Physical calculation for an X-band hybrid dielectric-iris-loaded accelerator

A small, high performance X-band hybrid dielectric-iris-loaded travelling-wave linac with the length of 1.47 m and the maximum accelerating gradient of 45 MV/m has been designed. The beam energy of 33 MeV, the energy spread of 0.5%, the beam emittance of about 5.7 π mm·mrad and the capture efficiency of 40% are reached by adjusting the sizes of the accelerating cavities and the phase velocity. The attenuation per unit length of structure, the shunt impedance R_s, the quality factor $Q$, the group velocity and the phase velocity are also presented.     

Study of separated function radio frequency quadrupoles accelerator

SFRFQ (Separated Function Radio Frequency Quadrupoles) accelerator is a new post accelerator of RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupoles) type, which has been developed since the beginning of the 1990s at Peking University. In order to demonstrate the possibility of the SFRFQ, a prototype cavity has been designed.A special dynamics design method has been proposed to avoid the sparking problem and decrease the energy spread at the exit of SFRFQ. It consists of two aspects: the asymmetry structure design for transverse focusing and the inner buncher design for longitudinal bunching. This allows the improvement of the beam properties without increasing the cavity length. The simulation results show that the energy spread can be substantially reduced by using the inner buncher in the SFRFQ structure.     

Study of separated function radio frequency quadrupoles accelerator

SFRFQ （Separated Function Radio Frequency Quadrupoles） accelerator is a new post accelerator of RFQ （Radio Frequency Quadrupoles） type, which has been developed since the beginning of the 1990s at Peking University. In order to demonstrate the possibility of the SFRFQ, a prototype cavity has been designed. A special dynamics design method has been proposed to avoid the sparking problem and decrease the energy spread at the exit of SFRFQ. It consists of two aspects： the asymmetry structure design for transverse focusing and the inner buncher design for longitudinal bunching. This allows the improvement of the beam properties without increasing the cavity length. The simulation results show that the energy spread can be substantially reduced by using the inner buncher in the SFRFQ structure.     

辐照用紧凑连续波电子加速器的物理设计

为适应工业电子加速器需求增多的现状,提出了一种新型的结构紧凑的连续波电子加速器,运行频率为180MHz。依靠置于加速腔外的多个偏转磁铁,使电子束多次穿越加速腔,从而得到持续的加速。设计过程中,用CST软件对谐振加速腔进行了优化,用Parmela软件模拟了束流的粒子动力学。粒子纵向稳定度和横向聚焦也通过模拟进行了分析和验证。结果显示:此种新型加速器能得到9MeV,100kW的稳定电子束流。     

一种低能散RFQ加速器的物理设计

讨论了脉冲束注入、逐步增加同步相位、减小电极调制系数和极间电压等降低RFQ加速器能散的途径, 并在此基础上设计了一台能散为0.6%的RFQ加速器. 该加速器用于加速器质谱对¹⁴C, ¹³C, ²C 3种 离子的传输有很强的选择性, 有利于降低测量本底、简化装置.     

辐照用紧凑连续波电子加速器的物理设计

为适应工业电子加速器需求增多的现状,提出了一种新型的结构紧凑的连续波电子加速器,运行频率为180 MHz。依靠置于加速腔外的多个偏转磁铁,使电子束多次穿越加速腔,从而得到持续的加速。设计过程中,用CST软件对谐振加速腔进行了优化,用Parmela软件模拟了束流的粒子动力学。粒子纵向稳定度和横向聚焦也通过模拟进行了分析和验证。结果显示：此种新型加速器能得到9 MeV,100 kW的稳定电子束流。     

Studies on an S-band bunching system with hybrid buncher

Generally, a standard bunching system is composed by an SW pre-buncher, a TW buncher and a standard accelerating section. However, there is one way to simplify the whole system to some extent by using the hybrid buncher, which is a combined structure of the SW pre-buncher and the TW buncher. Here the beam dynamics studies on an S-band bunching system with the hybrid buncher is presented, and simulation results show that similar beam performance can be obtained at the linac exit by using this kind of bunching system rather than the standard one. In the meantime, the structure design of the hybrid buncher is also described. Furthermore, the standard accelerating section can also be integrated with the hybrid buncher, which can further simplify the usual bunching system and lower the construction cost.     

