改性Y沸石上的氢转移反应

本文试图用环已烯和邻二甲苯两典型反应考察改性Y沸石的氢转移反应性能。发现在改性Y沸石上环已烯的氢转移, 异构化和聚合反应时发生。在反应开始时SY沸石的氢转移反应和异构化反应活性与铝含量之间的关系与沸石强酸量和铝含量的关系一致, 呈火山形曲线, 极大值在Al/(Al+Si)为0.15左右, 结焦以后反应总转化迅速下降, 且氢转移活性和异构化活性随铝含量减少而单调下降。USY沸石的氢转移活性大幅度降低。在改性Y沸石上邻二甲苯异构化和歧化反应同时进行, SY沸石的歧化反应变化规律与环乙烯氢转移反应相似。当沸石样品中有大量非质子酸位存在时, 两个反应的数据会出现予盾。     

DFT法研究分子筛催化trans-2-丁烯的双键异构

利用一个3T簇模型模拟分子筛催化剂的酸性位, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的 B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)方法, 研究了分子筛催化1-丁烯双键异构为trans-2-丁烯的反应机理. 对反应各驻点进行了全优化, 经过零点能校正后, 得到了反应的活化能. 研究表明, 反应分三步进行：物理吸附→化学反应→物理脱附. 分子筛的酸性位OH基团首先吸附1-丁烯的双键形成了π配位复合物, 然后按协同反应机理发生双键异构反应, 生成吸附态的trans-2-丁烯, 最后脱附成产物. 计算得到的表观活化能为57.1 kJ•mol^-1, 与实验结果接近.     

ZSM-5分子筛催化1-己烯生成cis-2-己烯的理论研究

基于54T团簇模型, 采用ONIOM分层计算方法, 研究了1-己烯在ZSM-5分子筛上进行顺式双键异构的反应机理. 计算结果表明, 1-己烯的顺式双键异构反应通过只有分子筛Brønsted酸部分起作用的机理进行. 首先, 1-己烯与分子筛的Brønsted酸性位形成π配位复合物. 接着, 酸质子发生迁移使1-己烯的双键端基碳原子被质子化, 同时双键的另一碳原子与失去质子的Brønsted酸羟基的氧原子成键, 形成稳定的烷氧基中间体. 然后, 烷氧基中间体中的C―O共价键被打断, 同时Brønsted酸羟基的氧原子从C₆H₁₃基团提取一个氢原子还原分子筛的酸性位, 并且生成cis-2-己烯. 这一反应路径与借助于分子筛活性位的酸-碱双功能性质的反应路径是相互竞争的. 计算得到的表观活化能是59.37 kJ·mol^-1, 该值与实验值非常接近. 这一结果合理解释了双键异构过程中的能量特征, 并且扩展了对分子筛活性位本质的理解.     

USHY分子筛催化剂上2-甲基戊烷异构化反应机理

根据实验观察, 以C6正碳离子基元反应为基础定量地描述了2-甲基戊烷在USHY分子筛上异构化反应机理, 以及反应温度对其的影响. 实验结果表明, 在400 ℃下, C6正碳离子从反应物分子提取氢离子反应的速率是C6正碳离子释放质子氢给表面Brфnsted碱基反应速率的10倍, 导致反应物的异构体C6烷烃产物的生成大大快于C6烯烃产物的生成. 同时发现, C6正碳离子释放质子反应比从反应物分子提取氢离子反应要求更高的活化能, 因此在高温下, C6烷烃产物的生成量比C6烯烃产物的生成量少. 描述了各种C6正碳离子的反应途径和相互转变机理, 定量地比较了它们的反应活性和选择性, 得出了某些烃催化裂化中异构化反应选择性变化的普遍规律.     

