Book Reviews

Abstract

Neure Methoden zur Analyse von Tensiden, H. Konig, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. 25Abb., VII, 239 pages. 1971, DM 58.00. ISBN 3-540-05581-9. Reviewed by T. Rihs, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Apartado 340, Quito, Ecuador.

P. P. FIETZEK und K. KUHN, H. CLEVER, H. KRECH, W. MARKS, F. OEHME: “Automation in Analytical Chemistry” 32 Abb., 103 Seiten, 1972, DM 28, -, U.S. $8.90. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. ISBN 3-540-05758-7. Begutachtet von S. Wolf, Hoffman-La Roche, Basle, Switzerland.     

Book Reviews

A gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry method was used for the trace analysis of atrazine and its deethylated degradation product deethylatrazine in environmental water and sediment samples. The isotope dilution technique was applied for the quantitative analysis of atrazine at parts-per-trillion levels. Water samples were pre-concentrated by solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge while the sediment samples were extracted by sonication with methanol. The concentrated extracts were analysed by a GC/ion trap MS operated in the MS/MS method. The extraction recoveries for the analytes were better than 83% when 1 L of water or 10 g of sediment was analysed. The method detection limits were 0.75 ng/L and 0.13 ng/g for atrazine and deethylatrazine detected in water and sediment, respectively. The precisions of the method represented by the relative standard deviation were in the range of 3.2-16.1%. The method was successfully applied to analyse surface water and sediment samples collected from Beijing Guanting reservoir. Trace levels of atrazine at 35.9-217.3 ng/L and 2.4-8.4 ng/g were detected in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The levels of deethylatrazine were five to 20 times lower that those of atrazine.     

Book Reviews

Room temperature glass containing copper nitrate was produced using the microemulsion-gel method. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction spectra were used to demonstrate the presence of copper nitrate in the gel samples. The samples were examined using optical microscopy, with and without polarized filters, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis, before and after the extraction of the surfactant with an organic solvent. The results indicated that copper nitrate was present throughout the silicate network formed and was associated with the microemulsion components, i.e., the interstitial liquid, remaining in the bulk material.     

Book Reviews

Glossary On Air Pollution, Who Regional Publications European Series No. 9 (Director, Promotion of Environmental Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen θ) 1980, 114 pages (including an introduction, a list of reviewers and a list of the sources of definitions), stiff paper cover, format 239 ± 159 mm, ISBN 92-9020-109-6, WHO Health and Biomedical Information Programme, CH-1211 Geneva 27, SFr. 12.

Spektroskopische Methoden in Der Organischen Chemie (in German), by Manfred Hesse, Herbert Meier and Bernd Zeeh, 478 pages, including 169 figures and 86 tables, flexible paper cover, ISBN 3-13-576101-0, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1979, price DM 26.80.

Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples, World Health Organisation/International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Publication No. 29 (Series: Environmental Carcinogens, Selected Methods of Analysis, Volume 3, edited by H. Egan, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, London, U.K. et al.) 1980, 240 pages (including 17 figures, 18 tables, many formulae, an annex with 8 methods of analysis and 29 pages of valuable references in two sections), linen, format 242 ± 186 mm, ISBN 92-8-321129-4, WHO Health and Biomedical Information Programme, CH-1211 Geneva 27, US$30 or SFr. 50.

Toxic Metals and Their Analysis by Eleanor Berman, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 304 pages (including an index of 5 pages, 29 tables and 5 figures), linen, format 241 × 163 mm, ISBN 0-85501-468-7, published 1980 by Heyden International Topics in Science, Spectrum House, Hillview Gardens, London NW4 2JQ, U.K., prices £12, US$27 or DM 56.     

南极冰雪样品中超痕量重金属的分析测定进展

本文全面阐述了南极冰雪样品中重金属分析测定的发展概况和极地样品分析中出现的困难，评述了各种分析方法（包括富集技术、超灵敏的分析技术）的优缺点，并指出其发展方向。引用文献４７篇。     

Determination of trace level of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using an automated sample on-line preconcentration method

