The principle of relativity and the special relativity triple

Based on the principle of relativity and the postulate on universal invariant constants (c,l) as well as Einstein's isotropy conditions, three kinds of special relativity form a triple with a common Lorentz group as isotropy group under full Umov–Weyl–Fock–Lorentz transformations among inertial motions.     

Some Anisotropic Universes in the Presence of Imperfect Fluid Coupling with Spatial Curvature

We consider Bianchi VI spacetime, which also can be reduced to Bianchi types VI₀-V-III-I. We initially consider the most general form of the energy-momentum tensor which yields anisotropic stress and heat flow. We then derive an energy-momentum tensor that couples with the spatial curvature in a way so as to cancel out the terms that arise due to the spatial curvature in the evolution equations of the Einstein field equations. We obtain exact solutions for the universes indefinitely expanding with constant mean deceleration parameter. The solutions are beriefly discussed for each Bianchi type. The dynamics of the models and fluid are examined briefly, and the models that can approach to isotropy are determined. We conclude that even if the observed universe is almost isotropic, this does not necessarily imply the isotropy of the fluid (e.g., dark energy) affecting the evolution of the universe within the context of general relativity.     

On the velocity of a light spot moving over a cylindrical screen

It is shown that, if the speed of light in free space is anisotropic, the velocity of a light spot moving over a cylindrical screen varies with the angle at which the radiation source is observed. The absence of this dependence can be treated as a direct proof of the isotropy of the speed of light or, in other words, of the validity of the second postulate of special relativity.     

Neutrino superluminality without Cherenkov-like processes in Finslerian special relativity

Recently, Cohen and Glashow [A.G. Cohen, S.L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 181803] pointed out that the superluminal neutrinos reported by the OPERA would lose their energy rapidly via the Cherenkov-like process. The Cherenkov-like process for the superluminal particles would be forbidden if the principle of special relativity holds in any frame instead violated with a preferred frame. We have proposed that the Finslerian special relativity could account for the data of the neutrino superluminality (arXiv:1110.6673 [hep-ph]). The Finslerian special relativity preserves the principle of special relativity and involves a preferred direction while consists with the causality. In this Letter, we prove that the energy–momentum conservation is preserved and the energy–momentum is well defined in Finslerian special relativity. The Cherenkov-like process is forbidden in the Finslerian special relativity. Thus, the superluminal neutrinos would not lose energy in their distant propagation.     

On null isotropy in spacetimes

Null isotropy in a spacetime is defined. The relation of null isotropy to the constant curvature and infinitesimal spatial isotropy is investigated. The influence of null isotropy on conjugate points along null geodesics and curvature singularities is investigated.     

Bianchi type III models with anisotropic dark energy

The general form of the anisotropy parameter of the expansion for Bianchi type-III metric is obtained in the presence of a single diagonal imperfect fluid with a dynamically anisotropic equation of state parameter and a dynamical energy density in general relativity. A special law is assumed for the anisotropy of the fluid which reduces the anisotropy parameter of the expansion to a simple form (D μ H^-2V^-2{\Delta\propto H^{-2}V^{-2}}, where Δ is the anisotropy parameter, H is the mean Hubble parameter and V is the volume of the universe). The exact solutions of the Einstein field equations, under the assumption on the anisotropy of the fluid, are obtained for exponential and power-law volumetric expansions. The isotropy of the fluid, space and expansion are examined. It is observed that the universe can approach to isotropy monotonically even in the presence of an anisotropic fluid. The anisotropy of the fluid also isotropizes at later times for accelerating models and evolves into the well-known cosmological constant in the model for exponential volumetric expansion.     

Synchronisation conventions in test theories of special relativity

The Mansouri-Sexl class of test theories of special relativity has motivated various experiments to observe or limit the difference between slow clock transport and Einstein synchronisation. These do not constitute tests of the isotropy of the one-way speed of light, since the latter is conventional. We discuss the effects of the conventionality of synchrony in the preferred frame, as well as the laboratory frame, within the Mansouri-Sexl formalism. We also consider the mutual inter-relationships of both synchrony conventions with measurements of the one-way speed of light and of time dilation factors.     

