有限塑性应变与应变率及其在晶体塑性中的表示

首先对变形梯度的塑性乘积分解的唯一性问题进行了分析,结果表明在放松了的或中间构形上所定义的应变对应着唯一的乘积分解,即Ｌｅｅ分解,尔后分析研究了该类型的应变及应变率,建立了客观塑性变率与变形率之间的关系,最后在不同构形中给出了塑性应变在晶体塑性中的表示,建立了塑性滑移率与应变及应变率之间的关系。     

率相关非比例循环塑性内时本构模型

将材料响应的总应力表示为平衡态应力和非平衡成过应力的和，分别定义描述率无关和率相关变形过程的内时，在平衡态响应的描写中，假定反映非比例加载效应的附加等等向强化和异向强化函数与沿应力迹法向的塑性应变分量的累积量相关，并在其中考虑加载路径几何性质变化的影响，建立一组率相关非比例循环塑性内时本构方程，对ＸＣｒＮｉ１８．９不锈钢在不同加载率下的单轴比例和多轴非比例响应进行预测，与Ｈａｕｐｔ和Ｌｉｏｎ的实验     

基于中间构形的大变形弹塑性模型

在大变形弹塑性本构理论中,一个基本的问题是弹性变形和塑性变形的分解.通常采用两种分解方式,一是将变形率(或应变率)加法分解为弹性和塑性两部分,其中,弹性变形率与Kirchhoff应力的客观率通过弹性张量联系起来构成所谓的次弹性模型,而塑性变形率与Kirchhoff应力使用流动法则建立联系;另一种是基于中间构形将变形梯度进行乘法分解,它假定通过虚拟的卸载过程得到一个无应力的中间构形,建立所谓超弹性–塑性模型.研究了基于变形梯度乘法分解并且基于中间构形的大变形弹塑性模型所具有的若干性质,包括:在不同的构形上,塑性旋率的存在性、背应力的对称性、塑性变形率与屈服面的正交性以及它们之间的关系.首先,使用张量函数表示理论,建立了各向同性函数的若干特殊性质,并导出了张量的张量值函数在中间构形到当前构形之间进行前推后拉的简单关系式.然后,基于这些特殊性质和关系式,从热力学定律出发,建立模型在不同构形上的数学表达,包括客观率表示的率形式和连续切向刚度等,从而获得模型所具有的若干性质.最后,将模型与4种其他模型进行了比较分析.     

基于中间构形的大变形弹塑性模型

在大变形弹塑性本构理论中,一个基本的问题是弹性变形和塑性变形的分解.通常采用两种分解方式,一是将变形率(或应变率)加法分解为弹性和塑性两部分,其中,弹性变形率与Kirchhoff应力的客观率通过弹性张量联系起来构成所谓的次弹性模型,而塑性变形率与Kirchhoff应力使用流动法则建立联系;另一种是基于中间构形将变形梯度进行乘法分解,它假定通过虚拟的卸载过程得到一个无应力的中间构形,建立所谓超弹性-塑性模型.研究了基于变形梯度乘法分解并且基于中间构形的大变形弹塑性模型所具有的若干性质,包括:在不同的构形上,塑性旋率的存在性、背应力的对称性、塑性变形率与屈服面的正交性以及它们之间的关系.首先,使用张量函数表示理论,建立了各向同性函数的若干特殊性质,并导出了张量的张量值函数在中间构形到当前构形之间进行前推后拉的简单关系式.然后,基于这些特殊性质和关系式,从热力学定律出发,建立模型在不同构形上的数学表达,包括客观率表示的率形式和连续切向刚度等,从而获得模型所具有的若干性质.最后,将模型与4种其他模型进行了比较分析.      

岩体结构非平衡演化的有效应力原理及长期稳定性分析

开挖卸荷后的天然岩体往往处于非平衡演化状态, 将直接影响岩体工程结构的正常运行、长期稳定和安全. 时效变形和损伤演化是岩体结构非平衡演化的核心. 在赖斯(Rice) 内变量热力学理论框架下, 提出了岩体结构非平衡演化的有效应力原理, 指出有效应力是总应力中能有效驱动结构演化的部分. 将内变量率形式的非弹性应变率方程和能量耗散率函数表示为有效应力形式, 并提出非弹性余能概念. 给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程, 得到了考虑损伤的内变量黏塑性应变率方程. 通过相似材料加卸载蠕变试验结果进行参数辨识, 并分别计算了内变量率形式和有效应力形式的黏塑性应变率、能量耗散率和非弹性余能, 并对其进行比较分析. 结果表明:在过渡蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段两种形式的方程计算的黏塑性应变率几乎相等, 但在加速蠕变阶段两者相差较大;非弹性余能和能量耗散率全域积分分别从驱动结构非平衡演化的内在潜力和实际效果的角度表征了结构的非平衡演化状态和演化趋势, 能量耗散率积分更合适用于评价岩体工程结构的长期稳定性. 最后以深埋地下洞室作为工程算例, 并对其长期稳定性进行分析.      

