Inorganic Elements in Mytilus galloprovincialis Shells: Geographic Traceability by Multivariate Analysis of ICP-MS Data

The international seafood trade is based on food safety, quality, sustainability, and traceability. Mussels are bio-accumulative sessile organisms that need regular control to guarantee their safe consumption. However, no well-established and validated methods exist to trace mussel origin, even if several attempts have been made over the years. Recently, an inorganic multi-elemental fingerprint coupled to multivariate statistics has increasingly been applied in food quality control. The mussel shell can be an excellent reservoir of foreign inorganic chemical species, allowing recording long-term environmental changes. The present work investigates the multi-elemental composition of mussel shells, including Al, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, U, Ba, Ni, Pb, Mg, Sr, and Ca, determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry in Mytilus galloprovincialis collected along the Central Adriatic Coast (Marche Region, Italy) at 25 different sampling sites (18 farms and 7 natural banks) located in seven areas. The experimental data, coupled with chemometric approaches (principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis), were used to create a statistical model able to discriminate samples as a function of their production site. The LDA model is suitable for achieving a correct assignment of >90% of individuals sampled to their respective harvesting locations and for being applied to counteract fraud.     

Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Levels in Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Aquaculture Farms in Central Macedonia Region,Greece, Using Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method

A new sensitive and selective gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 15 + 1 European Union (EU) PAHs, in mussel samples from aquaculture farms in Thermaikos and Strymonian Gulf, Central Macedonia Region, in three sampling periods. Concentrations were found at moderate to low values at all sampling sites, without exceeding maximum levels set by EU. Low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in all samples. Seasonal variation of the concentrations was observed; values were slightly higher in the winter period. Use of diagnostic ratios for potential sources of PAHs showed both petrogenic and pyrolitic origin. In comparison to other related studies of mussels from the Mediterranean Sea, Greek mussels cultivated in the studied gulfs are low in contaminants due to minimal environmental pollution effects. Low concentrations of PAHs are in compliance with the low values of other POPs which were found in the mussels.     

Seasonal variations in the profile of main phospholipids in Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels: A study by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry

A systematic characterization of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in mussels of sp Mytilus galloprovincialis was performed by high‐efficiency hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization and Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), based on a quadrupole‐Orbitrap hybrid spectrometer. The FTMS/MS experiments under high collisional energy dissociation conditions, complemented by low‐energy collisionally induced dissociation MSⁿ (n  = 2,3) experiments, performed in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer, were exploited for structural elucidation purposes. The described approach led to an unprecedented characterization of the mussel phospholipidome, with 185 phosphatidylcholines and 131 phosphatidylethanolamines species recognized, distributed among diacylic, plasmanylic, and plasmenylic forms. This was the starting point for the evaluation of the effects of season (in particular, of sea temperature) on the profile of those phospholipids. To this aim, a set of mussel samples retrieved from commercial sources in different periods of the year was considered. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between samples collected in periods characterized by cold, intermediate, or warm sea temperatures, respectively. In particular, an enrichment in phospholipids containing unsaturated side chains was observed in mussels collected from cold seawaters (winter‐early spring), thus confirming the general model previously elaborated to explain the adaptation of marine invertebrates, including some bivalve molluscs, to low temperatures. On the other hand, relevant levels of plasma(e)nylic and acylic phospholipids bearing either saturated or non‐methylene‐interrupted side chains were found in mussels collected in warm seawaters (typical of summer and early autumn, at Italian latitudes). This finding opened interesting perspectives towards the development of strategies able to prevent global warming–related mussel losses in aquacultural plants.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同肥料产品中铊含量比对

铊是一种高毒性的微量元素,具有较强的富集能力,已被列为肥料的强制性检验项目。选择了水溶性肥料、复混肥料、有机肥料3种代表性的肥料样品,通过比对微波消解和电热板敞口消解前处理方式;分析电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法主要干扰来源;通过建立各自的标准工作曲线、比对方法检出限、精密度、加标回收率,探讨研究肥料产品中铊含量测定方法。研究结果表明：微波消解法和电热板敞口消解法各有优点,可以根据样品实际情况灵活选择。ICP-AES法主要干扰为光谱干扰,需要在前处理过程中除去Mn元素,而ICP-MS法主要干扰为基体效应,可以使用内标物加以校正。ICP-MS法的检出限低于ICP-AES法。由于微波消解-ICP-AES法无法除去消解液中的Mn元素带来的光谱干扰,因此不适合测定铊含量。而微波消解-ICP-MS法、电热板敞口消解-ICP-AES法和电热板敞口消解-ICP-MS法这三种方法测定结果无明显差异,测定标准化肥质控样品均在指定值范围内,加标回收率为86%-110%。实验室可以根据肥料样品的数量、组成、性质合理选择搭配前处理方式和测定方法。     

