Foreword to the Special Focus on Mathematics,Data and Knowledge

There is a growing interest in applying mathematical theories and methods from topology, computational geometry, differential equations, fluid dynamics, quantum statistics, etc. to describe and to analyze scientific regularities of diverse, massive, complex, nonlinear, and fast changing data accumulated continuously around the world and in discovering and revealing valid, insightful, and valuable knowledge that data imply. With increasingly solid mathematical foundations, various methods and techniques have been studied and developed for data mining, modeling, and processing, and knowledge representation, organization, and verification; different systems and mechanisms have been designed to perform data-intensive tasks in many application fields for classification, predication, recommendation, ranking, filtering, etc. This special focus of Mathematics in Computer Science is organized to stimulate original research on the interaction of mathematics with data and knowledge, in particular the exploration of new mathematical theories and methodologies for data modeling and analysis and knowledge discovery and management, the study of mathematical models of big data and complex knowledge, and the development of novel solutions and strategies to enhance the performance of existing systems and mechanisms for data and knowledge processing. The present foreword provides a short review of some key ideas and techniques on how mathematics interacts with data and knowledge, together with a few selected research directions and problems and a brief introduction to the four papers published in the focus.     

小区域科技实力及其评估体系

科技实力是运作主体能够进行并完成科技活动的能力。科技实力是一个评估性概念，它反映了科学技术的创新，发展，转移，推广，储备条件以及管理，效果等不同层面的综合性的特征，科技实力由科技潜在能力（科技势能），科技显现能力（科技动能）构成，它包含了对科技资源及分布状态，科技资源保障能力，科技创新能力，科技开发能力，科技转移能力和科技活动运作能力的综合描述。     

环境治理政策的减排、增效与结构优化效果动态评价

为测度环境治理政策波动对产出、减排、要素配置、消费与产业结构的影响及其传导机制,将异质性消费偏好、产出差异性、环境效用和环境损失函数引入E-DSGE模型。政策强度分析发现,技术进步、排污税和消费税政策效果较强,环境控制和治污支出冲击效果较弱。政策效应分析发现,技术进步政策效应最优,能实现增产和减排双重目标,促进要素配置和居民消费、产出与消费结构改进;排污税和政府治污支出政策次优,能实现增产和减排的双赢目标,促进要素供给和产出结构清洁化,不利于消费提升和消费结构优化;环境控制与消费税政策效果最差,以牺牲产出实现减排,不利于要素配置,产出与消费结构改进效果较弱,消费税会抑制居民消费,但消费税政策效果随环境友好型家庭比例提升而加强。     

城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价指标与评价方法

定量的评判城市老旧居住小区整体交通环境质量并进而科学有效的提出老旧小区交通环境更新与改善措施,对城市老旧居住小区交通环境进行了调查,明确了老旧居住小区存在的突出交通问题,并提出了城市老旧居住小区交通环境评价的指标体系,包括行人跨路出行指数、无人行道路段长度占比、停车泊位供需比、路内非法停车占比、平均停车步行距离、泊位数量户数比、人均步行空间、无障碍通道、盲道设置比例、非机动车泊位供需比、地面停放车辆数小区面积比、外部穿行交通周转量小区面积比等。并给出了具体指标的计算方法与获得办法。以长沙市四个典型老旧居住小区为例,对评价方法进行了论证,并得到城市老旧居住小区存在的一般问题,包括人车混杂、人车交织现象严重,停车泊位短缺、车辆乱停乱放,交通设施、特别是弱势群体交通设施缺乏。给出的评价指标、评价方法与结论可为城市老旧小区改造更新,特别是其中很重要的交通环境更新提供决策依据。     

I Just Don't Trust Them: The Development and Validation of an Assessment Instrument to Measure Trust in Science and Scientists

Trust in science and scientists can greatly influence consideration of scientific developments and activities. Yet, trust is a nebulous construct based on emotions, knowledge, beliefs, and relationships. As we explored the literature regarding trust in science and scientists we discovered that no instruments were available to assess the construct, and therefore, we developed one. Using a process of data collection from science faculty members and undergraduate students, field testing, expert feedback, and an iterative process of design, we developed, validated, and established the reliability of the Trust in Science and Scientist Inventory. Our 21‐item instrument has a reliability of Cronbach's alpha of .86, and we have successfully field‐tested it with a range of undergraduate college students. We discuss implications and possible applications of the instrument, and include it in the appendix.     

RUMINATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF POPULATION DYNAMICS MODELS IN FISHERIES

ABSTRACT. I trace the development of fisheries models (i.e., fish population dynamics models of species subject to fisheries) to the 21st century. The first real efforts occurred in the period 1900 1920 with the work of Baranov (the “Grandfather” of fisheries population dynamics) and the formation of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The establishment of the science occurred between 1920 1960 with multi‐species modeling, age‐ and size‐structure dynamics, and production models. Fundamental work during this time was done by Ricker (the “Father” of fisheries population dynamics), Beverton and Holt (the “Prophets” of fisheries population dynamics), Chapman, Dickie, DeLury, Graham, Gulland, Leslie, Lotka and Volterra, Russell, Schaefer, and Thompson. During this time, most of the workwas deterministic and mathematical. Between 1960 and 1980, statistical methodology evolved greatly but was separate from mathematical advances for the most part. The development of statistical principles for the estimation of animal abundance was further enhanced by Arnason, Buckland, Burnham and Anderson and White, Cormack, Eberhardt, Jolly, Manly, Pollock, Ricker, Robson, and Seber, among others. Fisheries models evolved in a deterministic setting, with advances in age‐structured models (Gulland, Pope, Doubleday), surplus production models (Pella, Tomlin‐son, Schnute, Fletcher, Hilborn), growth models, bioeconomic models (C. Clark) and management control models (Hilborn, Walters). The period 1980 2000 was the Golden Age. The integration between mathematics and statistics occurred when likelihood and least squares techniques were formally combined with mathematical models of population change. The number of fisheries modelers grew exponentially during this time, resulting in a concomitant increase in publications. A major advance in the 1990s has been the development of Bayesian and time series methods, which have allowed explicit specification of uncertainty. Currently, theory allows realistic modeling of age‐ and size‐structured populations, migratory populations and harvesting strategies. These models routinely incorporate measurement error, process error (stochasticity) and time variation. But data needs often overwhelm the performance of models, and greater demands are being placed on models to answer complex questions. There has been poor communication between fisheries and ecological modelers, between fisheries researchers and statisticians, and among fisheries researchers in different geographic locales. Future models will need to deal better with habitat and spatial concerns, genetics, multispecies interactions, environmental factors, effects of harvesting on the ecosystem, model misspecification and so‐cioeconomic concerns. Meta‐analysis, retrospective analysis and operating models are some modern approaches for dealing with uncertainty and providing for sustainable fisheries. However, I fear that current attacks on single‐species models and management may result in rejection of these advances and an attempt to substitute a less scientific approach.     

Application of fuzzy topsis for ranking suppliers of supply chain in automobile manufacturing companies in Iran

Evaluating, ranking and selecting of good supplier play an important role in decreasing of buying risk and increasing of efficiency and effectiveness in value chain and competitive ability of organizations. The goal of this paper is determination and localization of criteria, ranking and selecting suppliers in Automobile Manufacturing Companies in Iran. Based on literature review, 27 criteria were selected and localized, then using factor analysis, they were decreased to 6 items including quality, delivery, technical skill, after sales services, investment and product design. Ultimately, 4 suppliers including Tavan, Borna, Saba and Niroogostaran have been assessed and ranked by fuzzy topsis technique. The results of the research state that score of Borna is better than others with coefficient of 0.52, and from this view, Tavan, Saba and Niroogostaran are in the next ranking with coefficient of 0.45, 0.41, 0.31, respectively. Finally, it concludes some remarks including discussion, summary of implications for managers about how they can use this research results for selecting the best supplier and promoting the competitive ability of their organization, and directions for their further work too.     

持股策略下随机需求低碳供应链融资决策均衡

随机市场需求且受制造商减排水平影响,考虑碳限额与交易机制,研究制造商进行单纯银行借贷和供应商投资持股的组合融资时的最优决策和利润情况,分析消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和供应商的投资持股比例对供应链的最优决策变量和利润的影响。研究发现:无资金约束、单纯银行借贷和组合融资下,消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和持股比例与制造商的减排水平和利润以及供应链系统的利润正相关,而供应商的批发价格和制造商的生产量与消费者低碳偏好正相关,与碳交易价格负相关,而持股比例与供应商的批发价格负相关,与制造商的生产量和减排水平正相关;持股策略下制造商的减排水平和生产量最大,无资金约束时次之,单纯银行借贷时最小;而无资金约束时供应商的批发价格最高,单纯银行借贷时次之,持股策略时最低;在持股比例满足一定条件下,供应商和制造商的利润优于单纯银行借贷时的利润,并且可以优于无资金约束时的利润,提高了供应链的竞争力和效率。     

基于储量结构变化的油田开发指标预测与优化数学模型研究

大型油田开发过程中,随着不同类型新储量的不断投入,地质储量结构发生变化,表征油田整体开发技术与经济效果的关键性指标,如产量、可采储量、采收率、储采比、开发成本与操作成本等等也随之改变,其变化规律可用一套数学模型来描述。在开发指标预测基础上,运用多属性决策方法如TOPSIS,可以实现新投产区块组合方案的优选。应用实例表明,本文方法实用、操作性强,可以为油区开发决策提供重要方法与手段。     

乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估方法

针对乡村绿色生态旅游特征,并考虑旅游者个体感受与群体效益,本文从乡村绿色生态旅游开发与适宜评级概念出发,提出乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估模型与方法。首先,从等级评估的概念与内涵出发,刻画乡村绿色生态旅游适宜评级问题,避免混淆旅游适宜评级和排序两个本质不同的问题。然后,构建乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级评估指标及隶属函数,提出评估指标的熵权确定方法。其次,提出乡村绿色生态旅游适宜等级VIKOR评估模型与二元语义等级评估方法。最后,通过案例研究和比较分析,说明本文所提模型与方法的合理性、可行性与实用性。     

Galois representations,automorphic forms,and the Sato-Tate Conjecture

The present text consists of notes of several lectures on the proof of the Sato-Tate Conjecture given up through 2008. The goal of the lectures was to explain the statement and the main ideas of the proof. The notes are somewhat dated; shortly after they were written, the author, together with Bernet-Lamb, Geraghty, and Taylor, were able to prove the analogue of the Sato-Tate conjecture for all elliptic modular forms. In particular, Theorems 2.4 and 2.5 are not conditional, and the condition on the j-invariant in Theorem 1.1 is superfluous. Moreover, the methods of proof outlined in sections 3 and 4 have been generalized and extended in a number of ways, notably in a series of articles by Barnet-Lamb, Gee, Geraghty, and Taylor, by Thorne, and by Calegari and Geraghty.     

基于深度学习的交通运输业能耗预测——以“一带一路”主要经济体为例

为合理规划一次能源使用,深入推进节能减排,需对交通运输能耗进行预测.使用灰色综合关联度模型筛选出客运、货运和经济发展水平三个方面共八个影响因素作为模型输入,提出了主要由LSTM层、Dropout层和Bi-LSTM层构成的深度学习模型,并使用天牛群优化算法精调模型超参数,在此基础上对2019至2025年中国、印度、东南亚和巴基斯坦四个"一带一路"沿线经济体交通运输能耗进行预测.研究结果表明:首先,BSO-LSTM模型较GA-BPNN、GA-SVR、GA-LSTM和PSO-LSTM模型具有最高的预测精度.其次,2019-2025年,中、印、东、巴交通运输业能耗总体上在波动中上升,年均增长率分别为2.92%、5.64%、3.05%和4.88%.再次,2024年中、印、东、巴交通运输业单位GDP能耗分别为29.41、37.41、46.67和83.12,除巴基斯坦外,较2018年均有所下降.最后,中国、东南亚2018-2024年交通运输业能源消费弹性系数较2012-2018年有所下降,而印度、巴基斯坦仍保持上升趋势.     

关于不分明凸集的几点注记

我们综合考虑作物组合和熟制、生产工艺、机群的生产效率和费用、作业适期、气候条件的随机性及其对实际田间作业天数的影响、以及相应的适时性损失,应用蒙特卡罗模拟技术,建立了一个确定各种机群结构最佳负担面积的模拟模型。并根据目前苏南地区适用的稻麦生产工艺和目前可供选用或已经过引进试验的机组性能参数,按照配套、协调和不可分割的原则,组成了七种基本机群结构。在模拟运算和灵敏度试验的基础上,对各种机群的经济规模、单位面积投资、生产费用、土地生产率和亩均纯收入等各项经济效益指标进行了详尽的分析和比较。最后,就农业机械化的发展战略、有关的政策措施以及农业的经营体制提出了我们的见解和结论。     

Making mathematics and science integration happen: key aspects of practice

The integration of mathematics and science teaching and learning facilitates student learning, engagement, motivation, problem-solving, criticality and real-life application. However, the actual implementation of an integrative approach to the teaching and learning of both subjects at classroom level, with in-service teachers working collaboratively, at second-level education, is under-researched due to the complexities of school-based research. This study reports on a year-long case study on the implementation of an integrated unit of learning on distance, speed and time, within three second-level schools in Ireland. This study employed a qualitative approach and examined the key aspects of practice that impact on the integration of mathematics and science teaching and learning. We argue that teacher perspective, teacher knowledge of the ‘other subject’ and of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), and teacher collaboration and support all impact on the implementation of an integrative approach to mathematics and science education.     

