Creation of Unstable Particles and Decoherence in Semiclassical Cosmology

We consider a simple cosmological model in orderto show the importance of unstable particle creation forthe validity of the semiclassical approximation. Usingthe mathematical structure of rigged Hilbert spaces we show that particle creation is theseed of decoherence which enables the quantum toclassical transition.     

General-Relativistic Thomas-Fermi Model

A system of self-gravitating massive fermions isstudied in the framework of the general-relativisticThomas-Fermi model. We study the properties of the freeenergy functional and its relation to Einstein's fleld equations. We then describe aself-gravitating fermion gas by a set of Thomas-Fermitype self-consistency equations.     

Dynamical Vacuum in Quantum Cosmology

By regarding the vacuum as a perfect fluid with equation of state p = -, de Sitter's cosmological model is quantized. Our treatment differs from previous ones in that it endows the vacuum with dynamical degrees of freedom, following modern ideas that the cosmological term is a manifestation of the vacuum energy. Instead of being postulated from the start, the cosmological constant arises from the degrees of freedom of the vacuum regarded as a dynamical entity, and a time variable can be naturally introduced. Taking the scale factor as the sole degree of freedom of the gravitational field, stationary and wave-packet solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation are found, whose properties are studied. It is found that states of the Universe with a definite value of the cosmological constant do not exist. For the wave packets investigated, quantum effects are noticeable only for small values of the scale factor, a classical regime being attained at asymptotically large times.     

Evolution of Dimensionless Angular Momentum of Central Black Holes of Accretion Disks

The effects of the Blandford-Znajek (BZ) process on the evolution of the central black holes of accretion disks are investigated. It is proved that the dimensionless angular momentum a_* of the central black hole will evolve to a stable value in the case of thin disks, while it will evolve to a stable value in the case of thick disks. These results imply that the central black holes of accretion disks will never evolve to extreme Kerr black holes.     

On the Local Detectability of the Passage Through the Schwarzschild Horizon

Using the property of the simplest invariant built from the covariant derivatives of the curvature tensor to change sign on the Schwarzschild horizon, and the relativistic quadratic geodesic deviation equation to express the invariant in terms of locally measurable quantities, viz., separation, relative velocity and acceleration of test particles, a scheme is presented which can, in principle, be used by an imaginary observer to detect by local measurements the passage through the event horizon in the Schwarzschild spacetime.     

Cracking of Homogeneous Self-Gravitating Compact Objects Induced by Fluctuations of Local Anisotropy

We discuss the effect that small fluctuations of local anisotropy (principal stresses unequal) may have on the occurrence of cracking in spherical compact objects. Two families of homogeneous fluid distributions are considered. For both it is shown that departures from equilibrium may lead to the appearance of cracking, only if fluctuations of local anisotropy are allowed. The case of fluctuations in an initially locally isotropic (perfect fluid) configuration deserves particular attention.     

不同密度物质分布对暴涨宇宙演化影响的研究

获得了相关于宇宙暴涨的具有一般形式的物质密度ρ的表达式,解出了表征宇宙标度因子演化的一般解,得到当宇宙学常数对物质密度的贡献大于零时有指数复合函数形式的一般暴涨,当宇宙学常数对密度的贡献小于零时宇宙有余弦复合函数形式的演化.当一般密度函数的参数取特殊值时,回到通常人们得到的解,而且找出了影响宇宙暴涨的一个新的动力学参数C.     

The Relation of Generalized Scalar-Tensor Theory with the 5D Space-Time-Matter Theory

The relationship between cosmological solutionsof five-dimensional Space-Time-Matter (STM) theory anda Generalized Scalar-Tensor (GST) theory is investigatedin which the cosmological term Lambda depends not only on a scalar field but also onits time derivative .Identification of these solutions allows us to solve forthe functional form of the cosmological term, and mayhave relevance for the early Universe.     

Solutions of Kramer's Equations for Perfect Fluid Cylinders

Kramer's formulation of Einstein's fieldequations for static perfect fluid cylinders isconsidered. Three approaches are followed in seekingsolutions of Kramer's equations. First, a particularintegral is found which reproduces a previously knownclass of four solutions. Second, a fairly general ansatzis suggested, whereby a class of six new solutions isderived. Finally, the problem for an incompressible perfect fluid, with constant energy density, isreduced to a single second order equation. All solutionsare regular everywhere. Constraints are imposed on thesolutions parameters such that energy conditions are satisfied and hence the solutions arephysically reasonable.     

