A method to evaluate error correction ability of computer controlled optical surfacing process

Quantitatively investigating error correction ability in frequency domain is important for computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS) process to correct different spatial frequency errors. Based on the mathematical model coherence between filtering and material removal process of CCOS, a method is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the correction ability of CCOS process. A generalized model named normalized smoothing spectral function (SSF) will be established combine convolution model of CCOS and power spectral density (PSD) function. A set of polishing experiments are performed to calculate SSF curves and validate SSF model. By comparing the results of SSF curve with PSD curve and surface figure, it reveals that SSF curve can quantitatively indicate the correction ability of CCOS process for different spatial frequency errors.     

光脉冲传输模拟的快速数值差分递推算法及其应用研究

利用零邻域的马克劳林展开对归一化非线性薛定谔方程的频域差分形式进行分析，得出一个能够同时考虑光学媒质的色散作用以及非线性克尔作用的时域快速数值差分递推公式.选取若干算例，将运用该公式的数值计算结果与已知的解析结果和传统分步傅里叶方法所得的计算结果做了相应的比较，结果表明这种快速数值差分递推公式不但拥有相当快的计算速度，也有很高的计算精度，而且在物理上符合光脉冲在光学媒质中传输时色散和非线性作用同时施加影响的客观实际，这说明它是研究非线性光学媒质中光脉冲传输的一种科学、合理而快速有效的数值计算方法. 关键词： 快速数值差分递推公式 零邻域马克劳林展开 非线性薛定谔方程 光脉冲传输     

圆柱坐标系下任意方向辐射强度的源项六流法模拟

基于传统热流法,提出一种圆柱坐标系下的源项六流模型(Source Six Flux,SSF),可快速准确地计算参与性介质内任意方向的出射辐射强度.详细介绍SSF模型的基本原理和求解步骤,以圆柱形吸收、散射、发射性介质为例,模拟其沿任意方向的出射辐射强度,并与反向蒙特卡罗法(Backward Monte Carlo,BMC)和二流法(Two Flux Method,TFM)的计算结果进行比较.结果表明,SSF法与BMC法的计算结果吻合较好,计算精度均高于TFM法,但SSF法的计算效率明显优于BMC法.因此,SSF模型是一种适用于计算任意方向辐射强度问题的高效数值模型.     

The Diffusion Coefficient Using Sawtooth Oscillation in IR-T1 Tokamak

The investigation of runaway electrons is expanded by different methods. The aim of this study is to show sawtooth oscillations of hard x-ray emission and with the help of sawtooth oscillations to obtain radial diffusion coefficient and magnetic fluctuations. In the same way, the hard x-ray spectral evaluation is compared in several time intervals and it is shown that during discharge,the energy of the runaway electrons is less than 200 keV. Also,for typical plasmas, population of runaway electrons is measured at seven time intervals of 5 ms and temporal evaluation of runaway electron mean energy. The sawtooth-like shape is observed in the hard x-ray range(10-1000 keV). By the sawtooth oscillation method, the RE diffusion coefficient in radial transport in the IR-T1 plasma is D_r~0.5 m~2 s~(-1). The magnetic field fluctuation due to magnetic diffusion D_m is given as br/Br~10~(-4).     

The hard excitation regime for a relativistic backward-wave oscillator

We study theoretically the processes which take place in a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) in the parameter region corresponding to hard excitation of oscillations. The onset of both stationary oscillations near the boundary of the hard excitation regime and hard nonstationary oscillations realizing the self-modulation regimes of BWO operation are analyzed along with the dynamics of a BWO-based amplifier. In particular, it is shown that hard excitation of self-oscillation can restrict significantly the output characteristics of a relativistic BWO operated in the regenerative-amplification regime. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 675–681, August 2008.     

Anomalous surface deceleration of a domain wall in an amorphous ferromagnet

On soft magnetic amorphous specimens, a rapid decrease in the surface amplitude of 180° domain wall oscillations relative to the bulk amplitude is observed with increasing frequency of the magnetizing field. The dynamics of the domain wall is studied by a magnetooptical method at the specimen surface and by the induction method in the bulk. The results of the experiment disagree with the theory, which takes into account the effect of eddy currents and predicts that, with increasing frequency, the surface amplitude of the domain wall oscillations should decrease slower than the bulk amplitude. The observed behavior of the domain wall is explained by its interaction with macroscopic defects at the specimen surface. This interaction gives rise to unsteady chaotic surface wall displacements, which lead to an increase by several orders of magnitude in the effective surface damping parameter in the Landau-Lifshits equation.     

