Effect of Environmental Pollution on Heavy Metals Content of Withania Somnifera

Heavy metals were investigated in the medicinal plant Withania somnifera as well as of the soil it was grown in using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The plant samples were collected from three different locations of N.W.F.P, Pakistan. The plant parts including roots, stem, leaves and fruits were found to have the quantity of heavy metals corresponding to their content in the soil. The purpose of the study is to create awareness among people about the proper use and collection of medicinal plants containing high levels of heavy metals and their adverse health affects.     

运载重芳烃船舶对长江水体污染测定方法的研究

针对运载重芳烃船舶对长江水体造成的污染,运用微分流系统和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对不同采样点的样品进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,污染物来源于船舶中重芳烃,系船舶污染所致。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Soil Solutions Based on Colloid-Size Fractionation

The distribution of heavy metals Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb among the truly dissolved (molecular weight cutoff <1 kD), colloidal (1 kD-0.20 µm and 0.20-0.45 µm) and particulate (>0.45 µm) fractions was investigated in the soil solution and surface water. In 15 soil solutions heavy metals were mainly present in the truly dissolved fraction (<1 kD) with occasional exceptions. And a good correlation was also found between the concentrations of metals in the truly dissolved fractions and the cation exchange capacity of soils. As for the surface water samples, the distribution pattern was more complicated one depending on metal properties and sampling sites.     

Ultrasonic Leaching of Bio-Collectors for Heavy Metal Analysis

Abstract

A Bio Collector - Ultrasonic Leaching Method (BC-ULM) was developed for the analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Cd,Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe and Al) on plant sprouts for the assessment of environmental pollution. Fabaceae Rabinia Pseudoacacia L. and Pinaceae Pinus Sylvertris L. sprouts were chosen as bio-collectors. The bio-collector sprouts were leached using 1% HNO₃ solution under ultrasonic effect and the obtained leachate samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).

The accuracy of BC-ULM was tested by comparing obtained results with those of deposition plate (DPM) and ashing (AM) methods which both are of practical use. Our findings show that BC-ULM and AM results are in agreement. Average heavy metal pollution factors of BC-ULM and DPM are well comparable with each other. Maximum and minimum heavy metal polluted stations were determined with no difference at all for all three methods. The average RSD % of BC-ULM varied between 5.5–8.4 % for n=13, depending on the analyte and the nature of the sample. Again, average RSD % was obtained between 1.7–8.0 % (n=9) and 3.4–9.8 % (n=11) for AM and DPM, respectively. The precision variance between BC-ULM and AM was not significant at 0.05 probability for all metals except copper.     

Uptake of Heavy Metals by Lupin Plants in Artificially Contaminated Sand: Preliminary Results

The aim of this study was to investigate the tolerance, uptake and accumulation of several metals of environmental interest by lupin plants. The effects of different metals on those parameters were evaluated individually as well as in groups, since the latter matches more closely real environmental conditions. The chemical form of some metals was also taken into consideration. Lupin plants were grown in different batches of sand artificially contaminated with Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), CH 3 Hg + and Hg(II) (each metal at the 50 mg L m 1 level) or their combinations. After 4 weeks of growth, the results indicated that lupins were quite tolerant to Cd(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) and Hg(II) since contamination with those metals did not cause significant weight differences between metal-treated and control plants. On the other hand, the presence of Cr(VI) and CH 3 Hg + induced severe signs of toxicity. Metal accumulation in lupins plants was influenced not only by the chemical form of the analyte but also by the co-presence of other metals. Metal concentration in the plants once harvested were found to be 4.9 g kg m 1 , 2.3 g kg m 1 , 0.4 g kg m 1 and 0.2 g kg m 1 for Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III), respectively. Metals were preferentially accumulated in roots although a fast translocation to shoots was detected for Hg(II).     

生物修复技术在重金属污染治理中的应用

随着工业的发展，重金属对环境的污染越来越引起人们的关注。生物修复技术以其投资少、效率高、可以原位修复低浓度有害污染物的特性而在环境污染治理中发挥了巨大的作用，自上世纪80年代产生以来，得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文简要介绍了几种生物修复技术在污染治理中的应用，以期进一步推动重金属污染的治理和修复工作。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法检测市售鱿鱼中5种重金属

基于硝酸消解体系,建立了微波消解-电感耦合离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定市售鱿鱼中铅、砷、镉、汞、铬5种重金属元素的检测方法。样品加入HNO₃进行微波消解,优化ICP-MS 相关检测参数后,进行外标法定量。结果表明,5种重金属在各自浓度范围内线性关系均＞0.999,平均回收率为96%-101%,精密度RSD均小于5%。用该法检测广州市农贸市场随机购买的6个批次冰鲜鱿鱼,结果有1个批次砷含量超标,1个批次镉含量超标。该法前处理简单,检测准确、快速,适用于鱿鱼等水产品中铅、砷、镉、汞、铬等重金属的检测。     

