The role of Fermi motion and quark exchange as a nuclear medium effect in the nuclear structure function of 3He, 3H nuclei and their EMC effects

To extract the nuclear structure function of light nuclei like ³He and ³H, the convolution of proton and neutron structure functions in the conventional approach could not explain the modification of nuclear structure functions of these nuclei because of some nuclear medium effects. There are some models that have some success to explain the modification of nuclear structure functions in limited x range. So in this investigation the quark exchange model is considered to extract the nuclear medium effect of this phenomenon (quark exchange effect) for nuclear structure functions of ³He and ³H nuclei. The Fermi motion part of the nuclear structure functions for these nuclei is extracted by taking the GRV’s neutron and proton structure functions in the conventional approach. So the nuclear structure functions and the EMC ratios of ³He and ³H nuclei are calculated by considering both Fermi motion and the nuclear medium effect of quark exchange. Finally the extracted results are compared with available data.     

Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics: a new insight into the structure of nuclei

The AMD theory for nuclear structure is explained by showing its actual applications. First the formulation of AMD including various refined versions is briefly presented and its characteristics are discussed, putting a stress on its nature as an ab initio theory. Then we demonstrate fruitful applications to various structure problems in stable nuclei, in order to explicitly verify the ab initio nature of AMD, especially the ability to describe both mean-field-type structure and cluster structure. Finally, we show the results of applications of AMD to unstable nuclei, from which we see that AMD is powerful in elucidating and understanding various types of nuclear structure of unstable nuclei. To cite this article: Y. Kanada-En'yo et al., C. R. Physique 4 (2003).     

Quasi-free electron scattering in a relativistic model of the nucleus

Longitudinal and transverse response functions of quasi-free electron scattering have been calculated in mean field approximation for a relativisticσ-ω model, including non-linearities in theσ-field. As a consequence of the completely consistent and fully relativistic treatment of wave functions and current operators, gauge invariance is perfectly satisfied throughout the calculation. The results indicate that models with the same nuclear bulk properties lead to similar response functions within 10%. Our results agree with the experimental data for¹²C and²³⁸U, but cannot describe the longitudinal response in the Ca-Fe region. Predictions for²⁰⁸Pb are given for comparison with future experiments.     

EMC and polarized EMC effects in nuclei

We determine nuclear structure functions and quark distributions for ⁷Li, ¹¹B, ¹⁵N and ²⁷Al. For the nucleon bound state we solve the covariant quark–diquark equations in a confining Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, which yields excellent results for the free nucleon structure functions. The nucleus is described using a relativistic shell model, including mean scalar and vector fields that couple to the quarks in the nucleon. The nuclear structure functions are then obtained as a convolution of the structure function of the bound nucleon with the light-cone nucleon distributions. We find that we are readily able to reproduce the EMC effect in finite nuclei and confirm earlier nuclear matter studies that found a large polarized EMC effect.     

Three-body continuum structure and response functions of halo nuclei (I): 6He

Three-body scattering states of the Borromean two-neutron halo nuclei are explored in a core + n + n model using the method of hyperspherical harmonics. We analyse the continuum structure (the properties of the continuum wave functions) separately from the continuum response (the magnitudes of one-step transitions from the ground state to the continuum). Predictions are made for the positions and strengths of the isoscalar monopole, electric dipole and quadrupole excitations, as well as for nuclear inelastic and charge-exchange response functions, for the ⁶He nucleus. The known 2⁺ resonance in ⁶He is reproduced. We find 1⁻ strength concentrations at lower energies in the proximity of the three-body threshold, and predict new 2⁺, 1⁺ (and possibly 0⁺) resonances at slightly higher energies in ⁶He.     

Off-shell effects in O

We calculate the binding energy of ¹⁶O for a set of phase-shift-equivalent potentials previously studied in nuclear matter. Off-shell variations of up to 2.8 MeV per particle occur compared with about a 10 MeV per particle variation in nuclear matter. As in nuclear matter calculations a nearly linear relation exists between the variations in the binding-energy results and the wound integral k. We compare the ¹⁶O results with a nuclear matter calculation at the “equivalent” nuclear matter density of k_F = 1.13 fm⁻¹. This “equivalent” density reflects the fact that ¹⁶O has a surface and hence a lower average density than nuclear matter. The ¹⁶O and nuclear matter off-shell variations are comparable once one takes into account the lower average density of ¹⁶O and the suppression of the relative D-wave interaction — also a surface effect. We present a method of computing the correlated wave functions of finite nuclear systems and display such wave functions for ¹⁶O. The correlated wave functions of ¹⁶O and of nuclear matter are strikingly similar for all of the potentials studied.     