表面强酸分布——影响HZSM-5沸石对位选择性的主要因素

考察了交换剂和改性处理对HZSM-5沸石在甲苯乙基化反应中对位选择性的影响,检测了反应初级产物的组成,用原位TPD法研究了沸石表面酸中心的催化性质。结果表明,孔径和酸性分布都是影响沸石对位选择性的重要因素,但是表面酸性的调变对提高HZSM-5沸石的对位选择性更为重要。对-甲乙苯是甲苯乙基化反应的初级产物,在表面异构化反应后生成间-甲乙苯。烷基化和异构化两种反应活性中心在酸强度上的差异很小,仅仅是所处位置不同。由于改性处理同时抑制了这两类活性中心,使HZSM-5沸石在甲苯乙基化反应中的对位选择性上升而活性下降,表现出反向变化关系。     

An examination of density functional theories on isomerization energy calculations of organic molecules

Long-range corrected (LC) density functional theories (DFTs) were applied to the isomerization energy calculations of organic molecules to make clear why conventional DFTs including B3LYP have given poor isomerization reaction energies. Combining with local response dispersion (LRD) method, we performed LC-DFT calculations for the benchmark set of isomerization reactions. Consequently, we found that LC-DFT?+?LRD methods give accurate reaction energies equivalent to up-to-date DFTs containing many semi-empirical parameters. This result indicates that long-range exchange and intramolecular dispersion correlation interactions, which have been neglected in conventional DFTs, play prominent roles in isomerization reactions. However, we also found that these interactions are not sufficient to give accurate isomerization energies especially for cyclization reactions. Considering that Gaussian-attenuated LC-DFTs (LCgau-DFTs) give better isomerization reaction energies than LC-DFTs, we suggested that the isomerization energies will be further improved by correcting the short-range part of exchange functionals in DFT with keeping the whole long-range exchange interactions.     

丝光沸石孔口改性及对反应对位选择性的影响

详细研究了用Si(OCH_3)_4化学蒸气沉积法(C.V.D.)精细调节丝光沸石孔口尺寸的方法，制备了一系列孔口尺寸不同的SiHM沸石，并对这些样品的吸附性能、酸性质和择形催化作用进行了考察．结果表明，通过Si(OCH_3)_4C.V.D．方法制备的孔口尺寸各异的SiHM沸石，内表面酸性质保持不变；将其用于甲苯歧化反应，对位选择性明显增加，在相近转化率条件下，二甲苯产物中对二甲苯的摩尔分数可提高到0.40以上；但对邻二甲苯异构化反应，由于反应不是单纯由反应产物扩散控制，它们的对位选择性并无明显改善．     

Skeletal isomerization of 1-pentene

Series of ZSM-5 and Y zeolite catalysts have been prepared. Zeolites were submitted to ion exchange, drying, formation with 50 wt.% of aluminium hydroxide as a binder and then to final thermal treatment. Determination of catalysts activity in 1-pentene isomerization reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 175–325°C. The highest activity in isomerization reaction was attained in the presence of ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with strong and medium strength acidity.     

Pt/HZSM-5基催化剂双功能协同性对正丁烷催化裂解反应机制的影响

轻质烷烃结构稳定,化工利用率低.催化裂解轻质烷烃是其高值利用的重要途径,相关研究同时对C-C键和C-H键活化和演变调控具有重要意义.本文在基于原子层沉积法构建高稳定Pt/HZSM-5基双功能模型催化剂的基础上,研究了不同酸性HZSM-5分子筛引入脱氢组分Pt对反应路径及目的产物低碳烯烃的影响规律.研究发现,双功能催化剂...     

Monte Carlo simulation of complex isomerization, II. Effect of adsorption on product selectivity

The complex isomerization A=B=C over zeolite catalysts was simulated by the Monte Carlo method, and the effect of adsorption of molecules accompanied with chemical reaction upon the product selectivity has been investigated. The results show that the product selectivity is clearly related to the difference of equilibrium adsorption constants of molecules in the reaction. This suggests that the shape selectivity in zeolite-catalyzed reactions is the result of the channel structure and surface acidity of zeolite catalysts.     

