Symmetries for the Ablowitz–Ladik Hierarchy: Part II. Integrable Discrete Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations and Discrete AKNS Hierarchy

In the paper, we continue to consider symmetries related to the Ablowitz–Ladik hierarchy. We derive symmetries for the integrable discrete nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy and discrete AKNS hierarchy. The integrable discrete nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy is in scalar form and its two sets of symmetries are shown to form a Lie algebra. We also present discrete AKNS isospectral flows, non‐isospectral flows and their recursion operator. In continuous limit these flows go to the continuous AKNS flows and the recursion operator goes to the square of the AKNS recursion operator. These discrete AKNS flows form a Lie algebra that plays a key role in constructing symmetries and their algebraic structures for both the integrable discrete nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy and discrete AKNS hierarchy. Structures of the obtained algebras are different structures from those in continuous cases which usually are centerless Kac–Moody–Virasoro type. These algebra deformations are explained through continuous limit and degree in terms of lattice spacing parameter h.     

Symmetries and Their Lie Algebra of a Variable Coefficient Korteweg-de Vries Hierarchy

Isospectral and non-isospectral hierarchies related to a variable coefficient Painlev′e integrable Korteweg-de Vries(Kd V for short) equation are derived. The hierarchies share a formal recursion operator which is not a rigorous recursion operator and contains t explicitly. By the hereditary strong symmetry property of the formal recursion operator, the authors construct two sets of symmetries and their Lie algebra for the isospectral variable coefficient Korteweg-de Vries(vc Kd V for short) hierarchy.     

Symmetries for the Ablowitz–Ladik Hierarchy: Part I. Four‐Potential Case

In the paper, we first investigate symmetries of isospectral and non‐isospectral four‐potential Ablowitz–Ladik hierarchies. We express these hierarchies in the form of u_n,t= L^mH⁽⁰⁾ , where m is an arbitrary integer (instead of a nature number) and L is the recursion operator. Then by means of the zero‐curvature representations of the isospectral and non‐isospectral flows, we construct symmetries for the isospectral equation hierarchy as well as non‐isospectral equation hierarchy, respectively. The symmetries, respectively, form two centerless Kac‐Moody‐Virasoro algebras. The recursion operator L is proved to be hereditary and a strong symmetry for this isospectral equation hierarchy. Besides, we make clear for the relation between four‐potential and two‐potential Ablowitz–Ladik hierarchies. The even order members in the four‐potential Ablowitz–Ladik hierarchies together with their symmetries and algebraic structures can be reduced to two‐potential case. The reduction keeps invariant for the algebraic structures and the recursion operator for two potential case becomes L² .     

Nonlocal symmetries and recursion operators: Partial differential and differential-difference equations

A systematic method to derive the nonlocal symmetries for partial differential and differential-difference equations with two independent variables is presented and shown that the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) and Burger's equations, Volterra and relativistic Toda (RT) lattice equations admit a sequence of nonlocal symmetries. An algorithm, exploiting the obtained nonlocal symmetries, is proposed to derive recursion operators involving nonlocal variables and illustrated it for the KdV and Burger's equations, Volterra and RT lattice equations and shown that the former three equations admit factorisable recursion operators while the RT lattice equation possesses (2×2) matrix factorisable recursion operator. The existence of nonlocal symmetries and the corresponding recursion operator of partial differential and differential-difference equations does not always determine their mathematical structures, for example, bi-Hamiltonian representation.     

A recursion operator for the universal hierarchy equation via Cartan’s method of equivalence

We apply Cartan’s method of equivalence to find a Bäcklund autotransformation for the tangent covering of the universal hierarchy equation. The transformation provides a recursion operator for symmetries of this equation.     

On the Lie algebra structures connected with Hamiltonian dynamical systems

We construct the hierarchies of master symmetries constituting Virasoro-type algebras for the Hamiltonian vector fields preserving a recursion operator. Similarly, repeatedly contracting a Hamiltonian vector field with the corresponding recursion operator, we define an Abelian Lie algebra of the thus obtained hierarchy of vector fields. The approach is shown to be applicable for the Volterra and Toda lattices. Published in Ukrainskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 699–705, May, 1997.     

KP系统Lax算子及主对称的换位公式

本文讨论的是ＫＰ系统Ｌａｘ算子及主对称的换位公式．通过拓广速降函数空间及对 ＫＰ方程 Ｌａｘ算子的讨论,找到了 Ｌａｘ算子的表示向量;并通过对 Ｌａｘ算子、 Ｌａｘ流、 Ｌａｘ算子表示向量之间联系的讨论,得出了计算 Ｌａｘ算子李括号的表示向量的方法,从而解决了 ＫＰ方程主对称的换位公式问题．最后本文还利用伴随算子给出了从ＫＰ方程任一主对称得到其一个对称的公式．     

Recursion Operator of the Narita–Itoh–Bogoyavlensky Lattice

We construct a recursion operator for the family of Narita–Itoh–Bogoyavlensky infinite lattice equations using its Lax presentation and present their mastersymmetries and bi‐Hamiltonian structures. We show that this highly nonlocal recursion operator generates infinitely many local symmetries.     