微波/电热板组合消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中重金属元素

为提高土壤检测的重金属得率,采用了微波消解/电热板组合预处理-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤重金属含量。分析了硝酸(HNO3)、氢氟酸(HF)、高氯酸(HClO4)和盐酸(HCl)组合消解液及赶酸温度对土壤预处理影响。结果显示：在硝酸和盐酸混合消解液中,硝酸占比越高,铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)得率更高;消解液体系中加入氢氟酸可使消解更加彻底,提高铬与铜的得率。最优预处理消解条件为硝酸 6ml+ 氢氟酸 2ml消解液组合进行微波消解,1ml 高氯酸于155℃电热板上赶酸。经土壤标准样品GBW07401(GSS-1)和GBW07452(GSS-23)实际应用,预处理条件优化后测试准确度和稳定性均显著提高。此外使用元素铑(Rh)作为内标物时,其方法稳定性和准确性高于内标物钪(Sc)和锗(Ge)。可为相关国家土壤重金属测定标准的修制订提供方法学参考。     

新墙河区草本植物重金属含量的测定

用HNO3∶HClO4=4∶1(V/V)混酸消解草本植物后,采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)法测定样品中铅、砷、镉、铜、锌。结果表明:方法加标回收率94.7%~100.3%,相对标准偏差0.8%~8.7%。草本植物各不同部分重金属含量有所不同;新墙河流域草本植物重金属含量相对偏高,新墙河的一条支流油港河比另一条支流沙港河重金属污染严重,是新墙河的主要污染来源。该法用于草本植物重金属含量的测定快速、灵敏、重现性好。     

Polymer-Mercury Coated Screen-Printed Sensors for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Heavy Metals

In the perspective of in-field stripping analysis of heavy metals, the use and disposal of toxic mercury solutions (necessary to plate a mercury film on a carbon electrode surface) presents a problem. The aim of this work was the development of mercury coated screen-printed electrodes previously prepared in the lab and ready to use in-field. Thus some commercially available polymers like Nafion®, Eastman Kodak AQ29®, and Methocel® were investigated as mercury entrapping systems for electrochemical stripping analysis of heavy metals. Screen-printed disposable cells with a silver pseudo-reference electrode, a graphite counter electrode, and a graphite working electrode were used. To modify the sensor, the polymer solution was cast onto the carbon working electrode surface. Detection limits of 0.8 and 1 μg/L were obtained for lead and cadmium respectively. Since Methocel® based electrodes showed the best performance, they were used for the analysis of real samples. The results were compared with those obtained using a classical thin mercury film electrode and ICP spectroscopy.

All the experiments reported here were performed in un-deareated solutions as required for in-field analysis.     

Performance of a Bismuth Bulk Rotating Disk Electrode for Heavy Metal Analysis: Determination of Lead in Environmental Samples

The bismuth bulk electrode is proposed here for the first time in the rotating configuration (BiB‐RDE) as the electrode of choice for voltammetric analysis of selected heavy metal ions. Optimization of chemical and instrumental parameters was carried out to develop a reliable and convenient method for the determination of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) by SWASV. Appropriate detection limits were found for environmental monitoring applications in the medium – low µg/L range. The method was validated for Pb(II) determination by certified reference materials. Successful application to the determination of Pb(II) in samples of fortified rainwater and sewage sludge from a steel industry is described.     

Environmental Implications of Heavy Metals in Soil from Huainan,China

Soil metal contamination is of great concern due to these elements’ bioavailability, toxicity, and persistence. A total of forty soil samples were collected from mining, industrial, agricultural, and residential areas. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) was employed to determine the concentrations of the heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Geoaccumulation indices and health risk assessment models were employed to evaluate the potential ecological and health implications. The concentrations of As, Cr, and Zn in the industrial zone were higher than the values from the other areas, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb were highest in the residential area. The distribution of metals may be attributed to different anthropogenic sources. The soils in the industrial area were moderately contaminated by As. The noncarcinogenic risk due to metals was determined to be negligible in these areas, while a high carcinogenic risk was obtained in the industrial area. The priority controls should be As, Cd, and Cr in the industrial area. However, the ecological, environmental, and health implications in the mining and residential areas should also be monitored. This study provides a comprehensive investigation of soil metals in industrial, mining, residential, and agricultural areas in China that may be employed for future environmental management and regularization.     

