About diastereoselective oxidations of ferrocenyl amino alcohols

Oxidation of some 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)ferrocenylalkylcarbinols by MnO₂ is totally diastereoselective: only one diastereomer is oxidized. A study was performed to highlight the influential factors of this phenomenon. Several ferrocenyl alcohols have been studied. First, two diastereomers of the ferrocenyl amino alcohol bearing a deuterium as an R group have been synthesized and oxidized. The good reactivity of both diastereomers displayed the importance of the size of the alkyl group, which needs to be bulkier than a deuterium. The synthesis and the oxidation of endo- and exo-α-hydroxy [4](1,2)ferrocenophane enabled the elimination of the hypothesis involving the spatial position of the hydroxy group, while the two diastereomers were oxidized. The replacement of the dimethylamino group by a methoxy or a methyl, the oxidation of these compounds, and the study of the preferential conformation of each diastereomer showed clearly the influence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. So,the diastereoselectivity was shown to depend on the steric bulk of the alkyl group and on the presence of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and the nitrogen.     

Diastereoselective addition of dimethyl phosphite to 3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocene-2-carboxaldehyde

Addition of dimethyl phosphite to racemic 3,3′,4,4′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphosphaferrocene-2-carboxaldehyde gives almost exclusively one diastereomer of the corresponding α-hydroxyphosphonate (d.r. ?96:4). Its absolute configuration (S, R_p)-(R, S_p) was established by X-ray diffraction.     

Synthesis and conformation of a novel bridged nucleic acid having a trans-fused 3,5,8-trioxabicyclo[5.3.0]decane structure

A novel bridged nucleic acid analogue, 2′-deoxy-trans-3′,4′-BNA thymine monomer, was successfully synthesized. An ab initio calculation and X-ray structure analysis revealed that the trans-fused bicyclo[5.3.0]decane structure of the 2′-deoxy-trans-3′,4′-BNA effectively constrained the sugar puckering in C_2^′-endo with appropriate γ, δ and χ angles.     

From oxides of internal perfluoroolefins to fluorocontaining camphor thiazolinylhydrazones

The reaction of oxides of internal trans- and cis-perfluoroolefins with (1S, 4S)- or racemic camphor thiosemicarbazone leads to the formation of trans- and cis-isomers of (1S, 4S)- or racemic camphor 5′-fluoro-4′-hydroxy-4′,5′-di(perfluoroalkyl)-1′,3′-thiazolinyl-2′-hydrazones, respectively. Unsymmetrical dodecafluoro-2,3-epoxyhexane yields a mixture of regioisomeric hydrazones. The molecular structure of the trans-isomer of (1S, 4S)-camphor 5′-fluoro-4′-hydroxy-4′,5′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1′,3′-thiazolinyl-2′-hydrazone has been established by X-ray crystallography. The quite rare example of cocrystallization of two diastereomers of the latter in homochiral crystal (sp. group P2₁) has been revealed.     

An efficient synthesis of new diastereomeric enantiopure 1-aminocyclopentane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acids

Novel 1-aminocyclopentane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acids 11 and 14 containing the glutamic acid skeleton were prepared as two diastereomers characterized by having the carbonyl groups in positions two and four cis to each other and trans with respect to the 1-carboxylic group and as all cis relationship, respectively. The reaction sequences, that is, Diels–Alder reaction to give norbornene cycloadducts, oxidative cleavage of the double bond of the cycloadducts, ensured the proper stereochemistry of both diastereomers. Each diastereomer was prepared in enantiopure form starting from exo- and endo-2-amino-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid derivatives 5 and 6 obtained through a very efficient asymmetric synthesis.     

From neutral iminophosphoranes to multianionic phosphazenates. The coordination chemistry of imino-aza-P(V) ligands