X波段失谐加速结构的计算

 采用Mafia程序设计X波段失谐加速结构，同时利用Largrange插值的方法计算了加速结构的尺寸，得到了加速结构的特性参数和尾场特性。结果表明，失谐加速结构的品质因子（7 926.0~8 012.2）和分路阻抗（89.7~125.1MΩ/m）比较高，与等阻抗加速结构相比，可以使尾场明显下降，从而降低束流崩溃发生的可能性。     

X波段失谐加速结构的计算

采用Mafia程序设计X波段失谐加速结构,同时利用Largrange插值的方法计算了加速结构的尺寸,得到了加速结构的特性参数和尾场特性。结果表明,失谐加速结构的品质因子（7 926.0~8 012.2）和分路阻抗（89.7~125.1MΩ/m）比较高,与等阻抗加速结构相比,可以使尾场明显下降,从而降低束流崩溃发生的可能性。     

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac (DTL) accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC) project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance (ZTT), transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance (ZTT) and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.     

Beam dynamics and RF design of trapezoidal IH-RFQ with low energy spread

Beam dynamics and RF design have been performed of a new type trapezoidal IH-RFQ operating at 104 MHz for acceleration of 14C+ in the framework of RFQ based 14C AMS facility at Peking University. Low energy spread RFQ beam dynamics design was approached by the method of internal discrete bunching. 14C+ will be accelerated from 40 keV to 500 keV with the length of about 1.1 m. The designed transmission efficiency is better than 95% and the energy spread is as low as 0.6%. Combining the beam dynamics design, a trapezoidal IH-RFQ structure was proposed, which can be cooled more easily and has better mechanical performance than traditional RFQ. Electromagnetic field distribution was simulated by using CST Microwave Studio (MWS). The specific shunt impedance and the quality factor were optimized primarily.     

Beam dynamics and RF design of trapezoidal IH-RFQ with low energy spread

Beam dynamics and RF design have been performed of a new type trapezoidal IH-RFQ operating at 104 MHz for acceleration of ¹⁴C⁺ in the framework of RFQ based ¹⁴C AMS facility at Peking University. Low energy spread RFQ beam dynamics design was approached by the method of internal discrete bunching. ¹⁴C⁺ will be accelerated from 40 keV to 500 keV with the length of about 1.1 m. The designed transmission efficiency is better than 95% and the energy spread is as low as 0.6%. Combining the beam dynamics design, a trapezoidal IH-RFQ structure was proposed, which can be cooled more easily and has better mechanical performance than traditional RFQ. Electromagnetic field distribution was simulated by using CST Microwave Studio (MWS). The specific shunt impedance and the quality factor were optimized primarily.     

同步光成像方法对加速器储存环束流的测量

利用可见光波段的同步光直接成像对北京正负电子对撞机二期工程（BEPCⅡ）储存环束流的横向截面尺寸进行了测量,对可见光直接成像方法的光路搭建注意事项进行了详细说明,并详细阐述了此测量方法对光路放大倍数的精确测量及过程,同时对可能产生的随机误差和系统误差提出了处理方法,利用点扩散函数（PSF）对成像过程中产生的衍射误差进行了处理,这些处理方法对其他测量系统如X射线小孔成像也适用,并将测量结果与可见光空间干涉方法测量结果进行了对比,且符合很好。     

Gyrotron Electron Beams: Velocity and Energy Spread and Beam Instabilities

The stability of the electron beams and maximum share of the electrons oscillatory energy, i.e. finally efficiency, power, and pulse duration of the gyrotron to a considerable extent depend on the velocity and the energy spread (VESP) of the HEB. The basic factors determining VESP in the helical beams are discussed. Among these factors static (initial velocities, cathode heterogeneities, space charge fields) and dynamic (negative mass and diochotron instabilities and a global instability connected with the capture of the electrons in the gyrotron adiabatic trap) factors are considered. Qualitative models of the excitation of the space charge oscillation as well the parasite electromagnetic radiation of the HEB are developed. Some experimental data of the investigation of the parasitic electromagnetic radiation spectrum in one gyrotron are discussed. The methods of the experimental investigation of the VESP are described.     