H-ZSM-5分子筛催化4-MBP与甲醇甲基化的反应机理

4,4?-二甲基联苯(4,4?-DMBP)是生产高性能聚合物材料的重要前驱体,可以通过4-甲基联苯(4-MBP)甲基化制得.本文采用“our own-N-layered integrated molecular orbital+molecular mechanics”(ONIOM)和密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究H-ZSM-5分子筛孔内4-MBP和甲醇择形甲基化的反应机理,考虑了分步和协同反应机理.分步机理的活化能低于协同机理.在两种反应机理中,4,4?-DMBP为动力学优先生成产物.过渡态择形的特征也使甲基化更容易生成4,4?-DMBP.在分子筛孔内,4-MBP 异构化生成3-甲基联苯(3-MBP)的反应被抑制.在分子筛外表面,4-MBP异构化生成3-MBP比甲基化反应更有动力学优势,导致4,4?-DMBP选择性降低.对外表面进行改性将会抑制4-MBP异构化反应,并使反应在分子筛孔内进行,因此可以提高4,4?-DMBP的选择性. H-ZSM-5催化择形和非择形反应的计算结果与实验现象一致.     

Value of zeolites in asymmetric induction during photocyclization of pyridones, cyclohexadienones and naphthalenones

Two strategies, namely chiral inductor and chiral auxiliary approaches, have been examined within zeolites with the aim of achieving asymmetric induction during the photocyclization of cyclohexadienone, naphthalenone and pyridone derivatives. Within zeolites, enantioselectivity as high as 55% and diastereoselectivity as high as 88% have been obtained. The observed stereoselectivities are significant given the fact that these reactions gave very little stereoselectivities in isotropic solution media. The results obtained on the photocyclization of dienones, naphthalenones and N-alkyl pyridones within zeolites compliment our earlier investigations on the photocyclization of tropolone derivatives, the geometric isomerization of 1,2-diphenylcyclopropanes and 2,3-diphenyl-1-benzoyl cyclopropanes, and the Norrish type II reaction of alpha-oxoamides, phenyl adamantyl ketones, phenyl norbornyl ketones and phenyl cyclohexyl ketones. With the help of these examples, we have established the importance of zeolite and its charge compensating cations in effecting asymmetric induction in photochemical reactions.     

Catalytic isomerization of 1-hexene on hy zeolite

The isomerization of 1-hexene on 70/80 mesh HY zeolite was studied at 200°C. The observed reaction products are formed via a variety of processes including double bond shift, cis–trans isomerization, skeletal rearrangement, cracking, hydrogen transfer, polymerization, cyclization, and coke formation. By applying the time-on-stream theory, the products have been classified as primary, secondary, or both, according to their OPE curves on product selectivity plots. 2-Ethyl-1-butene, which is present as an impurity in the feed, is found to react about 30 times faster than 1-hexene. Both 2-hexenes and 3 hexenes are formed primarily from 1-hexene, while 3 methyl 2 pentenes and 3-methyl-1-pentene formed from 2-ethyl-1-butene. The ratio of the initial rate of deprotonation to that of hydrogen shift in these reactions is ～15 and ～100, respectively. All products of skeletal rearrangement are observed to be secondary. Cracking products are produced mainly from precoke, which is also the source of hydrogen in the formation of paraffins. A detailed reaction network along with its associated mechanisms are presented and discussed.     

Analysis of Acidic Properties of Zeolitic and Non-Zeolitic Solid Acid Catalysts Using Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Ammonia

A method of ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) for analysis of acidic property of a solid was improved by introduction of a water vapor treatment method and development of a theory for calculation of ammonia adsorption heat from the TPD profile. The improved method was applied to various solid acid catalysts to establish relationships between the acidic properties and catalytic performances for various acid-catalyzed reactions. Here, examples of the applications to some important acid catalysts are reviewed. The exact analysis of acidic property of Y zeolite and its change by such modifications as steaming and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) treatment gave a new interpretation on the generation of alkane (paraffin) cracking activity on an ultra stable Y (USY) zeolite. The surface density and strength of acid sites on WO₃/ZrO₂ and SO₄ ^2–/ZrO₂ catalysts were determined, and their relations with catalytic activities for Friedel–Crafts type alkylation and skeletal isomerization of alkane were found.     