A new ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry（IC-ESI-MS/MS） method,with automated sampling and on-line preconcentration,has been developed for the determination of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice at low part-per-trillion（ng/L） levels.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analytical method is used for the determination of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice.The IC-ESI-MS/MS instrumentation consisted of an ICS2000 ion chromatography（IC） system coupled to an API3200 electrospray tandem mass spectrometer（ESI-MS/MS）.On-line preconcentration was realized through a six-port injector valve,a TAC-ULP1 concentrator column and an AS auto-sampler.Multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode was used to quantify the perchlorate anion.The transition of ³⁵Cl¹⁶O₄^-（m/z 98.9） into ³⁵Cl¹⁶O₃^-（m/z 82.9） was monitored for quantifying the main analyte,and the transition of ³⁷Cl¹⁶O₄^-（m/z 100.9） into ³⁷Cl¹⁶O₃^-（m/z 84.9） was monitored for examining a proper isotopic abundance ratio of ³⁵Cl to ³⁷Cl,which was used as a confirmation tool.The limit of detection（LOD） and limit of quantitation（LOQ） for the method was 0.2 ng/ L and 0.5 ng/L,respectively.And this new method exhibited acceptable accuracy and precision for samples at ng/L levels.All the tested snow and ice samples were found to contain measurable amount of perchlorate,ranging from 10 ng/L to 340 ng/L.     

Adoption of Common Schemes for Single and Sequential Extractions of Trace Metal in Soils and Sediments

Abstract

The various methods for determining the mode of occurrence of trace metals in sediments and soils have a long history which dates back to the determinations of the availability of metals for plant nutrition performed earlier. Various methods have been developed in the 70′s and 80′s dealing with both single and sequential extraction schemes. Although some schemes received wide acceptance, none of them developed into a commonly accepted procedure. As a result, the information obtained was site-specific and the interpretation of the results scientist-specific. The workshop on single and sequential extraction in sediments and soils held at Sitges     

Gold nanoparticles anchored onto the magnetic poly(ionic‐liquid) polymer as robust and recoverable catalyst for reduction of Nitroarenes

Gold nanoparticles supported on poly ionic‐liquid magnetic nanoparticles (MNP@PIL@Au) were synthesized by reduction of HAuCl4 with sodium borohydride. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using by AAS, TEM, FT‐IR, EDS, TGA and XRD techniques. The performance of the synthesized catalyst was investigated in the reduction of nitroarenes with NaBH₄. The reaction was carried out for various nitroarenes in water and mild conditions with high yields. The catalyst selectivity for the reduction of nitro group in the presences of other functional groups such as halides and alkynes was fairly well. The recycling of the catalyst was done 8 times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Spectrofluorimetric Evidence of the Transport of Marine Organic Matter in Antarctic Snow Via Air-Sea Interaction

Abstract

This paper considers the importance of marine aerosol in the atmosphere. As a consequence of its peculiar generation mechanism, it is also considered as a possible contributor to the transport of man-made microcomponents via air-sea interaction, especially in remote sites.

In view of future marine aerosol studies, the dominant presence of marine aerosol components in coastal Antarctic snow is discussed the presence of fluorescent marine organic matter in Antarctic snow is shown. Its “marum” nature is evidenced.

We give a tentative interpretation of the experimental data, and make a hypothesis concerning the variations in marine aerosol composition in correspondence to various altitudes.     

Ultra‐low‐loading palladium nanoparticles stabilized on nanocrystalline Polyaniline (Pd@PANI): A efficient,green, and recyclable catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes

Ultra‐low‐loading Pd@PANI nanocomposites (0.048 w.t% Pd) were synthesized via a method that combined interfacial polymerization and in situ composite with camphor sulfonic acid ((+)‐CSA) as a dopant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to characterize the structures. It can be used as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes in aqueous solution by using a smaller amount of NaBH₄ (2.5 equiv.) at room temperature with high activity (TON = 3.4 × 10³), good stability (cycled eight times), as well as wide applicability (27 substrates). The catalyst also showed a marvelous activity in the gram‐level reaction (yield = 92%). UV–Visible spectrophotometry was used to investigate the reaction kinetics for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol, and the results reconfirmed the excellent performance of the catalyst. The unique properties and superior performance of the prepared ultra‐low‐loading Pd@PANI nanocomposites lead it be an attractive alternative catalyst for conventional organic catalytic applications.     

Polarographic Determination of Low Concentrations of Nitrilotriacetate in Lake Water

Abstract

Samples of lake water containing NTA in concentrations from 1 to 10 ppm have been analysed by a polarographic method. The NTA was converted to its 1:1 cadmium complex by adding a 100% excess of cadmium. The method can be used also when sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium alkylbenzenesulphonate are present in the sample.     