An ocean kinetic energy converter for low-power applications using piezoelectric disk elements

The main problem facing long-term electronic system deployments in the sea, is to find a feasible way to supply them with the power they require. Harvesting mechanical energy from the ocean wave oscillations and converting it into electrical energy, provides an alternative method for creating self-contained power sources. However, the very low and varying frequency of ocean waves, which generally varies from 0.1?Hz to 2?Hz, presents a hurdle which has to be overcome if this mechanical energy is to be harvested. In this paper, a new sea wave kinetic energy converter is described using low-cost disk piezoelectric elements, which has no dependence on their excitement frequency, to feed low-consumption maritime-deployed electronic devices. The operating principles of the piezoelectric device technique are presented, including analytical formulations describing the transfer of energy. Finally, a prototypical design, which generates electrical energy from the motion of a buoy, is introduced. The paper concludes with the the behavior study of the piezoelectric prototype device as a power generator.     

纳米接触行为的三维多尺度数值模拟

应用分子动力学与有限元耦合的桥域多尺度算法,模拟三维刚性球形压头与光滑基体表面的纳米尺度接触行为,并与全原子分子模拟结果比较.考察在一定载荷下的系统弛豫行为、两种模型桥接区位移和应力的连续性、法向力和接触面积随压头位移变化等,结果表明:一定外载荷下,桥域多尺度算法能较快达到平衡状态,且压头的振荡幅度更小,系统初始温度为0 K时该算法的相对误差最小.在准静态加载过程中,该算法能够将原子区的位移、应力等连续的过渡到连续介质区,具有较好的耦合效果;法向力-压头位移和接触半径-压头位移曲线几乎与分子模拟结果重合,表明算法具有较高的计算精度.     

Temperature-electrical domains moving in the cathode-anode direction in CdS monocrystals

A moving temperature-electrical domain occuring in the negative differential conductivity region of the N-shaped current-voltage characteristics in CdS photosensitive crystals was observed. A noninertial method for measuring the temperature is proposed by means of which the main parameter of the domain are investigated. A periodical transition from a stationary or oscillating temperature-electrical domain to a moving one and vice versa was noted. Both the conditions for the occurrence of the transition and the main characteristics of the current oscillations, due to this transition, are found. The formation of the moving temperature-electrical domain is explained in terms of the model of the temperature-electrical recombination instability.     

Domain boundary instability in weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices

Self-sustained oscillations of the current with a frequency ranging from 0.7 to 3.6 MHz have been detected in weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice at 4.2 K. A study of the static and dynamic characteristics of the structure showed that the spontaneous oscillations arise in the local region of the superlattice, restricted by a size of the domain boundary expansion. The oscillations arise in the negative differential conductivity regions due to the periodic coupling and decoupling of subbands in adjacent quantum wells, forming the expanded domain boundary. We suggest that the spatio-temporal oscillations of the domain boundary should be considered as oscillations of an ensemble of several strongly phase-coupled oscillators. Each oscillator is a couple of two adjacent quantum wells, which operates as a single resonant tunneling diode.     

Dynamic oscillations of coupled domain walls

In domain wall (DW) excitation experiments, nonlinearity (NL) intrinsic to the DW dynamics is often hard to distinguish from perturbation due to the confining potential or DW distortion. Here we numerically investigate the dynamic oscillations of magnetostatically coupled DWs: a system well understood in the quasistatic limit. NL is observed, even for a harmonic potential, due to the intrinsic DW motion. This behavior is principally dependent on terms normally associated with the DW canonical momentum and is in contrast with a NL restoring potential. This NL is not observable in quasistatic measurements, relatively insensitive to the confining potential, and may be tuned by the nanowire parameters. The shown NLs are present in any DW restoring potential and must be accounted for when probing DW potential landscapes.     

The effect of friction on nonlinear oscillations of interacting domain walls in an external periodic field

The effect of dissipation on nonlinear oscillations in a system of domain walls experiencing an external harmonic field is studied numerically. The problem is formulated for uniaxial ferromagnet films, with the easy magnetic axis being perpendicular to the surface and with the harmonic field being aligned with the axis. Account is taken of the dynamic redistribution of magnetic poles on the film surface, which enables one to derive, in a natural way, an expression for a restoring force acting on the domain walls. The force is a nonlinear function of domain-wall displacement from the equilibrium position. It is found that the domain walls may execute complicated steady-state quasi-periodic oscillations and long-term chaotic oscillations. Attractors in the phase space of the system are determined.     

Anomalous compressibility and magnetostriction of beryllium under the conditions of diamagnetic domain formation

Magnetostriction oscillations are measured for a single-crystal beryllium sample shaped like a plate perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. In the range of 2–5 T at a temperature of 1.5 K, i.e., in the region of diamagnetic domain formation (Condon domains), the striction signal has the saw-tooth shape corresponding to the alternation of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous (domain) states. The formation of the domain structure is accompanied by an anomalous increase in compressibility; the oscillations in this coefficient are more than one hundred times greater than the value given by the standard theory. An analysis of the results indicates that the domain wall width should increase with increasing plate thickness.     