CF-2沸石的表面酸性及催化性能

CF-2是一种新型的高硅沸石。1981年我们实验室首先在二乙醇胺-甘油-Na₂O-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-H₂O体系中制备成功^[1],以后才见到关于Theta-1^[2],ISI-1^[3],KZ-2^[4],NO-10^[5]和ZSM-22^[6]沸石的报道。     

Microwave activation of catalytic transformation of t-butylphenols

Kinetics of catalytic transformation of 2- and 4-t-butylphenol (2TBP and 4TBP) in the liquid phase on a heterogeneous KSF catalyst has been studied in detail under conventional and microwave conditions. The process includes dealkylation, isomerization and transalkylation reactions. Its kinetics has been described using the method of initial reaction rates. It was found that microwaves affect both the reaction rate and the selectivity. The results were explained in terms of “microwave-induced polarisation” assuming an interaction of microwaves with a highly polarised reagent molecule in adsorbed state on the acidic active site. Temperature and solvent effects were also examined. The reaction mechanism of t-butylphenol transformation is discussed on the basis of electrophilic aromatic substitution via bimolecular reactions.     

Cresol Izomerization in the Presence of Acid Catalysts

It is shown for toluene oxidation with nitrous oxide that modifying HZSM-5 zeolite with zinc oxide nanoparticles considerably improves the selectivity and yield of cresols. It is found that a 2% ZnO/HZSM-5 composite catalyst also exhibits enhanced and stable activity at high temperatures. For the o-cresol isomerization reaction, this modification of HZSM-5 zeolite greatly reduces the contribution from disproportionation and cracking reactions proceeding with formation of phenol, C₆–C₉ aromatic hydrocarbons, and xylenols. The regularities of their formation in the presence of the studied catalysts are determined using the results from thermodynamic calculations for the equilibrium concentrations of cresol isomers.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of transalkylation and disproportionation of meta‐diethylbenzene by triflic acid catalyst

The kinetics of transalkylation and isomerization of meta‐diethylbenzene in the presence of benzene using triflic acid as a catalyst has been investigated. High catalytic activity of the triflic acid catalyst was observed in homogeneous liquid‐phase reactions. On the basis of the product distribution obtained, transalkylation, disproportionation, and isomerization reactions have been considered and the main product of the reaction was ethylbenzene. These reactions are conducted in a closed liquid batch reactor with continuous stirring under dry nitrogen and atmospheric pressure over the temperature range of 288–308 K. The main transalkylation, disproportionation, and isomerization reactions occurred simultaneously and were considered as elementary reactions. The apparent activation energy of the transalkylation reaction was found to be 35.5 kJ/mol, while that of disproportionation reaction was 42.3 kJ/mol. The reproducibility of the experimental product distribution occurred with an average relative error of ±2%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 555–563, 2003     

HZSM-5分子筛上C_(6～8)混合链烃和邻二甲苯的加氢裂化

在连续流动固定床装置上,探讨了不同酸性HZSM-5上C6~8混合链烃(以下简称混合烃)和邻二甲苯加氢裂化的变化规律,并在稳定条件下考察了反应温度、质量空速以及氢烃体积比等反应参数的影响。混合烃的加氢裂化伴随着芳构化反应,酸性较弱的HZSM-5主要发生加氢裂化反应,裂化产物以正构烷烃为主,甲烷和异构烷烃较少。酸性强的HZSM-5上,起初以芳构化反应为主,稳定之后产物分布与弱酸催化剂接近。混合烃的加氢裂化反应表现出明显的温度效应,而质量空速和氢烃体积比的影响较小。在380℃、3.0 MPa、质量空速1.02 h-1、氢烃体积比1 000的条件下,100 h内混合烃的转化率均在99%以上,稳定的裂化反应选择性在95%以上。邻二甲苯发生加氢裂化及异构、歧化反应,酸性强的HZSM-5裂化产物收率高,裂化产物分布与混合烃的基本相同。稳定的邻二甲苯裂化反应选择性小于10%。