of liquids and samples under extreme conditions. A bottleneck of the analysis of such spectra is the appropriate subtraction of the underlying background owing to valence and core electron excitations. This background exhibits a strong momentum‐transfer dependence ranging from plasmon and particle–hole pair excitations to Compton scattering of core and valence electrons. In this work an algorithm to extract the absorption edges of interest from the superimposed background for a wide range of momentum transfers is presented and discussed for two examples, silicon and the compound silicondioxide.     

Characterisation of case depth in induction-hardened medium carbon steels based on magnetic minor hysteresis loop measurement technique

Abstract

The magnetic hysteresis behaviours of ferromagnetic materials vary with the heat treatment-induced micro-structural changes. In the study, the minor hysteresis loop measurement technique was used to quantitatively characterise the case depth in two types of medium carbon steels. Firstly, high-frequency induction quenching was applied in rod samples to increase the volume fraction of hard martensite to the soft ferrite/pearlite (or sorbite) in the sample surface. In order to determine the effective and total case depth, a complementary error function was employed to fit the measured hardness-depth profiles of induction-hardened samples. The cluster of minor hysteresis loops together with the tangential magnetic field (TMF) were recorded from all the samples and the comparative study was conducted among three kinds of magnetic parameters, which were sensitive to the variation of case depth. Compared to the parameters extracted from an individual minor loop and the distortion factor of the TMF, the magnitude of three-order harmonic of TMF was more suitable to indicate the variation in case depth. Two new minor-loop coefficients were introduced by combining two magnetic parameters with cumulative statistics of the cluster of minor-loops. The experimental results showed that the two coefficients monotonically linearly varied with the case depth within the carefully selected magnetisation region.     

Perturbative calculation of the cross section in double ionization by high-energy Compton scattering

In this paper we investigate double ionization in high-energy Compton scattering from the He-atom including both the shake-off mechanism and a perturbative correction to that mechanism. The correction is calculated in second-order perturbation theory and includes Coulomb electron-electron interaction in addition to the correlation in the ground state of the He-atom. Our calculations for the ratio of double to single cross section cover the range from 30 to 300 keV of impact photon energy and explain the slow convergence of the ratio towards the asymptotic value.     

Mathematic软件在铁磁材料磁滞回线中的应用

根据铁磁材料磁滞回线的实验原理,利用绘图软件Mathematic绘制出样品的磁化曲线和磁滞回线,对实验数据进行多项式函数拟合,计算出其磁滞损耗。