Symmetry violations in nuclear Hamiltonians and their consequences for electroweak decays

We discuss the results of the treatment of nuclear Hamiltonians in terms of collective and intrinsic variables. The BRST method is adapted to identify spurious and physical sectors of the wave functions and operators. Counterterms are added to the Hamiltonian to enforce the symmetries broken by the single-particle field and/or by the residual two-body interactions. We focus on the study of Fermi and Gamow-Teller transitions, with reference to the nuclear double-beta-decay processes, and on the study of vector operators (λ^π = 1^?) with reference to (μ, e^?) conversion processes. We address the following aspects of the problem: (a) Isospin symmetry and the calculation of 0₊ and 1⁺ states; sensitivity of the Fermi and Gamow-Teller response in double-beta-decay processes; (b) Restoration of the translational and Galilean invariance of the nuclear Hamiltonians and the calculation of I^π = 1^? states; sensitivity of the nuclear response to the spurious center-of-mass motion and μ-electron lepton-flavor-violation processes.     

Deep processes in nuclei and in-medium dressing of the nucleons and mesons

K⁺ scattering and quasielastic electron scattering from nuclei are expected to provide information about the nucleons and mesons in the inner regions of nuclei. The K⁺- nucleus cross sections and the quasielastic electron-nucleus response functions have been calculated taking into account the same in-medium dressing of the nucleons and the same coupling of the σ and ω mesons to the polarization of nuclear matter. We obtain a good agreement with experimental data for the two processes.     

Nuclear effects in deep inelastic scattering of charged-current neutrino off nuclear target

The nuclear effects in the neutrino–nucleus charged-current inelastic scattering process is studied by analyzing the CCFR and NuTeV data. The structure functions F₂(x,Q²) and xF₃(x,Q²) as well as differential cross sections are calculated by using CTEQ parton distribution functions and the EKRS and HKN nuclear parton distribution functions, and these are compared with the CCFR and NuTeV data. It is found that the corrections of the nuclear effect to the differential cross section for the charged-current antineutrino scattering on the nucleus are negligible, the EMC effect exists in the neutrino structure function F₂(x,Q²) in the large x region, the shadowing and anti-shadowing effect occur in the distribution functions of valence quarks in the small and medium x region, respectively. It is also found that shadowing effects on F₂(x,Q²) in the small x region in the neutrino–nucleus and the charged-lepton–nucleus deep inelastic scattering processes are different. It is clear that the neutrino–nucleus deep inelastic scattering data should further be employed in restricting the nuclear parton distributions. PACS 13.15.+g; 24.85.+p; 25.30.-c     

Polarized quark distributions in bound nucleon and polarized EMC effect in Thermodynamical Bag Model

The polarized parton distribution functions (PDFs) and nuclear structure functions are evaluated by the phenomenological Thermodynamical Bag Model for nuclear media ⁷Li and ²⁷Al. The Fermi statistical distribution function which includes the spin degree of freedom is used in this statistical model. We predict a sizeable polarized EMC effect. The results of quark spin sum and axial coupling constant of bound nucleons are compared with theoretical predictions of modified Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model by Bentz et al.     

Response functions of Cs2LiYCl6: Ce scintillator to neutron and gamma radiation

Research into advanced screening technologies has become high priority in all aspects of occupational nuclear safety and environmental radiation protection. Neutrons are a fundamental part of radiation encountered in various fields of nuclear science and technology and their detection is still employing detectors with a high thermal neutron response embedded in a thermalizing medium where helium based devices have been a dominant choice in many applications. Recently, there have been newly developed sensors based on multi-elements that include ⁶Li and ³⁵Cl isotopes to detect neutrons and gamma radiation. Among these new sensors one can cite the elpasolite scintillator, known as CLYC. This sensor contains two neutron sensitive isotopes and may serve as a dual detector for gamma as well as for neutron radiation. In this paper, the response functions of this sensor have been investigated in different fields of neutron and gamma-radiation. The sensor responses have been simulated using Monte Carlo N-Particle MCNPX code and a series of experiments have been carried out to validate the simulated data. Both sets of data are presented and discussed.     

Nuclear Polarization Effects in Muonic Atoms

We illustrate how nuclear polarization corrections in muonic atoms can be formally connected to inelastic response functions of a nucleus. We first discuss the point-nucleon approximation and then include finite-nucleon-size corrections. As an example, we compare our ab-initio calculation of the third Zemach moment in μ ⁴He⁺ to previous phenomenological results.     

Charged pion photoproduction from light nuclei

The photoproduction of 0–150-MeV charged pions from light nuclei is studied from a distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) approach. The final nuclear states are restricted to a finite set of isospin analogs of excited states of the target nucleus. The final state interactions of the pion with the residual nucleus are incorporated via optical potentials. The elementary photoproduction operator used is that of Blomqvist and Laget which is derived in a general reference frame. To gain insight into the predictive power of this DWIA approach, total and differential cross sections for π^± production from ⁶Li, ⁷Li, ¹⁰B, ¹²C, and ¹⁴N are calculated and compared with available data. It is found that, with a few exceptions, reasonable agreement is obtained between theory and experiment as long as the nuclear wave functions are constrained to fit other electromagnetic and weak processes and the optical potentials are constrained to fit pion-nucleus elastic scattering data. We conclude that, at this stage, using the Blomqvist-Laget operator in a DWIA calculation adequately describes the dynamics of charged pion photoproduction from complex nuclei. We illustrate how this reaction can be used to obtain information on the short range nature of the pion wave function and on nuclear wave functions. Shortcomings of and improvements on this calculation are also suggested.     