厚板的高阶剪切变形理论研究

已有多种厚板理论和高阶剪切变形模型,但仍需要进一步研究以更加完善.首先根据平均转角及上下表面剪应力自由这两个条件,提出了具有统一高阶剪切变形模型的中面位移模式,并将之表示为正交分解形式.根据正交特性,定义了板的广义应力;运用板问题应变能密度表示的等价性,提出了与广义应力功共轭的广义应变表示形式,建立了板的本构关系.证明了不同转角定义时虚功原理板理论表示的客观性,以及与三维弹性理论表示的等价性.运用虚功原理,建立了变分自洽的高阶厚板理论和变分渐近的低阶厚板理论,推导了相应的平衡方程及边界条件,分析了与已有板理论的异同.以广义应力形式建立了厚板理论的平衡方程,厘清了不同转角表示时板理论间的关系、低阶厚板理论与高阶厚板理论间的关系以及剪切系数计算等若干基本问题.对圣维南扭转问题的求解证明了该理论的正确性.      

钛镍形状记忆合金冲击变形后形状记忆效应的研究

采用SHPB技术和可控速率循环加温条件下变形恢复量测定装置研究了冲击及静载变形后的TiNi形状记忆合金的单程及双程形状记忆特性。发现马氏体状态下的TiNi合金的力学特性显示出明显的应变率强化效应 ,并且高应变率压缩应力应变曲线呈现流动平台。应变率对形状记忆效应的影响具有双重性 ,当外加应力或残余应变较小 ,可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,提高应变率可以增加其单程形状记忆效应 ;而随外加应力或残余应变增大 ,当基于位错机制的不可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,应变率提高却抑制了其单程形状记忆效应。应变率对TiNi合金双程形状记忆效应的影响视塑性变形的大小而异 ,高应变率动载后的双程形状记忆效应在较小塑性应变时 ,比静载后的要强 ;但在较大塑性应变时两者差别不大。     

壁面定常波纹状吹吸槽道流中湍流特性的研究

在非平衡湍流中,如具有周期性边界条件的流动,由于雷诺应力与平均流速的变形率有着 不同的性质,当周期性边界条件发生变化时,雷诺应力和平均流速变形率的相位对边界条件 的响应也不同,但是二者的相位差在相当大的范围内是稳定的. 这一特性加深了对雷诺应力 的认识,并对非平衡湍流中的模式理论及大涡模拟中亚格子雷诺应力模式的建立提出了许多 需要注意的问题. 利用层流模型,把空间周期性边界条件作为某种扰动,研究了扰动 及其非线性项的分布以及相位间的关系,得到了一些有益的结果.     

基于对数应力率大应变本构关系的参数标定研究

在所有率型弹塑性本构模型中,只有对数应力率对应的本构模型能够满足自适应准则.基于对数应力率,采用实心圆轴扭转实验,对大应变弹塑性本构模型中的参数标定问题进行了讨论.推导出了考虑Swift效应时端部自由实心圆轴扭转变形的变形率、对数旋率、Kirchhoff应力及Kirchhoff应力的对数应力率.对于等向强化大应变弹塑性本构关系,给出了由实心圆轴扭转实验标定的、基于Kirchhhoff应力对数应力率的本构关系中塑性刚度函数的表达式.分析了扭转圆轴的Swift效应对塑性刚度函数的影响.结果表明,实心圆轴扭转的轴向伸长变形和径向变形对基于对数应力率大应变本构关系中的塑性刚度函数都有影响.当不考虑Swift效应时,所得塑性刚度函数表达式与不考虑Swift效应时基于Jaumann应力率的塑性刚度函数表达式相同.     