The Use of Transplanted Venerupis Decussata to Evaluate the Pollution of Heavy Metals and Tributyltin in Marinas

Abstract

Live specimens of the clam Venerupis decussata were suspended in seawater of the Mazagon Marina, located in a heavy metal polluted area at the mouth of Huelva Estuary (SW Spain), Clams were preserved in plastic cages and subsamples were recovered every 5 days over a period of 40 days. Water from the marina was sampled every two days during the time course of the experiment. Clams and water were analyzed for metals and organotins. Results showed the accumulation of Mn, Cu, Fe, V, Zn and tributyltin in the bivalves reaching an equilibrium with the surrounding water. Bioconcentration factors ranged from 10² (for V) to 4×10³ (for Cu). Clams also accumulated Al and Pb but a steady state was not reached. A first-order kinetic model was applied to the data and results indicated that rates of accumulation differed in relation to clam size class. Clam mortality increased during the experiment and was total after 42 days which was attributed to the high concentration of Cu in seawater.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定某城区污泥中4种重金属元素

将采集的污泥样品晾干并碾碎至粒径为150μm的细粉,置于105℃温度条件下烘干4 h,称取烘干的样品,用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸消解后,将溶液定容至250 mL容量瓶中。分取5.00 mL试液置于100 mL容量瓶中用硝酸(0.2+99.8)溶液定容至100 mL,用火焰原子吸收光谱法按所选仪器工作条件测定其中4种重金属元素锰、铜、镉及铅的含量。方法的检出限(2s)分别为0.006 5(锰),0.001 6(铜),0.001 9(镉)及0.020 7(铅)mg.L-1。用标准加入法做回收试验,测得回收率在92.3%~98.6%之间。     

某冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染评价分析及源解析研究

有色金属矿产资源采选冶活动造成的土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和光谱法测定某冶炼厂周边不同区域内土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg元素含量,采用Kriging空间插值方法对重金属空间分布特征进行分析,采用内梅罗指数法对其污染状况进行评价,采用多元统计分析对重金属元素的污染源进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤采样点80%处于污染状态,且以重度污染为主,污染比较严重的区域受风向影响在冶炼厂的西部和南部方向,污染严重的重金属元素为Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和As,土壤中各重金属元素的污染源除来自于冶炼厂外,Zn-Cd-PbCu-As、Ni-Cr、Hg分别还受到机动车辆排放、自然因素、燃煤及农药使用的影响。     

海水重金属电化学传感器检测系统

研制了一种新型的海水重金属电化学传感器流动分析系统.通过在线过滤、紫外线消解、电化学富集以及离子选择性电极电位测定等过程,实现对海水重金属的高灵敏、高选择性的快速检测.在海水基体条件下,对于镉、铅和铜的测定线性范围分别为1.0×10-9～1.0×10-7 mol/L,3.0×10-9～1.0×10-7 mol/L和1.0×10-9～1.0× 10-7 mol/L,相应检出限为2.8×10-10,6.6×10-10和5.1×10-10 mol/L,连续6次测定的RSD均小于5％,全程分析在25 min内完成.应用于实际海水样品分析,其测定结果与溶出伏安法一致.此传感器性能可靠、成本低廉,在海水重金属现场快速监测方面具有良好的应用前景.     

原子吸收光谱法测定植物叶中微量重金属

用浓硝酸与高氯酸混酸消解植物叶,其中铜、锌及锰含量较高,可直接用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定;铅、镉及铬含量较低,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定;铅和镉含量甚微,受基体及共存元素干扰严重,用标准加入法消除干扰。     

原子吸收光谱法测定香烟烟气中重金属的含量

用原子吸收、荧光光谱法测定了不同品种香烟烟气的水吸收液中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)的含量,并用等离子体发射光谱法进行比较测定。结果表明,原子吸收光谱法具有灵敏度高、干扰小、快捷的优点。方法回收率为98%～100%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。实际样品测定结果令人满意。     

微波辅助消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定烟草中的重金属

本文以微波辅助消解为样品前处理方法,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定烟草中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Mn、Fe 7种重金属含量的分析方法。结果表明:该方法 Pb的检出限为2.00μg/L,其他元素检出限均小于0.90μg/L,回收率在86.1%~116.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.1%~8.1%范围。方法已成功用于部分国内外烟草中的重金属含量检测。     

Determination of Heavy Metals as Environmental Pollutants: Use of Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

The simultaneous determination of heavy metals by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in some environmental samples have been considered. A new approach has been proposed to assess the potentialities and the most adequate use of INAA for each particular heavy metal.