空气动力学和水动力学测试技术及仪表的新发展(Ⅱ)

<正> 5 温度测量 同压力测量一样,测量流体温度及输运该流体管道的管壁温度,一般来说也是必不可少的.为此,多年来就有一些使人满意的,安全可靠的测量设备.然而,当新方法有了发展的时候,新问题的出现,就必须修改现有设备.     

空气动力学和水动力学测试技术及仪表的新发展(Ⅰ)

近几年,高性能的测试新方法有了很大的发展并在各种实验室和研究中心得到应用。本文对这些新方法的原理作了简要描述,给出了在空气动学力及水动力学领域中的应用实例。这种测试技术的革新表明,研究人员有了这样众多的测量方法,就能更加精确地了解一些流动现象。     

风浪联合发电系统水动力学研究进展

随着化石能源枯竭和全球变暖等环境问题的日益严重,海洋可再生能源(海上风能、波浪能和潮流能)成为研究热点. 为了有效开发海洋可再生能源,降低成本,多种能源综合开发成为现阶段的趋势. 海上风能与波浪能结合具有广阔的应用前景,联合发电系统不断创新. 水动力性能是联合发电系统与波浪相互作用的重要基础. 本文简要介绍多种应用在联合发电系统上的水动力学数值模拟方法,包括线性频域、线性时域、势流非线性方法标识码基于 Navier-Stokes 方程的黏性方法,对现有文献的水动力学数值模拟方法进行综述,从计算效率和精度标识码析其优缺点,且进一步阐述水动力控制优化的技术原理与实验技术主要科研难点,为联合发电系统的水动力设计提供依据. 得到以下主要结论:从计算效率上看,线性频域方法最优,其次为线性时域、势流非线性、黏性方法,从计算精标识码,与前者恰好相反;综合考虑计算效率和精度,采用考虑黏性修正的势流方法来研究是一个切实可行的方案;模标识码方法和优化控制技术目前还不够成熟,尚处于探索阶段.      

空化水动力学非定常特性研究进展及展望

空化作为一种重要的复杂水动力学现象,具有明显的三维流动特征与剧烈的非定常特性,在水力机械、船舶推进器、水利工程中广泛存在,且通常会带来不利的影响,长期以来一直是水动力学领域研究的重点与难点课题之一.本文首先从实验测量和数值模拟两个角度,综述了空化水动力学非定常特性研究的发展概况, 分析了当前存在的问题.在空化实验研究中,主要介绍了空化水洞、空化流场测量以及多物理场同步测量等方面所取得的进展.在数值模拟方法中, 对目前的空化模型和湍流模型进行了分类介绍,并重点讨论了大涡模拟、验证和确认等在空化流模拟中的应用.之后以附着型空化为主, 同时兼顾云状空泡、空蚀、涡空化等,梳理了其研究中存在的几个关键科学问题,包括空化演变、空化流动的三维结构、失稳机制、空化不稳定性及其与低频压力脉动的联系、空化与旋涡的相互作用、空化与弹性水翼的流固耦合、空化对尾流场影响等.最后展望了空化水动力学的研究方向和未来发展趋势.      

计算流体动力学和计算水动力学的进展和展望

从计算流体动力学与计算水动力学的三个主要方面──数学模型研究、数值模拟方法研究和应用计算机软件研制谈其发展状况和进展。     

水动力学问题的弱可压缩模型求解方法研究

从弱可压缩水动力学方程出发，采用坐标变换的方法处理自由表面，建立了能够模拟有自由表面流动问题的定常、非定常的三维水动力学模型和对流扩散模型，模型采用浮湍流模型进行封闭，并对模型求解的数值方法进行了研究。     

关于加强针对国家重大装备的动力学与控制研究的建议

随着《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》的发布和实施,一系列重大装备和工程建设计划将陆续启动,如:载人航天、大型运输飞机和客机、高档数控机床、集成电路制造装备、先进燃气轮机、高速轨道交通、深海钻井平台和大跨度桥梁等.上述重大装备和工程在设计建造和运行使用过程中的高效、可靠、安全对动力学与控制学科提出了迫切需求.本文以《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》中的战略需求为背景,结合国家自然科学基金委员会力学学科发展规划的要求,针对航空航天飞行器、先进制造装备与系统、先进动力装备、高速轨道交通、深海平台和大跨度桥梁中的若干关键动力学与控制问题,提出了动力学与控制学科"十一五"重点研究建议方向.     