基于微面有效应力矢量的各向异性屈服准则

基于微面模型,定义损伤变量为微面上有效承载面积的减少. 将Kachanov的一维有效 应力概念推广到三维,提出微面有效应力矢量的概念. 根据微面的有效应力矢量,将无损材 料的宏观应力张量及不变量与微面应力矢量的积分关系拓展到有损材料,得到了有损材料的 宏观有效应力张量及其不变量与宏观名义应力张量、微面面积损伤组构张量之间的关系. 将 无损材料的以应力张量不变量表示的Drucker-Prager准则推广到有损材料,建立了含缺陷 材料的各向异性屈服准则. 对有损材料,宏观有效应力张量与Murakami的有效应力张量具 有相同的形式,各向异性强度准则与Liu等提出的扩展Hill准则有相同的形式,当不考虑 静水应力对屈服的影响时,它与Hill准则具有相同的形式.     

Large Strain Response of Kinematic Hardening Elastoplasticity with the Logarithmic Rate: Swift Effect in Torsion

Recently, a new Eulerian rate type kinematic hardening elastoplasticity model has been established by utilizing the newly discovered logarithmic rate. It has been proved that this model is unique among all the objective kinematic hardening elastoplastic models with all possible objective corotational stress rates and other known objective stress rates by virtue of the self-consistency criterion: the hypoelastic formulation intended for elastic behaviour must be exactly integrable to deliver a hyperelastic relation. The finite simple shear response of this model has been studied and shown to be reasonable for both shear and normal stress components. The objective of this work is to further study the large deformation response of this model, in particular the well-known Swift effect, in torsion of thin-walled cylindrical tubes with free ends. Analytical perturbation solution and numerical solution are presented for the case of linear kinematic hardening at large compressible deformation. It is shown that the prediction from the foregoing model is in good accord with experimental data reported in literature.     

Corotational rates in constitutive modeling of elastic-plastic deformation

The principal axes technique is used to develop a new hypoelastic constitutive model for an isotropic elastic solid in finite deformation. The new model is shown to produce solutions that are independent of the choice of objective stress rate. In addition, the new model is found to be equivalent to the isotropic finite elastic model; this is essential if both models describe the same material.

The new hypoelastic model is combined with an isotropic flow rule to form an elastic-plastic rate constitutive equation. Use of the principal axes technique ensures that the stress tensor is coaxial with the elastic stretch tensor and that solutions do not depend on the choice of objective stress rate. The flow rule of von Mises and a parabolic hardening law are used to provide an example of application of the new theory. A solution is obtained for the prescribed deformation of simple rectilinear shear of an isotropic elastic and isotropic elastic-plastic material.     

On the definitions of failure and critical states in hypoplasticity

A granular body is said to be at failure or in a critical state if the stress state does not change while the body is continuously deformed. Within the framework of hypoplasticity, such states, generally called stationary states,are conventionally defined by the condition that an objective (the Jaumann) stress rate vanishes. However, not all stationary states attained under monotonic deformation lie within the scope of this definition. Simple shear is an example. In fact, stationary states are characterized by zero material time derivative of the stress tensor rather than zero Jaumann rate. In the present paper, we give a generalized definition of stationarity by the condition of zero material time derivative of the stress tensor. The new definition extends the set of possible stationary states and includes those which are not covered by the previous definition. Stationary states are analysed quantitatively using calibrated hypoplastic equations. It is shown numerically that, if the norm of the spin tensor is of the same order as, or smaller than, the norm of the stretching tensor, the old definition approximates all possible sationary states with sufficient accuracy.      

On the objective stress rate in co-moving coordinate system

The objective stress rate is a rather important problem in mechanics of finite deformation. In this paper, the objective stress rate in co-moving coordinate is derived by applying nonlinear geometric field theory of deformation. Problems, such ax targe extension coupled with rotation, and large shear deformation, are exemplified by using the new formula. Comparing with Jaumann’s stress rate and other formulae presented in current literature, the new result appears to be the reasonable one in co-moving coordinate system.     