This review deals with the chemistry and coordination behaviour of imino-aza phosphorus(V) ligands focussing on s- and p-block as well as Group 11 and 12 metal complexes. Imino phosphorus(V) ligands contain one or more terminal RNP-units, which include iminophosphoranes R₃PNR′, monoanionic diiminophosphinates [R₂P(NR′)₂]⁻, dianionic triiminophosphonates [RP(NR′)₃]²⁻ and trianionic tetraiminophosphates [P(NR′)₄]³⁻. Aza-phosphorus(V) ligands feature bridging PNP units, which include cyclic and polymeric phosphazenes [R₂PN]_n. Imino-aza- phosphorus(V) ligands containing both imino and aza functions include linear diiminodiphosphazenates [N{R₂P(NR′)₂}₂]⁻ and multianionic poly(imino) cyclophosphazeantes such as [N₄{RP(NR′)}₄]⁴⁻ and [N₃{P(NR′)₂}₃]⁶⁻. Imino-aza phosphorus(V) ligands are assembled of three basic building blocks: the cationic tetravalent phosphonium centre (P), the anionic divalent amido function (N) and the terminally arranged R-group. The overall negative charge Z of the resulting ligand system is equal to the difference between the number of P and the number of N-centres: Z=n(P)n(N). Imino-aza phosphorus(V) ligands are electron rich N-donor ligands which co-ordinate via both N(imino) and N(aza) functions and have been applied in numerous metal complexes in order to stabilise low coordination numbers, unusual oxidation states and bonding modes or serve as ligands in homogeneous catalysis. The R-group provides both steric bulk and solubility in non-polar solvents. Multianionic phosphazenates feature a polydentate ligand surface, which facilitates an extremely high metal load. PN units of iminophosphoranes and phosphazenes have acceptor properties and enhance the acidity of α-alkyl and ortho-aryl protons. Deprotonation of P-alkyl and P-aryl iminophosphoranes give ligand systems featuring C,N chelating sites, which are also discussed.     

A Chiral Amide Derivative with the β‐P4S3 Cage Skeleton

The diamide exo, exo‐β‐P₄S₃(NHCH(Me)Ph)₂ has been made in solution using enantiomerically pure or racemic PhCH(Me)NH₂, and its three diastereomers characterised by complete analysis of their ³¹P{¹H} NMR spectra.The unsymmetric diastereomer contains phosphorus atoms, made chemically non‐equivalent by the chirality of the substituents, which show a large ²J(P—P—P) coupling to each other (225.2 Hz).     

Chiral cyclopentadiene-mediated approach to enantioselective heterobimetallic Pauson-Khand reactions

When the dicobalt(hexacarbonyl) complex of N-(2-butynoyl)-4,4-dimethyloxazolidinone (1) is treated with chiral cyclopentadienyl (tricarbonyl)molybdenum anions, pairs of diastereomeric heterobimetallic (Co-Mo) complexes are obtained. In one instance, the two diastereomers have been separated by chromatography and they have been reacted with norbornadiene; each diastereomer leads with virtually complete stereocontrol to a single enantiomer of the endo Pauson-Khand cycloadduct 5.     

Carbohydrate-derived spiroketals: stereoselective synthesis of di-d-fructose dianhydrides

A one-pot synthesis of di-d-fructose dianhydrides (DFAs) having the 1,6,9,13-tetraoxadispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradecane and 1,7,10,15-tetraoxadispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadecane skeleton has been accomplished. The methodology relies on the ability of per-O-protected 1,2-O-isopropylidene β-d-fructofuranose and β-d-fructopyranose derivatives to undergo a tandem acetal cleavage-intermolecular glycosylation-intramolecular spiroketalization process by reaction with suitable acid promoters, such as boron trifluoride etherate or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, in apolar organic solvents. Spirocyclization proceeds then under irreversible reaction conditions to give binary mixtures of di-d-fructofuranose (α,α and α,β diastereomers) or di-d-fructopyranose 1,2′:2,1′ dianhydrides (β,β and α,β), respectively, the stereochemical outcome being dependent on the non-participating or participating character of the protecting groups. Thus, benzylated and allylated derivatives afford, preferentially, the non-symmetric DFAs (α,β), with diastereomeric excess up to 92%. In contrast, the use of participating benzoyl groups favours the C₂-symmetric diastereomer in both series.     

Synthesis and liquid crystal properties of a novel family of oligothiophene derivatives

In order to develop novel oligothiophene-based liquid crystals capable of hydrogen bonding, new terthiophene derivatives containing an alkylamide group, N,N′-dialkyl-5,5″-dichloro-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-4,4″-dicarboxamide (DNC_nDCl3T, n=8, 18), N,N′-dialkyl-5,5″-dibromo-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-4,4″-dicarboxamide (DNC_nDBr3T, n=5, 8, 16, 18), or N,N′-dialkyl-5,5″-diiodo-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-4,4″-dica-rboxamide (DNC_nDI3T, n=8, 18), were designed and synthesized, and their thermal behaviour was examined. It was found that DNC₁₈DCl3T, DNC₁₈DI3T and DNC_nDBr3T (n=8, 16, 18) form a smectic A phase and that the alkyl chain length greatly affects liquid crystal phase formation. The absence of liquid crystallinity in the corresponding ester derivatives suggests that intermolecular hydrogen bonding also plays a role in the formation of a liquid crystal phases in the DNC_nDBr3T system.     