Coherent beam combining master oscillator-power of hybrid phase control in amplifier configuration

A novel scalable architecture for coherent beam combining with hybrid phase control involving passive phasing and active phasing in master oscillator-power amplifier configuration is presented. Wide-linewidth mutually injected passive phasing fibre laser arrays serve as master oscillators for the power amplifiers, and the active phasing using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm is induced. Wide-linewidth seed laser can suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effectively and improve the output power of the fibre laser amplifier, while hybrid phase control provides a robust way for in-phase mode coherent beam combining simultaneously. Experiment is performed by active phasing fibre laser amplifiers with passive phasing fibre ring laser array seed lasers. Power encircled in the main-lobe increases1.57 times and long-exposure fringe contrast is obtained to be 78% when the system evolves from passive phasing to hybrid phasing.     

Optimizing calculation of phase screen distribution with minimum condition along an inhomogeneous turbulent path

When building an experimental platform for light propagation along an inhomogeneous turbulent path,it is very essential to set up the reasonable distribution of phase screen.Based on multi-layered model of phase screen,an iterative optimization algorithm of phase screen position is given in this paper.Thereafter,the optimal position of phase screens is calculated under the Hufnagel-Valley5/7 and Hefei-day turbulence profile.The results show that the positions of phase screen calculated by the iterative algorithm can fit well with the turbulence profile rather than mechanically placed phase screens at equal distance.Compared with the uniform distribution of phase screens position,the residual phase error of the iterative algorithm decreases very significantly.The similarity degree between them is minimal when number of layers is equal to two.     

A permanent magnet electron beam spread system used for a low energy electron irradiation accelerator

The development of irradiation processing industry brings about various types of irradiation objects and expands the irradiation requirements for better uniformity and larger areas. This paper proposes an innovative design of a permanent magnet electron beam spread system. By clarifying its operation principles, the author verifies the feasibility of its application in irradiation accelerators for industrial use with the examples of its application in electron accelerators with energy ranging from 300 keV to 1 MeV. Based on the finite element analyses of electromagnetic fields and the charged particle dynamics, the author also conducts a simulation of electron dynamics in magnetic field on a computer. The results indicate that compared with the traditional electron beam scanning system, this system boosts the advantages of a larger spread area, non-power supply, simple structure and low cost, etc., which means it is not only suitable for the irradiation of objects with the shape of tubes, strips and panels, but can also achieve a desirable irradiation performance on irregular constructed objects of large size.     

Coherent beam combining of hybrid phase control in master oscillator-power amplifier configuration

A novel scalable architecture for coherent beam combining with hybrid phase control involving passive phasing and active phasing in master oscillator-power amplifier configuration is presented. Wide-linewidth mutually injected passive phasing fibre laser arrays serve as master oscillators for the power amplifiers, and the active phasing using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm is induced. Wide-linewidth seed laser can suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effectively and improve the output power of the fibre laser amplifier, while hybrid phase control provides a robust way for in-phase mode coherent beam combining simultaneously. Experiment is performed by active phasing fibre laser amplifiers with passive phasing fibre ring laser array seed lasers. Power encircled in the main-lobe increases1.57 times and long-exposure fringe contrast is obtained to be 78% when the system evolves from passive phasing to hybrid phasing.     

Numerical simulation of intense helical electron beams with the calculation of the velocity distribution functions

The method of calculation of intense helical electron beams which allows to find the distribution function of electrons with respect to their transverse (oscillatory) and longitudinal velocities is developed. The initial velocity distribution function can be arbitrary. The data obtained in numerical simulation and experimental measurements for beams with various topologies are compared. The evolution of the transverse velocity distribution function with the beam current growth is traced. It is found that the transformation of the velocity distribution function may indicate a possible instability in a real beam.     

混合笔束模型在电子剂量算法中的应用

将双群模型计算的宽束电子的能量沉积与FermiEyges理论的侧向解相结合来构造电子笔束模型,即混合笔束模型.由于混合笔束模型的计算精度和效率较好,并且适用范围较大,因此,混合笔束模型展示了在放射治疗临床应用上的可能性.在混合笔束模型的基础上,改进了混合笔束模型对电子侧向分布的参数计算.计算结果表明,改进的混合笔束模型的精度符合临床应用的要求,同时,其计算速度非常快.因而显示出较好的临床应用价值 关键词： 笔束模型 双群模型 混合笔束模型