Objective Tensor Rates and Applications in Formulation of Hyperelastic Relations

Following Ogden, a class of objective (Lagrangian and Eulerian) tensors is identified among the second-rank tensors characterizing continuum deformation, but a more general definition of objectivity than that used by Ogden is introduced. Time rates of tensors are determined using convective rates. Sufficient conditions of objectivity are obtained for convective rates of objective tensors. Objective convective rates of strain tensors are used to introduce pairs of symmetric stress and strain tensors conjugate in a generalized sense. The classical definitions of conjugate Lagrangian (after Hill) and Eulerian (after Xiao et al.) stress and strain tensors are particular cases of the definition of conjugacy of stress and strain tensors in the generalized sense used in the present paper. Pairs of objective stress and strain tensors conjugate in the generalized sense are used to formulate constitutive relations for a hyperelastic medium. A family of objective generalized strain tensors is introduced, which is broader than Hill’s family of strain tensors. The basic forms of the hyperelastic constitutive relations are obtained with the aid of pairs of Lagrangian stress and strain tensors conjugate after Hill (the strain tensors in these pairs belong to the family of generalized strain tensors). A method is presented for generating reduced forms of the constitutive relations with the aid of pairs of Lagrangian and Eulerian stress and strain tensors conjugate in the generalized sense which are obtained from pairs of Lagrangian tensors conjugate after Hill by mapping tensor fields on one configuration of a deformable body to tensor fields on another configuration.      

Study on the generalized prandtl-reuss constitutive equation and the corotational rates of stress tensor

I.IntroductionTilepl'ogl'ess11as.toifcertainextent,beenmadeintheelastic-plasticconstitutivetheoryatII[litedefbrlllations.Coil'paredwitllotherconstitutiverelations,thegeneralizedPrandtlReuss(P-R)equatiollsareextensivelystudiedandwidelyapplied.IndevelopingthegeneralizedP-Requation.itisusuallyassumedthatthedeformationrate(thesymmetricpartorvelocitygradiellt)isdecolllposedintotheelasticpartandplasticpart.TheplasticLIcf\'l.llliltlollrittcobeystilenormalfi(,xvrilleasillthecaseofinfinitcsilllnld…     

Quasistatic Evolution Problems for Linearly Elastic–Perfectly Plastic Materials

The problem of quasistatic evolution in small strain associative elastoplasticity is studied in the framework of the variational theory for rate-independent processes. Existence of solutions is proved through the use of incremental variational problems in spaces of functions with bounded deformation. This approach provides a new approximation result for the solutions of the quasistatic evolution problem, which are shown to be absolutely continuous in time. Four equivalent formulations of the problem in rate form are derived. A strong formulation of the flow rule is obtained by introducing a precise definition of the stress on the singular set of the plastic strain.     

Large strain responses of elastic-perfect plasticity and kinematic hardening plasticity with the logarithmic rate: Swift effect in torsion

A new Eulerian rate type elastic-perfectly plastic model has recently been established by utilizing the newly discovered logarithmic rate. It has been proved that this model is unique among the objective elastic-perfectly plastic models with all objective corotational stress rates and other known objective stress rates by virtue of the self-consistency criterion: the hypoelastic formulation intended for elastic behaviour must be exactly integrable to deliver a hyperelastic relation. The finite simple shear response of this model has been studied and shown to be reasonable for both shear and normal stress components. On the other hand, a kinematic hardening plasticity model may be formulated by adopting the logarithmic rate. The objective of this work is to further study the large deformation responses of the foregoing two kinds of idealized models, in particular the well-known Swift effect, in torsion of thin-walled cylindrical tubes. A complete, rigorous analysis is made for the orders of magnitude of all stress components. A closed-form solution is obtained for the kinematic hardening plastic case, and an analytical perturbation solution is derived for the elastic-perfectly plastic case. It is shown that the simple idealized kinematic hardening model with the logarithmic rate, which uses only two classical material constants, i.e., the initial (tensile) yield stress and the hardening modulus, may arrive at satisfactory explanation for and reasonable accord with salient features of experimental observation.     

Large-strain response of isotropic-hardening elastoplasticity with logarithmic rate: Swift effect in torsion

Summary  Recently, a new Eulerian rate-type isotropic-hardening elastoplasticity model has been established by utilizing the newly discovered logarithmic rate. It has been proved that this model is unique among all isotropic hardening elastoplastic models with all possible objective corotational stress rates and other known objective stress rates by virtue of the self-consistency criterion: the hypoelastic formulation intended for elastic behaviour must be exactly integrable to deliver a hyperelastic relation. The simple shear response of this model has been studied and shown to be reasonable for both the shear and normal stress components. The objective of this work is to further study the large deformation response of this model, in particular, the second-order effects, including the well-known Swift effect, in torsion of thin-walled cylindrical tubes with free ends. An analytical perturbation solution is derived, and numerical results are presented by means of the Runge–Kutta method. It is shown that the prediction of this model for the shear stress is in good accord with experimental data, but the predicted axial length change is negligibly small and much less than experimental data. This suggests that the strain-induced anisotropy may be the main cause of the Swift effect. Received 10 December 1999; accepted for publication 20 July 2000