THE RECURSION OPERATOR FOR A CONSTRAINED CKP HIERARCHY

This paper gives a recursion operator for a 1-constrained CKP hierarchy, and by the recursion operator it proves that the 1-constrained CKP hierarchy can be reduced to the mKdV hierarchy under condition q = r.     

Nonlocal Symmetries of the Camassa-Holm Type Equations

A class of nonlocal symmetries of the Camassa-Holm type equations with bi-Hamiltonian structures, including the Camassa-Holm equation, the modified Camassa-Holm equation, Novikov equation and Degasperis-Procesi equation, is studied. The nonlocal symmetries are derived by looking for the kernels of the recursion operators and their inverse operators of these equations. To find the kernels of the recursion operators, the authors adapt the known factorization results for the recursion operators of ...     

Nonlocal Symmetries for Bilinear Equations and Their Applications

In this paper, nonlocal symmetries for the bilinear KP and bilinear BKP equations are re-studied. Two arbitrary parameters are introduced in these nonlocal symmetries by considering gauge invariance of the bilinear KP and bilinear BKP equations under the transformation     . By expanding these nonlocal symmetries in power series of each of two parameters, we have derived two types of bilinear NKP hierarchies and two types of bilinear NBKP hierarchies. An impressive observation is that bilinear positive and negative KP (NKP) and BKP hierarchies may be derived from the same nonlocal symmetries for the KP and BKP equations. Besides, as two concrete examples, we have derived bilinear Bäcklund transformations for   t ₋₂  -flow of the NKP hierarchy and   t ₋₁  -flow of the NBKP hierarchy. All these results have made it clear that more nice integrable properties would be found for these obtained NKP hierarchies and NBKP hierarchies. Because KP and BKP hierarchies have played an essential role in soliton theory, we believe that the bilinear NKP and NBKP hierarchies will have their right place in this field.     

Symmetry study of the coupled Burgers system

The inverse of the recursion operator of a coupled Burgers equation is given explicitly. Three sets of infinitely many symmetries of the considered model are obtained by acting the recursion operator and it’s inverse on the trivial symmetries, space translation, identity transformation and the scaling transformation respectively. These symmetries constitute an infinite dimensional Lie algebra.     

Symmetries and Conservation Laws of the System: ux= vwx, vy= u wy, uv+wxx+wyy=0

After a short exposition of the theory of local and nonlocal symmetries and conservation laws for systems of PDEs, results on these and the recursion operator are listed for the system of PDEs u_x=vw_x, v_y=uw_y, uv+w_xx+w_yy=0. In between the methods of computation are explained.     

BKP 与CKP 可积系列的递归算子

借助于新引进的算子B, 本文给出了BKP 与CKP 可积系列约束条件在其Lax 算子L中的动力学变量上的具体体现, 即奇数阶动力学变量u_2k+1 能被偶数阶动力学变量u_2k 显式表达. 同时本文给出了BKP 与CKP 可积系列的流方程以及(2n + 1)- 约化下递归算子的统一公式, 揭示了BKP 可积系列和CKP 可积系列的重要区别. 作为例子, 本文给出了BKP 与CKP 可积系列在3- 约化下的递归算子的显式表示, 并验证了u₂ 的t₁ 流通过递归算子的确可以产生u₂ 的t₇ 流, 该流方程与3- 约化下产生的对应流方程是一致的.     

一个新的非等谱可积族和一些相关对称

利用李群$M_nC$的一个子群我们引入一个线性非等谱问题,该问题的相容性条件可导出演化方程的一个非等谱可积族,该可积族可约化成一个广义非等谱可积族.这个广义非等谱可积族可进一步约化成在物理学中具有重要应用的标准非线性薛定谔方程和KdV方程.基于此,我们讨论在广义非等谱可积族等谱条件下的一个广义AKNS族$u_t=K_m(u)$的$K$对称和$\tau$对称.此外,我们还考虑非等谱AKNS族$u_t=\tau_{N+1}^l$的$K$对称和$\tau$对称.最后,我们得到这两个可积族的对称李代数,并给出这些对称和李代数的一些应用,即生成了一些变换李群和约化方程的无穷小算子.     

微分方程递归算子的一种推广

微分方程的多数重要的递归算子都是积微分算子。在试图获得整个对称族时人们常常遇到困难。有时甚至由于缺乏精确性而导致伪对称。本文给出递归算子一种推广,其在某种程度上消除了这些问题。文中还给出了若干重要例子说明这种推广及其重要性。     

Volterra's realization of the KM-system

We construct a symplectic realization of the KM-system and obtain the higher order Poisson tensors and commuting flows via the use of a recursion operator. This is achieved by doubling the number of variables through Volterra's coordinate transformation. An application of Oevel's theorem yields master symmetries, invariants and deformation relations.     

Recursion operators,conservation laws,and integrability conditions for difference equations

We attempt to propose an algebraic approach to the theory of integrable difference equations. We define the concept of a recursion operator for difference equations and show that it generates an infinite sequence of symmetries and canonical conservation laws for a difference equation. As in the case of partial differential equations, these canonical densities can serve as integrability conditions for difference equations. We obtain the recursion operators for the Viallet equation and all the Adler-Bobenko-Suris equations.