ICP–AES法同时检测生蚝中铅、铜、镉、铬、铁含量时3种样品前处理方法比较

采用干法、湿法和微波消解法处理珠海生蚝样品,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪在谱线Pb 220.3 nm,Cu 324.7 nm,Cd 228.8 nm,Cr 283.5 nm,Fe 259.9 nm下测定样品中铅、铜、镉、铬、铁5种重金属元素的含量。结果表明,珠海市4个养殖基地的生蚝重金属含量均在国标限量范围内。铅、铜、镉、铬、铁各元素线性相关系数分别为0.999 8,0.999 4,0.999 9,0.999 2,0.997 8,检出限分别为0.020,0.014,0.001,0.036,0.120 mg/kg。干法、湿法、微波消解法的加标回收率分别为72.8%~99.3%,88.0%~102.0%,89.0%~103.0%。微波消解处理样品,ICP–AES法同时测定4种样品中5种重金属的含量,其测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于17%。微波消解–ICP–AES适合生蚝中铅、铜、镉、铬、铁含量的快速测定。     

ICP-AES法对花生仁和黄豆中元素含量的比较研究

采用ICP-AES法对通辽地区产的花生仁和黄豆中Na、K、Mg、Ca、P、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Sn、AI和Si等元素的含量同时进行测定。回归方程的相关系数为0.9992-0.9998,相应各元素的检出限范围为0.25～97.03μg.L－1之间,回收率和相对标准偏差范围分别为97.04～108.60%之间,RSD为0.69～3.26%之间,该实验建立了简便、快速和稳定的测定花生仁和黄豆中元素含量的方法。结果显示在花生仁和黄豆中P含量非常高,黄豆中Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn和Sn的含量较花生仁中的较高。     

正交试验在原油重金属元素测定中的应用

采用微波消解技术,以ICP-AES同时测定原油中V、Ni、Mn、Pb重金属元素的含量。该方法回收率在94.73%～107.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于2.12%,适用于原油中各种重金属元素的测定。采用正交设计法安排实验,可以以少量的实验次数获得大量信息,既节省时间又节约药品。同时利用原油样品中的V/Ni的比值作为参数,可判断原油油源的特征及地质特点。     

不同混合酸消解样品对电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中重金属含量的影响

为探究不同混合酸对电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中重金属元素(铜、锌、铅、镍和铬)的影响,对土壤进行多晶衍射分析,采用硝酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸混合酸对4种不同类型土壤(黑钙土、褐土、棕壤、红壤)进行了分析。结果表明:该4种混合酸对标准样品的测定都具有较高的准确性与精确性;不同的混合酸的对不同类型土壤中重金属元素的测定具有一定的影响,其中对铬的影响最大;完全消解体系(盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸混合酸)的测定结果不同程度地高于不完全消解体系(硝酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸混合酸)的结果。所以对于土壤重金属元素的测定,混合酸需要针对土壤类型,重金属元素种类等因素进行选择。     

湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定含铑废催化剂冶金废水中铑

摘 要：建立了硫酸、过氧化氢湿法消解、ICP-AES测定铑派克洗水铑的含量的分析方法。确定了硫酸碳化有机物,过氧化氢溶解煮沸,氢氟酸除硅,于4mol/L盐酸体系,碲共沉淀富集铑,10%盐酸介质,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定铑量。在选定条件下,测定含铑有机物洗水中0.0003 g/L～0.010 g/L的铑,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=7）和加标回收率分别为：铑0.545%～2.91%和99.62%%～100.55%。。方法准确、快速、简便,测定结果与火试金富集分析方法结果吻合。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量及配分量