Reexamination of processing time uncertainty

This paper presents the insights gained from the use of data mining and multivariate statistical techniques to identify important factors associated with a country's competitiveness and the development of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) models to predict it. In addition to stepwise regression and weighted non-linear programming techniques, intelligent learning techniques (artificial neural networks), and inferential techniques (classification and regression trees), were applied to a dataset of 43 countries from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY). The dataset included 55 variables on economic, internationalization, governmental, financial, infrastructure, management, science and technology, as well as demographic and cultural characteristics. Exploratory data analysis and parameter calibration of the intelligent method architectures preceded the development and evaluation of reasonably accurate models (mean absolute error <5.5%), and subsequent out-of-sample validations. The strengths and weaknesses of each of the KDD techniques were assessed, along with their relative performance and the primary input variables influencing a country's competitiveness. Our analysis reveals that the primary drivers of competitiveness are lower country risk rating and higher computer usage, in entrepreneurial urbanized societies with less male dominance and basic infrastructure, with higher gross domestic investment, savings and private consumption, more imports of goods and services than exports, increased purchase power parity GDP, larger and more productive but not less expensive labor force, and higher R&;D expenditures. Without diminishing the role and importance of WCY reports, our approach can be useful to estimate the competitiveness of many countries not included in WCY, while our findings may benefit policy makers and international agencies to expand their own abilities, insights and establish priorities for improving country competitiveness.     

Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter

In (T. Ma and S. Wang. Gravitational field equations and theory of dark matter and dark energy, Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, Ser. A, 34(2): 335-366, 2014; arXiv:1206.5078v2), a new set of gravitational field equations are derived based only on 1) the Einstein principle of general relativity, and 2) the principle of interaction dynamics, due to the the presence of dark energy and dark matter. With the field equations, we show that gravity can display both attractive and repulsive behavior, and the dark matter and dark energy are just a property of gravity caused by the nonlinear interactions of the gravitational potential $g_{μv}$and its dual field. The main objectives of this paper are two-fold. The first is to study the PID-induced cosmological model, and to show explicitly, as addressed in (T. Ma and S. Wang, Astrophysical dynamics and cosmology, Journal of Mathematical Study, 47(4): 305-378, 2014), that 1) dark matter is due to the curvature of space, and 2) dark energy corresponds to the negative pressure generated by the dual gravitational potential in the field equations, and maintains the stability of geometry and large scale structure of the Universe. Second, for the gravitational field outside of a ball of centrally symmetric matter field, there exist precisely two physical parameters dictating the two-dimensional stable manifold of asymptotically flat space-time geometry, such that, as the distance to the center of the ball of the matter field increases, gravity behaves as Newtonian gravity, then additional attraction due to the curvature of space (dark matter effect), and repulsive (dark energy effect). This also clearly demonstrates that both dark matter and dark energy are just a property of gravity.     

定积分概念中蕴涵的对立统一思想

讨论了定积分定义中所蕴涵的对立统一思想,并从直与曲、整体与局部、近似与精确、有限与无限、特殊与一般、常量与变量等十个方面进行了论述.     

金属矿山企业生产计划优化方法

针对金属矿山企业的单位开采与运输成本大、优化求解结果偏差大问题, 首先, 依据金属矿山企业编制开采计划的基本原则, 以矿石开采与运输成本最小化为优化目标, 利用整数规划方法, 构建了金属矿山企业生产计划数学模型, 其次, 为了精准快速求解金属矿山企业生产计划模型, 提出了改进的量子粒子群优化算法, 采用进化速度和聚集度因子对算法中的惯性权重进行动态调整, 并设计了双层可行域搜索策略, 提高了算法的局部和全局搜索能力。最后, 以某大型金属矿山企业采运生产作业为案例, 通过与矿山实际生产指标、非线性规划结果以及粒子群优化结果进行比较分析。结果表明:在相同经济指标和参数环境下, 本文算法优于其它两种优化方法, 且每吨矿石的开采和运输成本减少了0.05元左右, 降低了金属矿山企业的开采运输成本, 提高了企业的整体经济效益。     

基于DEA-博弈论模型的铁路电子车票实名制查验评价分析

将基于数据包络分析(DEA)模型和纳什讨价还价博弈论结合, 作为一种合作博弈方法, 对铁路电子车票实名制的查验进行了综合评价, 为准确评估铁路电子车票实名制查验的效率, 加强铁路客运服务水平提供决策判断。本文以20个不同等级的铁路车站为研究对象, 分人工和机器两大类, 选取身份证购票比例、通勤员工购票比例、临时身份证购票比例, 以及人工查验旅客数/小时/通道、机器查验的通过人数/闸机/小时、闸机人脸自动识别比例和延误比例等7个指标作为投入指标, 选取人、证、票三证合一的实名制查验比例作为产出指标, 基于数据包络分析(DEA)和纳什讨价还价博弈论结合的合作博弈模型, 从人工查验和机器查验两个角度对铁路电子车票实名制查验进行统一综合评价。案例结果表明, 铁路电子车票实名制查验效率呈现出人工查验和机器查验效率不均衡的态势; 车站人脸识别闸机的数量投入与所需闸机数量的不匹配是造成实名制查验效率下降的主要原因。根据评价结果, 从人工和机器查验两个角度提出了可行建议, 促进了铁路电子车票实名制查验效率的进一步提升。