Pion photoproduction and the “anomalous” transition 14Ng.s. → 14Cg.s.

We study the reaction ¹⁴(γ, π⁺)¹⁴Cg_g.s. near threshold. The vanishingly small Gamow-Teller matrix element allows us to probe corrections to the normally dominant σ · ε (Kroll-Ruderman) term. We find that, while the cross section for this process is strongly sensitive to nuclear structure and pion distortion inputs, the pseudoscalar terms reduce the cross section substantially from the Kroll-Ruderman value, irrespective of these uncertainties. Significant improvement is found in the comparison with experiment when the empirical nuclear wave functions, obtained from other weak and electromagnetic processes, are used, rather than the shell-model wave functions.     

Single-particle density distributions of silver in the extreme nuclear surface

The single-particle wave functions of ¹⁰⁷Ag beyond the nuclear potential are calculated exactly. It is shown that the centrifugal barrier cannot be neglected in the region of the last classical turning point of the nuclear density. Thus K⁻ meson absorption by emulsions cannot be explained by the difference between the effect of the Coulomb barrier in heavy and light emulsion nuclei.     

Coulomb-nuclear interference for inelastic deuteron scattering

The interference between Coulomb excitation and nuclear excitation has been observed for ^{54, 56}Fe, ⁶⁰Ni, ¹¹⁴Cd, ¹⁵²Sm, and ¹⁹²Os by measuring excitation functions of elastic and inelastic deuteron scattering at back angles. The interference is strongly constructive, indicating a predominantly imaginary nuclear form factor. DWBA calculations using the collective model, although predicting constructive interference, are unable to predict the magnitude of the observed effect.     

The reaction γ4He→3Hn π+ in impulse approximation

The reactionγ+⁴He→³H+n+π ⁺ is calculated in the impulse approximation. The influence of nuclear wave functions on the differential cross section is discussed numerically using Gaussian and Irving-Gunn wave functions for the triton and the α-particle. The differences are large enough to be looked for experimentally.     

Stability of nuclear matter against neutral pion condensation

The global stability of the uniform ground state of nuclear matter is tested relative to a π⁰-condensed state characterized by static spin-(isospin-) waves. Strong nuclear correlations are introduced into the trial wave functions for each phase, thereby permitting models of the realistic two-nucleon force to be employed. In low cluster-order comparison, the uniform phases of symmetrical nuclear matter and neutron matter are emphatically favored over the entire density range considered.     

Calculation of excitation functions of the 5 4 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 Fe(p,n) reaction from threshold to 30 MeV

The cross-sections for the formation of ^54,56,57,58Co in the ^54,56,57,58Fe(p, n) reaction from threshold to 30 MeV protons have been theoretically calculated using the TALYS-1.4 nuclear model code, whereby we have studied major nuclear reaction mechanisms, including direct, pre-equilibrium and compound nuclear reaction. Subsequently, the level density and shell damping parameters have been adjusted and at the same time, the odd–even effects are well comprehended. The excitation functions have been compared with experimental nuclear data. It is observed that the theoretical cross-sections match fairly well. Proton-induced reaction cross-sections provide clues to understand the nuclear structure and offers a good testing ground for ideas about nuclear forces. In addition, complete information in this field is very much required for application in accelerator-driven subcritical system.     

Properties of nuclear matter andN=Z closed-shell nuclei

A simple three-parameter density dependent effective interaction is used to study the properties of nuclear matter, neutron matter and some bulk properties such as ground state energies and rms charge radii of three double-closed shell nuclei⁴He,¹⁶O and⁴⁰Ca. The three parameters of the effective interaction are determined by requiring to fit the binding energy and density of infinite nuclear matter at saturation density as well as ground state energy of¹⁶O in the first order perturbation theory. This interaction gives correct saturation in nuclear matter with a value of 283 MeV for compressibility. The symmetry coefficienta _T atk _F=1·36 fm^–1 is 28·58 MeV. The energy per particle in neutron matter is calculated in the range of nuclear matter densities and it compares well with those ofNemeth andSprung. Groundstate energies and rms charge radii of⁴He,¹⁶O and⁴⁰Ca are calculated using oscillator eigen functions as single particle wave functions. Results for ground state energies are in good agreement with empirical values and rms charge radii are slightly better than those obtained byMoszkowski with the MDI.The authors are thankful to the Computer Centre, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar for providing computational facilities for this work.