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量和配分量的分析方法。样品经碱熔融后分离硅、铝等元素及钠盐,用硝酸和高氯酸破坏滤纸和溶解沉淀,用ICP-AES法测定稀土元素总量和配分量。讨论了溶解样品条件、共存元素干扰等影响测定的各种因素。实际样品的稀土总量与草酸盐重量法测定结果一致,配分量与X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)法、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定结果一致。RSD(n=11)在0.15%~1.1%,加标回收率为97%~105%。测定范围为:La_2O_3/REO(80%~98%);CeO_2/REO(2%~20%);REO(16%~70%)。方法能快速准确地测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量及配分量。     

微波消解-端视ICP-AES测定茶叶中微量重金属元素

采用微波消解-端视等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定茶叶中微量重金属元素Pb、As、Cd、Cu、Fe,并对ICP-AES工作参数及条件进行了优化和选择。Pb、As、Cd、Cu、Fe的检出限分别为2.9×10-3μg/mL、5.2×10-3μg/mL、0.056×10-3μg/mL、0.55×10-3μg/mL、0.59×10-3μg/mL,线性范围为0~10000μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.7%~8.5%;回收率为90%~104%。该方法与国标法比较,结果无显著性差异。本法能用于茶叶测定。     

自动消解仪—ICP法测定水系沉积物中6种重金属元素

建立了自动消解仪-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定水系沉积物中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Co六种元素含量的方法。该方法的相关系数好、检出限低。方法经国家标准物质(GBW07361)验证,准确度和精密度均能达到环境监测分析的要求,为水系沉积物中重金属元素含量的测定提供了简单可靠的分析方法。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定地下水中多种元素

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定地下水中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰元素的含量,使用分光光度法测定氟的含量,测定的相对标准偏差为0.7%~2.8%,加标回收率为92.1%~105.2%。结果表明,大部分地区地下水中钠和氟化物的含量均偏高,常量与微量元素的组成含量差别不大。     

Evaluation of an ultrasonic digestion procedure for total metal determination in sediment reference materials

In this work the possibility to use a simple and easily available laboratory device—routine ultrasonic bath—has been evaluated for total metal determination in sediments from different origin. The investigated instrumental parameters were time and temperature, whereas power was maintained constant set at 100% of nominal power. Four different sets of parameters were applied on a lake sediment reference material (RM), the results obtained for five elements—Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn—were statistically compared with those obtained by a previously optimised microwave acid digestion procedure on the same material. The optimal set of parameters—30 min sonication at ambient temperature—was chosen, and then applied to other five sediment RMs from different origin. In this case four additional elements—As, Pb, V and Fe—were also determined and the results were compared with reference and microwave values.The results obtained by the ultrasound digestion procedure were higher than 80% of the reference and/or microwave values in 40 out of 44 cases. In any case, the results obtained by ultrasonic procedure were statistically comparable to reference values (mean of means of interlaboratory exercises or certified values) in the 84% of the cases.     

The role of the solvation shell decomposition of alkali metal ions in their selective complexation by resorcinarene and its cavitand

2-Methylresorcinarene and its methylene-bridged cavitand derivative as host compounds were investigated in selective complexation of alkali metal ions as guests in methanol media by photoluminescence measurements. These host molecules possess either flexible (2-methylresorcinarene) or rigid (cavitand) molecular skeleton. The Benesi–Hildebrand method and the van't Hoff theory have been applied to determine the stability constants and the thermodynamic parameters, respectively. Considerable interactions between 2-methylresorcinarene and Li⁺ or Na⁺ ions have been observed while the rigid cavitand derivative can interact only with K⁺ or Cs⁺ ions. Neither the complexes of 2-methylresorcinarene with K⁺ or Cs⁺ nor those of the cavitand derivative with Li⁺ or Na⁺ ions are stable at room temperature in methanol media. Quantum-chemical investigations justified that only solvated Li⁺ and Na⁺ ions can form stable complexes with 2-methylresorcinarene while unsolvated K⁺ and Cs⁺ ions form stable complexes with the methylene-bridged cavitand. These results highlight that the stability of the guest solvation shell and its size could play a key role in the selectivity behaviour of host molecules.     