Exact Solutions of Covariant Wave Equations with a Multipole Source Term on Curved Spacetimes

A formalism is presented for calculating exactsolutions of covariant inhomogeneous scalar and tensorwave equations whose source terms are arbitrary ordermultipoles on a curved background spacetime. The developed formalism is based on the theory ofthe higher-order fundamental solutions for wave equationwhich are the distributions that satisfy theinhomogeneous wave equation with the corresponding order covariant derivatives of the Dirac deltafunction on the right-hand side. Like the classicalGreen's function for a scalar wave equation, thehigher-order fundamental solutions contain a direct termwhich has support on the light cone as well as a tailterm which has support inside the light cone. Knowinghow to compute the fundamental solutions of arbitraryorder, one can find exact multipole solutions of wave equations on curved spacetimes. Wepresent complete recurrent algorithms for calculatingthe arbitrary-order fundamental solutions and the exactmultipole solutions in a form convenient for practical computations. As an example we apply thealgorithm to a massless scalar wave field on aparticular Robertson-Walker spacetime.     

原子光纤中物质波演化的唯象描述

最近,Luo等人在实验上实现了所谓的原子光纤技术(原子物质波沿着一个25μm长的螺旋型波导走完了完整的两圈路径)。本文替该弯曲原子光纤中物质波的时间演化量子力学过程提供了一个唯象描述,主要讨论了三个相关问题：(i)原子物质波与弯曲波导相互作用的有效哈密顿量的构造;(ii)获得描述弯曲原子光纤中物质波的波函数;(iii)证明该物质波波函数恰好是原子动量算符的本征态,表明该唯象描述是自洽的。我们认为本文的唯象模型对于所谓的“原子光学”(atom optics)的研究是有一定意义的。     

Evolution of Matter Wave Interference of Bose-Condensed Gas in a 2D Optical Lattice

We investigate the average particle-number distribution of the atoms in the combined potential of 2D optical lattices and 3D harmonic magnetic trap based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. After the combined potential is switched off, and only the optical lattice is switched off, we give the analytical results of the wavefunction of the Bosecondensed gas at any time t by using a propagator method. For both disk-shaped and cigar-shaped Bose-condensed gas,we discuss the evolution process of the central and side peaks of the interference pattern.     

Configurations of points and strings

Let X$X$ be a smooth projective variety of dimension n≥2$n\ge 2$. It is shown that a finite configuration of points on X$X$ subject to certain geometric conditions possesses rich inner structure. On the mathematical level this inner structure is a variation of Hodge-like structure. As a consequence one can attach to such point configurations:

(i)

Lie algebras and their representations;     

Evolution of Matter Wave Interference of Bose-Condensed Gas in a 1D Optical Lattice

For a Bose-condensed gas in a combined potential consisting of an axially-symmetric harmonic magnetic trap and one-dimensional （1D） optical lattice, using the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii （G-P） equation and the propagator method, we obtain the analytical result of the order parameter for matter wave interference at any time. The evolution of the interference pattern under a variation of the relative phase △Ф between successive subcondensates trapped on an optical lattices is also studied. For △Ф=π, the interference pattern is symmetric with two sharp peaks, which are symmetrically located on a straight line on both sides of a vacant central peak and moving apart from each other. This work is in agreement with available experimental results.     

Evolution of Matter Wave Interference of Bose-Condensed Gas in a 2D Optical Lattice

We investigate the average particle-number distribution of the atoms in the combined potential of 2D optical lattices and 31) harmonic magnetic trap based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. After the combined potential is switched of[, and only the optical lattice is switched off, we give the analytical results of the wavefunction of the Bosecondensed gas at any time t by using a propagator method. For both disk-shaped and cigar-shaped Bose-condensed gas,we discuss the evolution process of the central and side peaks of the interference pattern.     

快度中心区强子物质输运系数和粘滞流体演化

用Chapman-Enskog方法计算了相对论性重离子碰撞快度中心区产生的π介子物质的输运系数,并建立了相应的粘滞流体力学方程,进而讨论了粘滞对π介子物质演化过程的影响.结果表明,粘滞将减缓快度中心区π介子物质的冷却速度.     