评介“稀薄气体动力学”

从上世纪末期开始,由我国空气动力学工作者共同编著的《近代空气动力学丛书》陆续出版了。这是庄逢甘院士和张涵信院士等领导的丛书编委会组织空气动力学工作者发挥集体智慧编著的一套跨世纪的丛书。丛书较好地总结和反映了40多年来中国空气动力学工作者的研究成果和经验,是空气动力学界乃至整个力学界的一件值得关注的大事。我们欢迎丛书的出现,希望正如丛书编辑委员会主任委员庄逢甘院士在序言中所说的那样,这套丛书的出版不仅能促进中国航空航天事业在21世纪的发展,对世界航空航天事业也有所贡献。我们在这里提出评介的是丛书中沈青研究员的《稀薄气体动力学》一书。     

高速航行体水下发射水动力学研究进展

高速航行体水下发射水动力学研究, 是具有重大工程应用背景的前沿基础问题.与之紧密相关的非定常空化流动, 特别是空泡稳定性、溃灭等问题, 是影响发射载荷及安全性的关键.本文首先简述了这一领域的主要科学问题, 归纳了主要控制参数和影响方式; 之后针对非定常空化流动问题, 综述了已有的实验观测手段及数值模拟方法; 总结了空泡发展、稳定性、溃灭及流动控制等重要物理机制、模型及各因素相互作用规律; 最后展望了该领域仍存在的主要科学问题与未来发展趋势.      

微水动力学的发展

当流体流场的特征长度是微米量级时,在更大的长度尺度时被忽略掉的许多效应和过程就变得重要起来。虽然这些效应并不总是以某种形式包含着动力学,但它们大多是物理化学家所熟悉的。对这种小长度尺度系统的研究尚处于早期阶段。它开始显示出不同的特色和得到一些条理性。我们可以把这一相当新的领域叫做微水动力学。我把这个      

基于A~*算法的重力辅助导航航迹规划

根据重力辅助导航航迹规划的特点,对经典A*算法启发函数进行了修改,改进A*算法通过重力坡度值表示重力导航启发信息,使用自适应确定对应阈值,增加预处理步骤以解决任意起始点和终止点的航迹规划问题。A*航迹规划算法能够根据重力信息分布情况调整航迹,使得规划的航迹重力导航信息更加丰富。重力相关匹配结果表明:跟随改进A*算法航迹的导航平均定位误差比跟随未规划航迹的小,改进A*航迹规划算法能够提高重力辅助惯性导航精度。     

A computational method for the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media

A numerical method based on the boundary-fitted finite difference method (BFDM) is presented in this paper. The boundaries are external (the boundary of the physical domain) and internal (which corresponds to the fracture network). The difference between this approach and the usual one lies in the inclusion of discrete fractures in the volume that represents the porous medium. The numerical model has been used in the prediction of the flow pattern in several internationally recognized verification cases and applied to the solution of hypothetical problems of interest to us in the field of nuclear waste repository modelling. The results obtained show that the numerical approach considered gives accurate and reliable predictions of the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media, thus justifying its use for the above-mentioned studies.     

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulation for penetrating impacts on ballistic gelatine

A particle method is applied to the investigation of impact biomechanics in the case of penetrating ballistic. A three dimensional model is proposed using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method combined with Finite Elements (FE) method. The problem consists in the violent impact of a steel sphere on soft tissues, simulated by 20% ballistic gelatine (BG) material which is considered as a very interesting human tissue surrogate. Comparisons with experimental data are established to validate the proposed model. The results, in terms of penetrating curves, show very promising results. The use of particle methods appears to be an interesting way to model high speed loading, especially penetrating ballistic impact whose classical FE modelling can bring some important limitations in terms of mesh and element distortions.     