First asymmetric synthesis of a C2-symmetric 2-endo,6-endo-disubstituted bispidine

The enantioselective synthesis of a C₂-symmetric 2-endo,6-endo-disubstituted bispidine (3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) has been accomplished for the first time. The key step was a Michael addition of the protected β-amino ester methyl (R)-3-{N-benzyl-N-[(S)-1-phenylethyl]amino}-3-phenylpropionate to its α-methylene derivative delivering an anti,anti-configured α,α′-methylene-bridged bis(β-amino ester) as the major diastereomer. Deprotection, reduction and cyclisation furnished (1R,2R,5R,6R)-2,6-diphenyl-3,7-bis((S)-1-phenylethyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane in six steps and 15% overall yield.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of the isomuscarines

Four diastereomers of 2-[(trimethylammonium)-methyl]-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ol, trivially named isomuscarine, allo-isomuscarine, epi-isomuscarine, and epiallo-isomuscarine, were prepared as bromide salts from 2,4-like and 2,4-unlike diastereomers of 3-(4-hydroxyhex-5-en-2-oxy)-4-methylthiazole-2(3H)-thione. The strategy for constructing the tetrahydrofuran nucleus of the isomuscarines uses alkenoxyl radical 5-exo-bromocyclization, occurring 2,3-cis-selectively for the 2,4-like-4-hydroxyhex-5-en-2-oxyl radical, and 2,3-trans-selectively for the 2,4-unlike diastereomer. A fraction of 4-hydroxyhex-5-en-2-oxyl radicals cyclizes 6-endo-selectively providing 5-bromo-2-methyltetrahydropyran-4-ols in yields between 3 and 15%. Substituting trimethylamine for bromide in 5-exo-bromocyclized products furnishes isomuscarine bromides, which were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and NMR-spectroscopy.     

A new molecular precursor route for the synthesis of Bi-Y, Y-Nb and Bi-doped Y-Nb oxides at moderate temperatures

Yttrium-based multimetallic oxides containing bismuth and/or niobium were prepared by a method starting from pre-isolated stable water-soluble precursors which are complexes with the ethylenediaminetetraacetate ligand (edta). The cubic Bi_1−xY_xO_1.5 (x=0.22, 0.25 and 0.3) and Y₃NbO₇ oxides were obtained in a pure form in a range of moderate temperatures (600-650 °C). This preparation method also allowed to stabilize at room temperature, without quenching, the tetragonal YNbO₄ oxide in a distorted form (T′-phase) by calcining the precursor at 800 °C. When heated up to 1000 °C, this metastable T′-phase transforms into the metastable “high-temperature” T oxide, which converts on cooling down to room temperature into the thermodynamically stable monoclinic M oxide. Doping the YNbO₄ oxide with Bi³⁺ cations (0.5% and 1% Bi with respect to total Bi+Y amount) led at 800 °C to a mixture of the T′-phase and the thermodynamically stable monoclinic one. At 900 °C, the almost pure monoclinic structure was obtained.     

A chiral phosphazane reagent strategy for the determination of enantiomeric excess of amines

Methods for measuring enantiomeric excess (ee) of organic molecules by NMR spectroscopy provide rapid analysis using a standard technique that is readily available. Commonly this is accomplished by chiral derivatisation of the detector molecule (producing a chiral derivatisation agent, CDA), which is reacted with the mixture of enantiomers under investigation. However, these CDAs have almost exclusively been based on carbon frameworks, which are generally costly and/or difficult to prepare. In this work, a methodology based on the readily prepared inorganic cyclodiphosph(iii)azane CDA ClP(μ-N^tBu)₂POBorn (Born = endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) is shown to be highly effective in the measurement of ee’s of chiral amines, involving in situ reaction of the chiral amines (R*NH₂) with the P–Cl bond of the CDA followed by quaternization of the phosphorus framework with methyl iodide. This results in sharp ³¹P NMR signals with distinct chemical shift differences between the diastereomers that are formed, which can be used to obtain the ee directly by integration. Spectroscopic, X-ray structural and DFT studies suggest that the NMR chemical shift differences between diastereomers is steric in origin, with the sharpness of these signals resulting from conformational locking of the bornyl group relative to the P₂N₂ ring induced by the presence of the P(v)-bonded amino group (R*NH). This study showcases cheap inorganic phosphazane CDAs as simple alternatives to organic variants for the rapid determination of ee.