Multidimensional optimization of finite difference schemes for Computational Aeroacoustics

Because of the long propagation distances, Computational Aeroacoustics schemes must propagate the waves at the correct wave speeds and lower the isotropy error as much as possible. The spatial differencing schemes are most frequently analyzed and optimized for one-dimensional test cases. Therefore, in multidimensional problems such optimized schemes may not have isotropic behavior. In this work, optimized finite difference schemes for multidimensional Computational Aeroacoustics are derived which are designed to have improved isotropy compared to existing schemes. The derivation is performed based on both Taylor series expansion and Fourier analysis. Various explicit centered finite difference schemes and the associated boundary stencils have been derived and analyzed. The isotropy corrector factor, a parameter of the schemes, can be determined by minimizing the integrated error between the phase or group velocities on different spatial directions. The order of accuracy of the optimized schemes is the same as that of the classical schemes, the advantage being in reducing the isotropy error. The present schemes are restricted to equally-spaced Cartesian grids, so the generalized curvilinear transformation method and Cartesian grid methods are good candidates. The optimized schemes are tested by solving various multidimensional problems of Aeroacoustics.     

Special Relativity over the Field of Rational Numbers

We investigate the question: what structures of numbers (as physical quantities) are suitable to be used in special relativity? The answer to this question depends strongly on the auxiliary assumptions we add to the basic assumptions of special relativity. We show that there is a natural axiom system of special relativity which can be modeled even over the field of rational numbers.     

L'origine des régularités constatées dans les observations interférométriques de Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926 : variations de température ou anisotropie de l'espace

It is utterly impossible to consider that the regularities displayed in Miller's interferometric observations can be explained by temperature effects. As a result the light velocity is not invariant whatever its direction and consequently the principle of invariance of light velocity on which fundamentally does rest the special theory of relativity is invalidated by the observation data.     

相对性原理及其对自然界定律的协变性要求--机械能守恒定律协变性疑难的解答

阐明狭义相对性原理的准确含义,批出它并不要求自然界每条定律都单独协变,但要求每条定律至少属于一个协变集合,给出最小协变集的求法。表明机械能守恒定律满足狭义相对性原理及其对自然界定律的协变性要求,还指出一切社会科学定律也都满足狭义相对性原理。     

Moving Observers in an Isotropic Universe

This paper considers how the motion of an observer in an isotropic universe may be determined by measurements. This provides a means to identify inertial frames, yielding a simple resolution to the twins paradox of relativity theory in such a universe. We propose that isotropy is a requirement for a frame to be inertial; this makes it possible to relate motion to the large scale structure of the universe.     

Implication of Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Fine-Structure Constant

Temporal and spatial variations of fine-structure constant \(\alpha \equiv e^{2}/\hbar c\) in cosmology have been reported in analysis of combination Keck and VLT data. This paper studies the variations based on consideration of basic spacetime symmetry in physics. Both laboratory α ₀ and distant α _z are deduced from relativistic spectrum equations of atoms (e.g., hydrogen atom) defined in inertial reference systems. When Einstein’s Λ≠0, the metric of local inertial reference systems in SM of cosmology is Beltrami metric instead of Minkowski, and the basic spacetime symmetry has to be de Sitter (dS) group. The corresponding special relativity (SR) is dS-SR. A model based on dS-SR is suggested. Comparing the predictions on α-varying with the data, the parameters are determined. The best-fit dipole mode in α’s spatial varying is reproduced by this dS-SR model. α-varyings in whole sky are also studied. The results are generally in agreement with the estimations of observations. The main conclusion is that the phenomenon of α-varying cosmologically with dipole mode dominating is due to the de Sitter (or anti de Sitter) spacetime symmetry with a Minkowski point in an extended special relativity called de Sitter invariant special relativity (dS-SR) developed by Dirac-Inönü-Wigner-Gürsey-Lee-Lu-Zou-Guo.     

Quantum cellular automata and free quantum field theory

In a series of recent papers [1–4] it has been shown how free quantum field theory can be derived without using mechanical primitives (including space-time, special relativity, quantization rules, etc.), but only considering the easiest quantum algorithm encompassing a countable set of quantum systems whose network of interactions satisfies the simple principles of unitarity, homogeneity, locality, and isotropy. This has opened the route to extending the axiomatic information-theoretic derivation of the quantum theory of abstract systems [5, 6] to include quantum field theory. The inherent discrete nature of the informational axiomatization leads to an extension of quantum field theory to a quantum cellular automata theory, where the usual field theory is recovered in a regime where the discrete structure of the automata cannot be probed. A simple heuristic argument sets the scale of discreteness to the Planck scale, and the customary physical regime where discreteness is not visible is the relativistic one of small wavevectors.     

