Microwave-assisted organic synthesis: scale-up of palladium-catalyzed aminations using single-mode and multi-mode microwave equipment

Batch wise scale-up of Buchwald-Hartwig aminations under microwave irradiation has been investigated for the first time. Multi-mode (microSYNTH and MARS) (several vessels irradiated in parallel per batch) as well as single-mode (Discover) (one vessel irradiated per batch) platforms can be successfully used for this purpose with trifluoromethylbenzene (benzotrifluoride: BTF) as amination solvent. The obtained yields indicate a direct scalability in BTF for all the studied aminations. The Voyager equipment (based on a Discover platform) is the most convenient system since it allows an automatic continuous batch wise production without the necessity to manually load and unload reaction vessels.     

Palladium catalyzed-dehalogenation of aryl chlorides and bromides using phosphite ligands

The catalytic system based on Pd-phosphite for the dehalogenation reactions of aryl chlorides and bromides is described. The Pd-phosphite catalyst effectively promoted the dehalogenation of aryl halides to give dehalogenated products in moderate to excellent yields. The aryl chlorides required strong bases such as NaO^tBu for this transformation, whereas the aryl bromides were dehalogenated in the presence of weak bases such as Cs₂CO₃. This catalytic system exhibited tolerance to functional groups such as methoxy, amine, hydroxyl, ether, amide, benzyl and ketone groups. It also demonstrated chemoselectivity in that bromochlorobenzene was converted only to chlorobenzene.     

An inexpensive cyclodiphosphazane as an efficient ligand for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl bromides and chlorides

An economic and novel ligand, cyclodiphosphazane [ClPN(t-Bu)]₂ (1), was introduced in the palladium-catalyzed amination of unactivated aryl halides. The catalyst allows for the amination of aryl chlorides and bromides with secondary cyclic amines and anilines in good yields.     

Reversal of aryl bromide reactivity in Pd-catalysed aryl amination reactions promoted by a hemilabile aminophosphine ligand

Incorporation of a hemilabile amino group with a bulky, electron-rich phosphorus ligand led to a reversal in the order of aryl bromide reactivity in Pd-catalysed aryl amination reactions.     

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of trimethoxysilylbenzene with aryl bromides and chlorides using phosphite ligands

Phosphites were employed as ligands in palladium-catalyzed Hiyama coupling reactions. The optimized reaction conditions were equimolar amounts (5 mol % each) of Pd(acac)₂ and phosphite 1 in p-xylene at 80 °C with TBAF as an additive. This catalyst system exhibited high activities in the reactions with trimethoxysilylbenzene and aryl bromides that have electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. In the case of aryl chlorides, substrates possessing electron-withdrawing groups gave the coupled products in high yields.     

New ligands for a general palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides

The synthesis and application of monodentate N-substituted heteroarylphosphines is described. In general, the ligands are conveniently prepared by selective metallation at the 2-position of the respective N-substituted heterocycle (pyrrole, indole) by using n-butyllithium/tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) followed by quenching with dialkyl- or diarylchlorophosphines. Of the different ligands prepared, the new dialkyl-2-(N-arylindolyl)phosphines (cataCXium P) perform excellently in the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides. Coupling of both activated and deactivated chloroarenes proceeds under mild conditions (room temperature to 60 degrees C). By using optimized conditions remarkable catalyst productivity (total turnover number, TON, up to 8000) and activity (turnover frequency, TOF=14000 h(-1) at 75% conversion) are observed.     

An efficient palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 1-heteroaryl-4-aminopiperidine derivatives from heteroaryl chlorides

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of 1-heteroaryl-4-(N-methyl)aminopiperidines starting from heteroaryl chloride derivatives is described. A broad range of 1-heteroaryl-4-(N-Boc-N-methyl)aminopiperidine derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields using DavePhos as optimal ligand for Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction. After a mild and efficient acidolysis the amination products could be obtained successfully.     

Application of polymer-supported triphenyl phosphine in the palladium-catalyzed cyanation reaction under microwave conditions

A variety of aryl nitriles were prepared in excellent yields from the palladium acetate catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with Zn(CN)₂ using polymer-supported triphenyl phosphine as the ligand and dimethylformamide as solvent under microwave irradiation conditions.     

Study of CuI catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl bromides with imidazole and aliphatic amines under microwave dielectric heating

Amination of a variety of functionalized aryl bromides with imidazole and primary and secondary amines was accomplished using a CuI/amino acid catalyst system under microwave heating. Application of microwave irradiation shortened the reaction time from 25–40 h to 6–20 min. Good to very good yields of the corresponding coupling products were obtained when imidazole and secondary amines were used as starting materials. In case of primary amines, the outcome of the reaction was dependent on the character of the substituent on aryl bromide.     

Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl and alkyl halides using palladium/imidazolium salt protocols

A simple new protocol for the high yielding Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of aryl chlorides with aryl boronic acids using a palladium/imidazolium salt catalytic system is presented. The first examples of a palladium/imidazolium salt protocol for sp³-sp³ Suzuki-Miyaura couplings of alkyl halides are also disclosed.     

An improved synthesis of N-aryl and N-heteroaryl substituted homopiperazines—from conventional thermal conditions to scaling-up using microwave heating

An efficient Pd(0)-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig protocol for the facile preparation of N-aryl and N-heteroaryl substituted homopiperazines is described. The syntheses proceeded with aryl- and heteroaryl halides in high yields using X-Phos as best ligand. The C-N coupling products were prepared both under conventional as well as microwave heating conditions and examples for microwave-assisted upscaling are included in this study.     

Solvent-free mechanochemical Buchwald-Hartwig amination of aryl chlorides without inert gas protection

A solvent-free Buchwald-Hartwig amination had been developed under high-speed ball-milling conditions, which afforded the desired products with moderate to high yields. The addition of sodium sulfate was found to be crucial for improving both the performance and the reproducibility. Comparative solvent-free stirring experiments implicated the importance of mechanical interaction for the transformation, and the inert gas was proved to be unnecessary for this amination.     

An efficient palladium-catalyzed Heck coupling of aryl chlorides with alkenes

Catalyst system PdCl₂(PCy₃)₂/Cs₂CO₃ in dioxane was found to be the efficient catalyst system for Heck cross-coupling reactions of deactivated, neutral, and activated aryl chlorides with a variety of alkenes under mild conditions to afford selectively E-arylated alkenes in good to excellent yields.     

Sulfate additives generate robust and highly active palladium catalysts for the cyanation of aryl chlorides

The use of sulfate additives such as H₂SO₄ greatly increases the reactivity of palladium catalysts for the cyanation of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides and renders them more robust toward adventitious air. Using this method, a wide variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles were prepared in high yield.     

Progress in the palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl chlorides

The development of new palladium catalysts for the cyanation of various aryl and heteroaryl chlorides is described. The combination of amine co-catalysts with chelating phosphine ligands, for example, 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) or 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (dpppe), allows an efficient cyanation of chloroarenes with simple potassium cyanide. General palladium-catalyzed cyanation of nonactivated and deactivated chloroarenes is possible for the first time. Studies of the oxidative addition of aryl halides to palladium triphenylphosphine complexes in the presence and absence of amines suggest that the co-catalyst is capable of preventing catalyst deactivation caused by the presence of excess cyanide ions in solution.     

Microwave-promoted synthesis of amino-substituted 2-pyridone derivatives via palladium-catalyzed amination reaction

A rapid and efficient synthesis of amino-substituted 2-pyridones was demonstrated by palladium-catalyzed amination reaction under microwave irradiation. This high-speed synthesis provided a number of amino-substituted 2-pyridones from the corresponding bromo-2-benzyloxypyridines via palladium-catalyzed amination followed by hydrogenolysis of benzyl ether.     

Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl iodides and aryl acetylenes using microwave heating

An efficient copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl iodides with aryl acetylenes under microwave irradiation is described. The reaction proceeds under microwave heating with 10 mol % CuI and 2 equiv Cs₂CO₃ in 43-87% yields.     

Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with alkynes catalysed by a tetraphosphine-palladium catalyst

A range of aryl chlorides undergoes cross-couplings with alkynes in good yields in the presence of [PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂/cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane as catalyst. A variety of aryl chlorides such as chloroacetophenone, chlorobenzonitrile, chloronitrobenzene, chloroanisole or chlorotoluene have been used successfully. The reaction also tolerates several alkynes such as phenylacetylene, dec-1-yne, ethynylcyclohexene or alk-1-ynols. Furthermore, this catalyst can be used at low loading with some substrates.     

Microwave-assisted Pd(OH)2-catalyzed direct C−H arylation of free-(NH2) adenines with aryl halides

A direct C−H arylation of free-(NH₂) adenines using Pd(OH)₂/C (Pearlman’s catalyst) and stoichiometric amount of copper iodide under ligandless microwave activation is described. This new protocol proved to be highly effective to synthesize a variety of 8-aryladenine derivatives 3 without prior protection of the amino substituent. The arylation reaction takes place rapidly within few minutes and allows the coupling to proceed regioselectively at the 8-position with a wide range of aryl halides including aryl iodides, bromides and the less reactive aryl chlorides.     

A new palladium catalyzed protocol for atom-efficient cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths with aryl halides and triflates

A new palladium catalyzed protocol for an atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuths with aryl halides and triflates has been described. The palladium catalytic system with Cs₂CO₃ base was found to be very efficient in DMA solvent to furnish excellent yields of cross-coupled functionalized biaryls in short reaction times.