不同预处理方法对准东高碱煤中碱金属含量测定的影响

以四种不同的准东高碱煤及气化飞灰为研究对象,对高碱煤及气化飞灰中碱金属(Na、K)的赋存形态,以及不同预处理方法(低温灰化法、直接消解法、中国国标法、萃取法及氧弹燃烧法)对准东高碱煤及气化飞灰中碱金属(Na、K)含量测定的影响进行了测试分析。结果表明,准东高碱煤中碱金属Na主要以水溶态形式存在,碱金属K主要以水不溶态形式存在;不同的预处理方法对准东高碱煤中碱金属(Na、K)含量的测定结果影响显著,对于准东高碱煤及气化飞灰中碱金属(Na、K)含量测定,建议采用氧弹燃烧法,萃取法也可以相对准确地反映煤中碱金属Na的含量。     

A clean up step of fat content previous to trace metal characterization in mussel tissues by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of trace and major elements of mussel tissues can be quickly and accurately analyzed after cleaning up the interfering fat content before the sample is digested in a microwave oven. Making use of experimental designs, the clean up procedure was achieved by the extraction of 1 g of freeze-dried tissue sample stirred with 5 ml of dichloromethane during five minutes. The microwave assisted digestion of the fat free samples was carried out with 0.2 g of tissue sample, 15 ml of 7.0% nitric acid with a power of 980 W during 18 min. The analytical method efficiency (accuracy and precision) was evaluated with a CRM: (NIST 2977, mussel tissue) and real mussel samples analyzed previously. The results confirmed the accuracy of the analysis by agreement with the previous results but the precision was significantly improved. The developed method allows operating routinely permitting to large numbers of samples to be quickly screened for trace metals.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电子电气产品陶瓷和玻璃中的铅、镉、铬和汞

采用微波消解技术,将电子电气产品中陶瓷和玻璃样品用HNO3-氟硼酸-H2O2在210℃的温度下加热约Ih溶解后,用全谱直读ICP—AES同时测定电子产品中陶瓷和玻璃里的铅、镉、铬和汞,方法的检出限为0．0015～0．012μg／mL。方法的回收率和精密度分别为90．5％～97．5％和0．16％-3．74％。可用于电子电气产品中陶瓷和玻璃里铅、镉、铬和汞的日常检验。     

Recent progress in applications of ligand-stabilized metal nanoclusters

Due to a nanotechnology boom in science and technology, the metal nanoclusters or nanoparticles stabilized by polymers and organic ligands have achieved much attention recently all over the world. We have studied on the preparation of polymer-stabilized metal nanoclusters by chemical methods, and applied them mainly to catalyses. Here the recent progresses in our group are presented in the structure control of bimetallic and trimetallic nanoclusters and in the applications of metal nanoclusters not only to the catalyses but also to the sensing responsive to pH and molecular recognition, and to the electro-optic properties of liquid-crystalline display rapidly responsive to frequency modulation. Preparation of trimetallic nanoclusters with a triple core/shell structure is especially emphasized to serve as a very active catalyst at a special atomic ratio of three elements.     

Biomass valorization of walnut shell into biochar as a resource for electrochemical simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions in water and soil samples: Preparation,characterization, and applications

Lately, due to its accessibility and eco-friendliness, walnut shell biochar (WS-BC) is gaining attention as an electrode material component in the electrochemical detection of water pollutants. The overall performance of WS-BC is reliant on the nature of raw biomass and the production methods as well. In our concept, biochar, prepared from raw walnut shell (WS) by pyrolysis, was added to a carbon paste electrode (CPE), and poly-tyrosine (p-Tyr) was electrodeposited on the surface of the BC-doped electrode. The conditions of the elaboration of the electrode, such as pH, potential, and the number of deposition cycles, pH were optimized. The obtained p-Tyr-BC-CPE platform was tested for the determination of cadmium, lead, copper, and mercury ions in water and soil samples, using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The raw WS biomass and its BC were examined by thermal analysis (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) techniques. The synergistic effects of the coexistence of the WS-BC and the thin film of p-Tyr, for the detection of traces of heavy metal ions were investigated by electrochemical tests. The electrochemical characterization of the unmodified and modified electrodes was performed using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, while the Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu^2+, and Hg²⁺ detection experiments were studied using the CV and SWV techniques. The optimized experimental conditions for the p-Tyr-BC-CPE platform were evaluated. The obtained electrochemical results showed that the p-Tyr-BC-CPE platform produced excellent sensitivity toward the heavy metal ions: LOD of 0.086, 0.175, 0.246, and 0.383 nM for Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Hg(II), respectively. The modified electrode platform displayed high selectivity, stability, and good reproducibility.