From De Sitter Special Relativity and Snyder's Model to Complete Yang Model

The de Sitter special relativity on the Beltrami-de Sitter-spacetime and Snyder's model in the momentum space can be combined together with an IR-UV duality to get the complete Yang model at both classical and quantum levels, which are related by the proposed Killing quantization. It is actually a special relativity based on the principle of relativity of three universal constants (c,l_P,R).     

相对论动力学方程的一个简单例解

采用在牛顿力学中常用的方法,用一种简洁的数学形式给出了一维运动情形下受恒力作用的粒子的相对论动力学方程的一个例解,详细讨论了相对论粒子的加速度、速度和运动方程与牛顿力学中对应物理量的区别和联系.     

A local-ether wave equation and speed-dependent mass and quantum energy

The east-west directional anisotropy in clock rate observed in the Hafele-Keating experiment with circumnavigation atomic clocks is commonly ascribed to the special relativity. In this investigation, based on the local-ether wave equation, an entirely different interpretation of this anisotropy is presented by showing that the clock-rate variation can originate from an intrinsic quantum property of the atom. For a harmonic-like wavefunction, the local-ether wave equation leads to a first-order time evolution equation similar to Schr?dinger's equation. However, the time derivative incorporates a speed-dependent factor similar to that in the Lorentz mass-variation law. Consequently, the quantum energy, the transition frequency, and hence the atomic clock rate decrease with the atom speed by this speed-dependent mass-variation factor. According to the local-ether model, the speed is referred specifically to a geocentric or heliocentric inertial frame for an earthbound or interplanetary clock, respectively. It is shown that this restriction on reference frame is actually in accord with the various experimental results of the anisotropy and the clock-rate difference in the Hafele-Keating experiment, the synchronism and the clock-rate adjustment in GPS (global positioning system), and of the spatial isotropy in the Hughes-Drever experiment. Moreover, the switching of the unique reference frame is in accord with the frequency-shift formulas adopted in earthbound and interplanetary spacecraft microwave links. Meanwhile, the local-ether model predicts a constant deviation in frequency shift from the calculated result reported in an interplanetary spacecraft link. This discrepancy then provides a means to test the local-ether wave equation. Received 11 December 2000 and Received in final form 20 August 2001     

Beltrami-de Sitter时空和de Sitter不变的狭义相对论

分析了在相对论体系中狭义相对性原理和宇宙学原理之间的关系以及Beltrami-de Sitter -陆启铿疑难.指出可以把狭义相对性原理推广到非零常曲率时空，在具有Beltrami度规 的de Sitter/反de Sitter时空中建立狭义相对论的运动学和粒子动力学. 在这类狭义相对 论中,相对于Beltrami坐标同时性，Beltrami坐标系就是惯性坐标系，相应的观测者为惯 性观测者; 对于自由粒子和光讯号, 惯性定律成立;可以定义可观测量,它们不但守恒而且还 满足推广的爱因斯坦关系.除了Beltrami坐标时同时性之外，对于共动观测, 还可以取固 有时同时性;此时，Beltrami度规成为Robertson-Walker型的度规，其3维空间是闭的,对 于平坦的偏离为宇宙学常数的量级.这表明,在这类狭义相对论中,相对性原理与“完美”宇 宙学原理之间存在内在联系,并不存在那些问题.进而,基于最新观测事实，重述了Mach原 理；指出对于Beltrami-de Sitter/反de Sitter时空，宇宙学常数恰恰给出惯性运动的起 源. 关键词： 狭义相对性原理 宇宙学原理 de Sitter不变的狭义相对论 Beltrami-de Sitter时空 同时性 Mach原理     

The consistency of the postulates of special relativity

In a recent article in this journal, Kingsley has tried to show that the postulates of special relativity contradict each other. Here we show that the arguments of Kingsley are invalid because of an erroneous appeal to symmetry in a non-symmetric situation. The consistency of the postulates of special relativity and the relativistic kinematics deduced from them is restated.