溅射气压对直流电源磁控溅射制备掺铝氧化锌薄膜性能的影响

以ZnO∶Al2O3(2wt%)陶瓷为溅射靶材,采用直流磁控溅射的方法,在普通玻璃衬底上制备ZnO∶Al(AZO)薄膜,研究了溅射气压对AZO薄膜的结构特性、表面形貌及其光电性的影响。XRD和SEM测试表明所有样品均为多晶六角纤锌矿结构,薄膜呈(002)晶面择优生长。用体积百分比为0.5%稀盐酸对制备的AZO薄膜进行腐蚀制绒,腐蚀后其表面形貌随溅射气压的不同而改变。在适当溅射气压下(～1.5m Torr)制备的薄膜,通过溅射后腐蚀工艺,可获得表面形貌具有特征陷光结构的AZO薄膜,其表面呈现"弹坑"状,薄膜的绒度随表面形貌的不同而变化。同时通过优化制备工艺,所有溅射气压下制备的AZO薄膜在可见光及近红外范围的平均透过率大于80%,电阻率低于8.5×10-4Ω·cm,可以满足硅基薄膜太阳电池对透明前电极光电性能的要求。     

溅射功率对ZnO∶Si透明导电薄膜性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在室温玻璃基片上制备出了掺硅氧化锌(ZnO∶ Si)透明导电薄膜.研究了溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜结构、形貌、光学及电学性能的影响.结果表明,溅射功率对ZnO∶ Si薄膜的生长速率、结晶质量及电学性能有很大影响,而对其光学性能影响不大.实验制备的ZnO∶Si薄膜为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有垂直于基片方向的c轴择优取向.当溅射功率从45 W增加到105 W时,薄膜的晶化程度提高、晶粒尺寸增大,薄膜的电阻率减小;当溅射功率为105 W时,薄膜的电阻率达到最小值3.83×10-4 Ω·cm,其可见光透过率为94.41;.实验制备的ZnO∶ Si薄膜可以用作薄膜太阳能电池和液晶显示器的透明电极.     

直流磁控溅射法制备铝铬共掺杂氧化锌薄膜及其结构和光电性能的研究

利用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备了铝铬共掺杂氧化锌(ZACO)透明导电薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等表征方法对薄膜特性进行测试分析,研究了溅射压强和溅射功率对薄膜生长速率以及光电特性的影响.结果表明,随着溅射气压(1.5～4.5 Pa)的增大,薄膜沿c轴方向的结晶质量提高,薄膜表面更加致密,晶粒大小更加均匀.薄膜生长率随压强的增大而减小,但电阻率先减小后增大.当溅射功率由80 W增大到100 W时,薄膜的生长速率增大,电阻率减小.溅射压强为3.5 Pa,溅射功率为100 W时,薄膜的电阻率达到最小值2.574×10-3 Ω·cm.紫外-可见透射光谱表明,所有薄膜在可见光区的透过率均超过89.9;.     

直流反应磁控溅射法制备ZnO: Zr透明导电薄膜

以Zn∶ Zr为靶材,利用直流反应磁控溅射法制备了ZnO∶ Zr透明导电薄薄膜.研究了沉积压强对ZnO∶ Zr薄膜形貌、结构、光学及电学性能的影响.实验结果表明所制备的ZnO∶ Zr为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,具有垂直于衬底方向的c轴择优取向.沉积压强对ZnO∶ Zr薄膜的晶化程度、形貌、生长速率和电阻率影响很大,而对其光学性能如透光率、光学带隙及折射率影响不大.当沉积压强为2Pa时,ZnO∶ Zr薄膜的电阻率达到最小值2.0×10-3Ω ·cm,其可见光平均透过率和平均折射率分别为83.2％和1.97.     

溅射压强对低阻高透过率掺钛氧化锌透明导电薄膜的影响

利用直流磁控溅射法在室温水冷玻璃衬底上制备出了高质量的掺钛氧化锌透明导电薄膜(ZnO: Ti).研究了溅射压强对ZnO: Ti薄膜结构、形貌和光电性能的影响.研究结果表明,溅射压强对ZnO: Ti 薄膜的结构和电阻率有显著影响.X射线衍射(XRD)表明,ZnO: Ti 薄膜为六角纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有c轴择优取向.在溅射压强为5.0 Pa时,实验获得的ZnO: Ti薄膜电阻率最小值为1.084 ×10~(-4) Ω· cm.实验制备的ZnO: Ti 薄膜具有良好的附着性能,可见光区平均透过率超过91;.ZnO: Ti薄膜可以用作薄膜太阳能电池和液晶显示器的透明电极.     