The simple inorganic cyclodiphosph(iii)azane chiral derivatisation agent ClP(μ-^tBuN)₂POBorn (Born = endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl) is shown to be effective in the measurement of ee’s of chiral amines using ³¹P NMR spectroscopy.     

Intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of α-fluoroacrylate derivatives promoted by novel bidentate aluminum Lewis acid

Intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction of α-fluoroacrylate derivatives 1a-e having 1,7,9-decatrienoate system is efficiently promoted by the novel bidentate Lewis acid A generated in situ by mixing 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromo-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diol (Br₄BIPOL, 1 mol) and trimethylaluminum (2 mol). The IMDA reaction of α-fluoroacrylates proceeds via endo-boat transition state as in the case of the corresponding non-fluorinated acrylate.     

Development of a novel nucleoside analogue with S-type sugar conformation: 2′-deoxy-trans-3′,4′-bridged nucleic acids

Two novel trans-3′,4′-bridged nucleic acid (trans-3′,4′-BNA) monomers, one with a 3,5,8-trioxabicyclo[5.3.0]decane structure and the other with a 4,7-dioxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane structure, were successfully synthesized from thymidine. The locked trans-fused ring structures of the nucleoside analogues were confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which also indicated that their furanose rings had a typical S-type conformation involving C_2′-endo or C_3′-exo sugar puckering, respectively, and the same ring conformation as that observed in the B-type helical structure of the DNA duplex.     

An iodide/anion exchange route to benzimidazolylidene silver complexes from benzimidazolium iodide: Crystal structures of N,N′-dibutylbenzimidazolylidene silver chloride, bromide, cyanide and nitrate

Syntheses of N,N′-dibutylbenzimidazolylidene silver complexes having chloride, nitrate or cyanide as an anion part through an iodide/anion exchange from N,N′-dibutylbenzimidazolium iodide are described, representing a practical route to benzimidazolylidene silver complexes from readily accessible benzimidazolium iodide. The crystal structures of N,N′-dibutylbenzimidazolylidene silver chloride, bromide, cyanide and nitrate have been determined, showing a close ligand-unsupported Ag-Ag interaction in [(NHC)₂]Ag⁺[AgX₂]⁻ and a “T” shape geometry about the silver(I) cation in complexes of chloride, bromide and cyanide, but a nearly linear shape in the bis(N,N′-dibutylbenzimidazolylidene) silver complex [ with non-coordinating nitrate anion.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 53. Mitt.

ThepK _a -value corresponding to the deprotonation of (4Z, 9Z, 15E)-2,3-dihydrobilatriene-abc was measured to be 13.6±0.1 using a stopped flow equipment. This represents a 50-fold decrease in acidity compared to the corresponding all-(Z) diastereomer. Also the pyrromethene type basicity of the (Z,Z,E) diastereomer is decreased by a factor of ten. By applying aFörster cycle a fundamental difference between the two diastereomers is revealed: Only the all-(Z) diastereomer exhibits a cross over of relative acidity and basicity on moving from ground to excited state.

     

Diels-Alder reaction of optically active (E)-γ-keto-α,β-unsaturated p-tolylsulfoxides with cyclopentadiene

The Diels-Alder reaction of enantiomerically pure (E)-γ-keto-α,β-unsaturated p-tolylsulphoxides 3 with cyclopentadiene give four easily separable diastereomers. The effect of several Lewis acids on the reaction was studied, finding a high endo selectivity with respect to the carbonyl group and moderate π-diastereoselectivity using BF₃·Et₂O as catalyst. The reactivity of compounds 3 as well as their endo selectivity are both higher than those observed for the corresponding (E)-3-sulfinylacrylates.     

Steric control in the stereospecific complexation of chiral α-olefins to platinum(II)

The complexes trans-dichloro[R(CH₃)C^*HCH=CH₂](pyridine)platinum-(II), R = C₂H₅, i-C₃H₇, t-C₄H₉, have been prepared and their ¹H NMR and CD spectra investigated. The two diastereomers formed in the complexation of the chiral α-olefin to Pt^II are present in different concentrations in solution, the diastereomer of opposite absolute configuration at the two chiral centres being the prevailing one. The extent of stereoselectivity, evaluated both by NMR and CD, varies from 32% to 75% by changing the bulkiness of the R group. The preferred conformation of the two diastereomers for each complex has been established by NMR, taking into account the deshielding effect on the protons bound to saturated carbon atoms as well as J(HH) and J(PtH) coupling constants.