电解离子水及其生成器

本文介绍了电解离子水的制备原理和应用。原水经电解后，阳极室生成酸性离子水，阴极室生成碱性离子水。酸性离子水具有杀菌消毒作用，碱性离子水具有保健作用。同时，简要介绍了离子水生成器的研究进展。     

Quantification of the inorganic phase of the pelagic aggregates from an iron contaminated lake by means of Raman spectroscopy

A semi-quantitative investigation of the inorganic phase of pelagic, iron-rich aggregates (iron snow, IS) formed in an iron polluted aquatic environment was performed by means of Raman spectroscopy. IS samples were collected from two basins of an acidic lignite mine lake and at two different water depths. Although the water chemistry differed at all four sites with respect to oxygen, pH, and, Fe(II) concentrations, the Raman analyses showed that the main mineral formed was schwertmannite (ideal formula: Fe₈O₈(OH)₆SO₄) with concentrations of more than 88% in all IS samples. To determine potential differences in the microbial communities of the IS samples we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Microbial communities differed between two basins, but showed similarities between redoxcline and deeper water layers of IS samples from the same basin. Surprisingly, these microbiological differences did not lead to strikingly qualitative similarities in the mineral composition, although the initial step in mineral formation, the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III), is a pure microbial process at low pH. Thus, a semi-quantitative method was necessary to elucidate differences in the consecutive mineralization process which is apparently more controlled by water geochemical conditions.     

Trace Analysis of Iron in Environmental Water and Snow Samples from Poland

Abstract

A voltammetric method for the determination of iron at detection limit of 4 μg/l is described, using the catalytic current of the reduction of the Fe(III)-triethanolamine (TEA) complex in the presence of bromate ions. the determination was performed at a mercury hanging drop electrode without preconcentration, using the TEA alkaline solution as a supporting electrolyte and the differential pulse technique. A peak current for the Fe(III)-TEA catalytic reduction was observed at a potential of-1.0 V (Ag/AgCl saturated electrode). the influence of TEA, BrO³ and NaOH concentrations on the peak height was studied. It was found that a 100-fold excess of Mn, a 50-fold excess of Cr(VI) and Zn did not interfere in the determination. This method was applied to the determination of iron in water, snow and waste water samples.     

Raman Spectroscopy-Based Assessment of the Liquid Water Content in Snow

In snow, water coexists in solid, liquid and vapor states. The relative abundance of the three phases drives snow grain metamorphism and affects the physical properties of the snowpack. Knowledge of the content of the liquid phase in snow is critical to estimate the snowmelt runoff and to forecast the release of wet avalanches. Liquid water does not spread homogeneously through a snowpack because different snow layers have different permeabilities; therefore, it is important to track sudden changes in the amount of liquid water within a specific layer. We reproduced water percolation in the laboratory, and used Raman spectroscopy to detect the presence of the liquid phase in controlled snow samples. We performed experiments on both fine- and coarse-grained snow. The obtained snow spectra are well fitted by a linear combination of the spectra typical of liquid water and ice. We progressively charged snow with liquid water from dry snow up to soaked snow. As a result, we exploited continuous, qualitative monitoring of the evolution of the liquid water content as reflected by the fitting coefficient c.     

Planning and certification of new multielemental reference materials for research in antarctica

The adoption of the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and the implementation of the ensuing procedures for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) of analytical determinations are nowadays deemed essential to the achievement of sound, credible and comparable experimental information. This is certainly also applicable to research projects currently being carried out in the antarctic continent, in particular as regards investigations on global change phenomena. Worldwide investments made so far in this field do require in fact that reliability of data be optimized so as to allow for a harmonized assessment of ongoing trends. In this context the Italian National Programme for Research in Antarctica has recently launched a project for the preparation of new multielemental certified reference materials (CRMs) to be used for QC of analyses performed on environmentally significant materials. The suitability of CRMs to verify the accuracy of experimental measurements acknowledgedly depends, among others, on the degree of similarity of their matrix composition and analyte levels to those expected for real samples. From this standpoint three CRMs are planned, namely: i) marine sediment certified for Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn; ii) ocean water certified for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni and Pb; iii) krill certified for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn. Regarding the first two matrices, amounts of ca. 100 kg and ca. 1001, respectively, have been collected during the IX (1993–1994) antarctic expedition, while krill was taken in the course of the X (1994–1995) campaign. The pretreatment of sediment has been accomplished in terms of homogenization, stabilization and characterization of the preliminary ground mass. Approximately 500 bottles, each containing 75 g of material are now ready for distribution to interested laboratories involved in chemical measurements of antarctic matrices, whereas ocean water and krill will follow at a later stage. Finally, depending on circumstances, also the certification of organochlorine compounds in the same materials will be attempted.     