溅射功率对钛镓共掺杂氧化锌透明导电薄膜光电性能的影响

以ZnO∶Ga2O3∶TiO2(97wt;∶1.5wt;∶1.5wt;)陶瓷靶作为溅射源,采用射频磁控溅射技术在玻璃衬底上制备了钛镓共掺杂氧化锌(TGZO)透明导电薄膜,通过X射线衍射仪、四探针仪和分光光度计测试表征,研究了溅射功率对TGZO薄膜晶体结构、电学性质和光学性能的影响.结果表明:所有TGZO薄膜均为六角纤锌矿结构,并且具有(002)择优取向,溅射功率对薄膜性能具有明显的影响.当溅射功率为200 W时,TGZO薄膜的结晶质量最好、电阻率最低、平均可见光透射率最高,品质因数最大(1.22×10-2 Ω-1),其光电综合性能最佳.另外,通过光谱拟合方法研究了溅射功率对TGZO薄膜折射率和消光系数的影响,并利用Tauc关系式计算了样品的光学能隙.     

溅射功率对铝铬共掺杂氧化锌透明导电薄膜特性的影响(英文)

室温下,利用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备了铝铬共掺杂氧化锌薄膜,研究了溅射功率(55-130 W)对薄膜结构、残余应力、表面形貌及其光电性能的影响。结果表明,ZnO(002)衍射峰的强度随着溅射功率的增大而增强,晶体结构得以改善。晶格常数、压应力和电阻率均随着溅射功率的增大而减小。当溅射功率为130 W时,制备的ZnO∶Al,Cr薄膜的最低电阻率可达1.09×10-3Ω.cm。功率由55 W增大到130 W时,光学带隙由3.39 eV增大到3.45 eV。紫外-可见透射光谱表明,所有薄膜在可见光范围内平均透过率均超过89%。     

B掺杂对平面结构MOCVD-ZnO薄膜性能的影响

本文研究了B2H6掺杂流量(B掺杂)对平面结构MOCVD-ZnO薄膜的微观结构和光电性能影响.XRD、SEM和AFM测试的研究结果表明,玻璃衬底上制备的ZnO薄膜具有(002)峰择优取向的平面结构,B掺杂使薄膜的球状晶粒尺寸变小,10 sccm流量时晶粒尺寸为～15 nm.ZnO:B薄膜的最小电阻率为5.7×10-3Ω·cm.生长的ZnO薄膜(厚度d=1150 nm)在400～900 nm范围的透过率为82;～97;,且随着B2H6掺杂流量增大,光学吸收边呈现蓝移(即光学带隙Eg展宽)现象.     

靶与衬底之间的距离对ZnO∶Zr透明导电薄膜性能的影响

利用直流磁控溅射法在室温玻璃衬底上制备出了可见光透过率高、电阻率低的掺锆氧化锌(ZnO∶Zr)透明导电薄膜。并系统地研究了靶与衬底之间的距离对ZnO∶Zr薄膜结构、形貌、光学及电学性能的影响。实验结果表明,靶与衬底之间的距离对ZnO∶Zr薄膜的生长速率、结晶质量及电学性能有很大影响,而对其光学性能影响不大。实验制备的ZnO∶Zr为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜,且具有垂直于衬底方向的c轴择优取向。当靶与衬底之间的距离从60 mm减小到50 mm时,薄膜的晶化程度提高、晶粒尺寸增大,薄膜的电阻率减小;然而,当距离继续减小时,薄膜的晶化程度降低、晶粒尺寸减小,薄膜的电阻率增大。当靶与衬底之间的距离为50 mm时,薄膜的电阻率达到最小值4.2×10-4Ω.cm,其可见光透过率超过95%。实验制备的ZnO∶Zr薄膜可以用作薄膜太阳能电池和液晶显示器的透明电极。     

沉积压强对Sc掺杂ZnO薄膜性能的影响

利用射频磁控溅射方法,采用Sc_2O_3掺杂(质量百分比2;)ZnO为靶材在石英玻璃上制备透明导电ZnO:Sc(SZO)薄膜.用X射线衍射仪、分光光度计及霍尔测试仪等对样品进行表征,分析了沉积压强从0.3 Pa到2.0 Pa的变化对SZO薄膜的微结构及光学特性的影响.XRD研究结果表明所有样品都是六角密堆积结构,而且溅射压强对SZO薄膜的微结构有着显著的影响.所有SZO薄膜的透过率在可见光区域均大于85;,近紫外区域由于吸收,透射率大大降低.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of spatial ordering of dislocations during plastic deformation of crystals

Mechanisms of spatial ordering of dislocations during plastic deformation of crystals are considered. The system of evolution equations, which take into account the effects of elastic and correlated interactions of screw dislocations, is derived. The study is performed with due regard for the dynamics of spatial fluctuations of the dislocation density.