The electromagnetic initial boundary value problem in a domain with a chiral filling

The problem of the excitation of electromagnetic oscillations by given charge and current distributions in a domain with a nonhomogeneous chiral filling is investigated. The domain where the problem is considered may be both a finite one bounded by an ideally conducting surface and an infinite supplement to an ideally conducting bounded object. The initial boundary value problem is shown to arise, for which the generalized formulation in a special functional space is given. The existence of a unique weak solution to the problem is proven using the Galerkin method.     

Threshold fluence for domain reversal directly induced by femtosecond laser in lithium niobate

Fabricating domain reversal directly induced by femtosecond laser is a novel and promising method to induce micron-period or even submicron-period inverted domain structure for it averts the domain spreading and mergence which is hard to avoid by traditional electric-field poling method. In this paper, the domain reversal process in lithium niobate crystal by irradiation of femtosecond pulses whose spatial and temporal distributions are taken into consideration is numerically simulated in the framework of Fahy’s model. The simulation results manifest the domain inversion window theory and predict the threshold reversal fluence. The experiment to form domain reversal via direct illumination with femtosecond laser in Y-cut lithium niobate samples was conducted at room temperature. The multi-ring-like structures on the processed samples tally with the inversion window theory and the calculated threshold reversal fluence is well within the scope obtained by simulation, which serves as a corroborative evidence to prove the domain reversals can be formed by direct irradiation with femtosecond laser in lithium niobate.     

The aspects of the numerical modeling of acoustic oscillations of the pressure at large time scales

The influence of properties of first- and second-order accuracy finite-difference schemes and of the grid roughness in the computational domain on the prediction of amplitude-frequency responses of pressure oscillations is investigated within the framework of the problem of steady-state oscillations in a semi-closed channel. It is shown that Godunov-type first-order accuracy scheme underestimates the amplitude of high-frequency oscillations relative to experimental data. Second-order accuracy Lax–Wendroff scheme leads to qualitative coincidence of a trend of amplitude-frequency response with experimental data in terms of the harmonics number even at a relatively coarse discretization of a computational domain.     

Analyzing sub-100-μm samples with transmission terahertz time domain spectroscopy

The authors propose a method for the extraction of material parameter and thickness information from sub-100-μm thin samples using non-differential transmission terahertz time domain spectroscopy. The approach relies on an additional Fourier transform of the frequency dependent material parameters to a quasi space regime. In this quasi space, periodic Fabry-Perot oscillations from the frequency domain, which originate from multiple reflections inside the sample, correspond to discrete peaks. By iterative minimization of these peaks, the highly precise thickness information along with the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the sample can be determined. Experimental verification of the approach is also provided.     

Science at the Hard X-ray Diffraction Limit (XDL2011), Part 1

There is growing excitement in the synchrotron materials science community about the potential of nearly diffraction-limited, high-repetition rate, hard X-ray sources, such as an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) or an Ultimate Storage Ring (USR), and that these sources will pave the way to scientific insights and discoveries not possible with existing facilities. These future sources will deliver highly coherent, nearly diffraction-limited X-ray beams that will power ultra-intense, nanometer-scale X-ray probes and imaging capabilities approaching atomic resolution. They will produce X-ray pulses at MHz to GHz repetition rates and span pulse durations from below 50 femtoseconds to tens of picoseconds, enabling new classes of experiments in hard X-ray science.     

光子晶体光纤的弯曲损耗振荡特性分析

综合运用弯曲光纤的等效直光纤模型、全矢量频域有限差分法及各向异性完全匹配层吸收边界,计算了两种类型(折射率引导型和带隙型)光子晶体光纤(PCF)的弯曲损耗.通过数值模拟弯曲损耗随弯曲半径的变化关系,证实了两种光子晶体光纤均具有弯曲损耗振荡特性.进而分析了两种光子晶体光纤弯曲损耗振荡的产生机理并给出了与损耗峰对应的包层模式.结果表明,振荡的产生源于基模与包层模式的耦合,其中,折射率引导型光子晶体光纤的弯曲损耗振荡机理类似于传统双包层光纤,带隙型光子晶体光纤弯曲损耗振荡的产生则是两种不同类型的包层模式共同作用的结果.     

Entropy Decrease during Excitation of Sustained Oscillations

The behaviour of the entropy is studied during a nonequilibrium phase transition. It is shown that for the generation of sustained oscillations the entropy decreases monotonously if the average oscillator energy remains fixed. This result is valid both for hard and soft excitation of oscillations.