Equations of hydrodynamics for wind wave circulation on a shelf

In order to predict the propagation of an impurity and water quality on a shelf it is necessary to know the water mass dynamics and the water exchange. However, the hydrodyamics of the shelf zone differ considerably from those of the open expanses of seas and lakes owing to the steepness of the bottom, the complex structure of the shoreline, the major role of wind waves, and their breaking [1]. In [2, 3] the importance of surface waves and their breaking for inshore flows was demonstrated and the equations of hydrodynamics, averaged over the depth, were derived. For regions of the shelf remote from the shoreline it is also necessary to take into account the interaction of waves with the bottom and with essentially three-dimensional flows. In this note the equations of hydrodynamics are derived for wind wave flows averaged over the wave period in the threedimensional formulation.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1-, pp. 174–176, January–February, 1987.     

框架结构的可靠性优化

以框架结构系统的可靠性分析为基础,给出离散变量框架结构可靠性优化的相对差商方法及迭代格式,并用算例证明了该法的有效性及实用性。     

A numerical continuous model for the hydrodynamics of fluid particle systems

In order to understand the hydrodynamic interactions that can appear in a fluid particle motion, an original method based on the equations governing the motion of two immiscible fluids has been developed. These momentum equations are solved for both the fluid and solid phases. The solid phase is assumed to be a fluid phase with physical properties, such as its behaviour can be assimilated to that of pseudo‐rigid particles. The only unknowns are the velocity and the pressure defined in both phases. The unsteady two‐dimensional momentum equations are solved by using a staggered finite volume formulation and a projection method. The transport of each particle is solved by using a second‐order explicit scheme. The physical model and the numerical method are presented, and the method is validated through experimental measurements and numerical results concerning the flow around a circular cylinder. Good agreement is observed in most cases. The method is then applied to study the trajectory of one settling particle initially off‐centred between two parallel walls and the corresponding wake effects. Different particle trajectories related to particulate Reynolds numbers are presented and commented. A two‐body interaction problem is investigated too. This method allows the simulation of the transport of particles in a dilute suspension in reasonable time. One of the important features of this method is the computational cost that scales linearly with the number of particles. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A nodal Godunov method for Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics on unstructured tetrahedral grids

We present a nodal Godunov method for Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics. The method is designed to operate on three‐dimensional unstructured grids composed of tetrahedral cells. A node‐centered finite element formulation avoids mesh stiffness, and an approximate Riemann solver in the fluid reference frame ensures a stable, upwind formulation. This choice leads to a non‐zero mass flux between control volumes, even though the mesh moves at the fluid velocity, but eliminates volume errors that arise due to the difference between the fluid velocity and the contact wave speed. A monotone piecewise linear reconstruction of primitive variables is used to compute interface unknowns and recover second‐order accuracy. The scheme has been tested on a variety of standard test problems and exhibits first‐order accuracy on shock problems and second‐order accuracy on smooth flows using meshes of up to O(10⁶) tetrahedra. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multiphase model for the hydrodynamics and total dissolved gas in tailraces

Elevated supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) has deleterious effects in aquatic organisms. To minimize the supersaturation of TDG at hydropower dams, spillway flow deflectors redirect spilled water horizontally forming a surface jet that prevents bubbles from plunging to depth in the stilling basin.     

Numerical method for simulating rarefaction shocks in the approximation of phase-flip hydrodynamics

A finite-difference algorithm is proposed for numerical modeling of hydrodynamic flows with rarefaction shocks, in which the fluid undergoes a jump-like liquid-gas phase transition. This new type of flow discontinuity, unexplored so far in computational fluid dynamics, arises in the approximation of phase-flip(PF) hydrodynamics, where a highly dynamic fluid is allowed to reach the innermost limit of metastability at the spinodal, upon which an instantaneous relaxation to the full phase equilibrium(EQ) is assumed. A new element in the proposed method is artificial kinetics of the phase transition, represented by an artificial relaxation term in the energy equation for a hiddencomponent of the internal energy, temporarily withdrawn from the fluid at the moment of the PF transition. When combined with an appropriate variant of artificial viscosity in the Lagrangian framework, the latter ensures convergence to exact discontinuous solutions, which is demonstrated with several test cases.