低温吹扫捕集-气相色谱-火焰光度法测定南极水样中的甲基锡形态

:建立了低温吹扫捕集 -气相色谱 -火焰光度法快速测定甲基锡形态的新方法。在 p H 5的 HAc- Na Ac缓冲溶液中 ,加入 1 m L浓度为 30 g/L的硼氢化钾 ,一甲基锡 ,二甲基锡和三甲基锡分别转化成相应的氢化物 ,直接被低温吹扫捕集到冷阱毛细管中 ,经过气相色谱分离 ,用火焰光度检测器检测。方法的最低检出限分别为一甲基锡 1 8ng·L-1,二甲基锡 1 2 ng· L-1,三甲基锡 3ng·L-1,相对标准偏差小于 3%。方法已用于测定南极水样中的甲基锡形态。     

Assessment of Bhatiari Lake water quality: Pollution indices,hydrochemical signatures and hydro-statistical analysis

This study aimed at evaluating the water quality of Bhatiari Lake (BL) for the first time based on water quality parameters, pollution indices, hydrochemical signatures and hydro-statistical analysis. Lake water samples were collected from the lake during April–May 2019 and wide ranges of parameters were considered for the investigation. Except for COD and Fe, all the parameters were within the permissible limit. COD crossed Bangladesh standards and testing institution (BSTI) and United States environmental protection agency (USEPA) standards. In contrast, Fe crossed World health organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and USEPA standards. Hydrochemical analysis indicated the water as soft-fresh where near neutral low-metal was noticed from the Ficklin-Caboi diagram. Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃^- type water was confirmed from Piper and Chadha diagram, whereas Durov and Schoeller's diagram were indicated the influence of Mg²⁺-HCO₃^-. The trend of cations and anions were Ca²⁺> Mg²⁺> Na⁺>K⁺ and HCO₃^? > Cl^? > NO₃^? > SO₄^2? > PO₄^3? as stated by pie chart. Most precipitation dominant water was confirmed from the Gibbs diagram. Principal component analysis (PCA), Cluster analysis (CA) and Correlation matrix (CM) indicated the co-existence of geogenic and anthropogenic sources for pollution. Good water quality was observed via an integrated approach namely degree of contamination (C_d), Single-Factor Pollution Index (SPI), Comprehensive pollution index (CPI), Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Nemerow's pollution index (NPI) and Ecological risk index (ERI). In addition, water quality index (WQI) remarked the water is excellent. Taken collectively, the present study indicates the BL water can be considered pollution-free.     

Investigation of Adsorption Rates of Pb, Cd, Cu, Co and Ni to Fresh-water Surface Coatings Developed in Nanhu Lake

IntroductionSurfacecoatingsaccountforawiderangeofmi crobialorganismsontheearth[1] ,formonthevarioussurfacesundervariedconditions ,andcoverthesur facesofallthematerialsinrivers,lakes ,andwet lands ,suchasrocksandsediments[2 ] .Theyplayadominantroleindeterminingthetransportandulti matefateofcontaminantsinnaturalaquaticenviron ment,whichisduetoinpartthatcontaminantsmustreachandcrosssurfacecoatingsbeforetheycontactthesubstrates[3] .Ithasbeenprovedthatamongthemaincomponentsinsurfacecoatings,mangane…     

Sorption Studies of Nickel ions Onto Sawdust of Dalbergia Sissoo

Sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo, a byproduct of sawmills, was found to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution. Sorption of nickel ions onto sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo was studied using the batch technique. Kinetics studies show that nickel ions sorption process obeys a first order rate law. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich models for the data was tested. Both the models adequately describe the experimental data of the biosorption of nickel ions. The sorption capacities and energies were calculated. Langmuir parameters X_m and K₁ were found to increase with rise in temperature; Freundlich constants 1/n and K_f have been evaluated for 293K, 303K, 313K and 323K. Thermodynamic parameter ΔH° = 4.80 kJ mol^?;1 shows that sorption of nickel ions onto sawdust is an endothermic process.