河北洨河人工湿地水体溶解性有机物性质的演化过程研究

联合三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱和化学还原法,对洨河人工湿地水体DOC与COD的变化特征以及溶解性有机物(DOM)的来源、化学结构、腐殖化程度与氧化还原性质进行研究,以期为深入揭示DOM在人工湿地中的地球化学行为及其生态环境效应提供科学依据。结果显示,河流水体COD 60%以上来自DOC的贡献,而其经过人工湿地后含量的降低则主要是由有机物中的N,H,S,P元素更容易被去除所导致的,其贡献率可达65%。f_470/520与BIX两种指数共同指示了水体DOM主要由微生物贡献,表明水体DOM明显受到微生物的降解作用。三维荧光光谱PARAFAC模型分析显示,人工湿地水体DOM包含类蛋白和类腐殖质组分,其中类富里酸和类胡敏酸组分比类蛋白质组分更容易被降解,类富里酸与类胡敏酸组分具有相似的分解命运。有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)与荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)具有共源性,均主要由类腐殖质组成,二者进入人工湿地后没有产生选择性降解。水体进入人工湿地后E₂/E₃,A_240～400,r_{(A, C)}与HIX指标没有发生显著变化,表明人工湿地对水体DOM的腐殖化程度不会产生显著影响。然而,人工湿地环境不仅有利于形成还原态的DOM,促进水体三价铁的还原,而且可以提高DOM作为电子穿梭体的能力,这可能与DOM的芳香性碳在人工湿地中能够得以更好保存有关。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Multi-layered Core/Shell Particles by Sequential Emulsion Polymerization

A series of core/shell particles were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization. The core/shell particles consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) core grafted with using rubbery layer [poly(butyl acrylate)co-(styrene)] and then glassy layer [poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-(ethyl acrylate)] were prepared. The conditions which led to controlled particle size and morphology were discussed. A highly cross-linked structure was formed in both the cores and the shells by using a cross-linking agent, which could prevent the migration of hydrophobic shells to the inside of the particles. The core/shell particles were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, solid state ¹³C-NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to determine the thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the core/shell particles, respectively. Results of the particle size analysis indicate that particle sizes were decreased when there is a rubbery layer as outer layer (0.44 μm) whereas it increases when there is a glassy layer as outer layer (324 μm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also confirms the multi-layers formation in the polymer.     

Preparation of PVDF Microfiltration Membranes with Thermo-responsive PNIPAM Hydrogel Composite Particles

Silica-core composite particles with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel-shell were prepared by using silica microparticle templates, which were modified with [3-(methacryloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane (MPS). The thermo-responsive PNIPAM hydrogel microcapsules were prepared by soaking the core–shell composite particles in hydrofluoric acid solution. These hydrophilic PNIPAM hydrogel microcapsules were applied to poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration membranes in order to control the hydrophobicity of membrane surface without sacrificing the permeability. PVDF/PNIPAM hydrogel composite membranes were made by phase inversion and diffusion in the mixed solvents of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) with polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) as plasticizer.     

Influence of the addition of silsesquioxane on the dewetting behavior of polystyrene thin film

A strategy to suppress the dewetting of polystyrene (PS) thin films by the addition of octacyclopentylsilsesquioxane (cPOSS) as a nanofiller was proposed. PS thin films with cPOSS were prepared by spin-coating. The bulk glass transition temperature of PS was not changed with an addition of the nanofiller up to 10 wt%. On the other hand, the addition of cPOSS to the PS thin films led to a great inhibition of dewetting. After annealing for 3 h at 373 K, no appreciable dewetting was observed by optical microscopy in the PS film with 15 wt% cPOSS, in contrast, the PS film without cPOSS was completely dewetted. Holes formed on the PS films with 10 wt% cPOSS. However, in that case, the growth of the holes stopped before reaching the final stage of the dewetting. This suggests that the increase of the cPOSS concentration per unit area at the rim of the holes prevents further growth of the holes, and this inhibition effect can be attributed to the interaction between cPOSS and the substrate accompanying modification of the PS-substrate interface.