1,3-二炔的合成

随着1,3-二炔类化合物在有机合成及功能材料等领域的广泛应用,它的合成引起了广大研究者的关注.本文阐述了1,3-二炔类化合物的合成发展历史,着重综述了近十年来1,3-二炔类化合物的合成发展情况,按原料类别进行介绍,主要包括以末端炔、炔基卤化物、金属炔化物和烯基卤化物等为原料合成1,3-二炔化合物的新成果.文章还分析了一些合成方法在医药领域的应用和重要的反应机理,并总结了该类化合物的合成及未来发展方向.     

基于二芳炔硫醚的2,6-二芳基-1,4-二噻烯的合成

描述了一种基于二芳炔硫醚(Ar—C≡C—S—C≡C—Ar)底物合成2,6-二芳基-1,4-二噻烯的方法.将二芳炔硫醚和Na2S·9H2O在C2H5OH/C2H5ONa体系中回流反应,以80%~96%的产率合成了一系列2,6-二芳基-1,4-二噻烯化合物.该方法反应条件温和、产率高并且表现出很好的选择性.反应机理涉及硫负离子对底物分子的两个C≡C键的选择性亲核加成,即硫负离子(包括S2-和中间体B硫负离子)总是选择性地加到芳基一侧的炔碳上形成1,4-二噻烯.对化合物1a进行了X线晶体结构解析.分子中的六元杂环呈"船式"构型.C(1)—C(2)和C(1A)—C(2A)具有典型的双键性质,S(1)—C(2)和S(2)—C(1)的键长数则比一般C—S单键稍短,显示硫原子上的孤对电子与C(1)=C(2)双键上的π电子存在一定程度的共轭作用.1a的晶体学参数:属正交晶系,Pnma空间群,a=10.1330(11),b=27.318(3),c=5.5402(6),α=90.00°,β=90.00°,γ=90.00°,V=1533.6(3)3,Z=4,ρcalcd=1.422 g/cm3.最终偏离因子R=0.038,Rw=0.102。     

天然产物1,3-二-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)丙烷和1,3-二-(2,4-二羟基苯基)丙烷的合成

1,3-二-(2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)丙烷(1)和1,3-二-(2,4-二羟基苯基)丙烷(2)是从菊叶薯蓣(Dioscorea composita Hemsl.)分离出来的天然产物, 以间苯二酚为起始原料, 分别经甲酰化和乙酰化得到2,4-二羟基苯甲醛和2,4-二羟基苯乙酮, 然后经选择性地甲基化、甲氧甲基化、羟醛缩合、还原、脱保护等步骤完成了上述两种天然产物的首次全合成. 产物通过¹H NMR, IR, MS进行了结构确证.     

对甲苯亚磺酸钠/KI介导端炔的需氧氧化碘代反应合成1-碘代炔和1,3-二炔

基于对甲苯亚磺酸钠/KI介导端炔的需氧氧化碘代反应,发展了一种高效合成1-碘代炔的绿色环保方法.该方法以最绿色环保的空气作为氧化剂,无需其他有毒的氧化剂,具有效率高、反应操作简单、底物适用性广、试剂绿色环保和反应条件温和的特点.此外,基于对甲苯亚磺酸钠/KI介导端炔的需氧氧化碘代反应,发展了一种一锅法无金属催化端炔合成...     

合成α,β-不饱和炔酰胺的新途径

α,β-不饱和炔酰胺是有用的合成中间体,它们通常是由其相应的羧酸衍生物与胺反应制得。我们在应用Weyerstahl的方法从乙酰乙酸乙酯(1)制备丁炔一2一酸(5)时,发现以胺作为亲核试剂代替     

铜催化胺与1,3-二羰基化合物的缩合反应合成烯胺酮化合物

报道了铜催化胺与1,3-二羰基化合物的缩合反应.在CuCl催化剂的存在下,胺与1,3-二羰基化合物的缩合反应,可在四氢呋喃溶剂中、室温条件下顺利进行,生成烯胺酮化合物,收率为75%～98%.合成了16种烯胺酮化合物3a～3p,其中,3p为未知化合物.     

5,5-二甲基-1-邻氨基苯基-1,3-己二炔的合成与表征

二炔化合物不但是有机合成的重要中间体,而且是许多天然产物以及具有生理活性化合物的基本骨架[1].自1869年以来发展了许多高效合成二炔化合物的方法和技术[2-6],其中用铜做催化剂的Glaser偶联反应是合成1,3-二炔化合物最常用的方法,然而这种方法不能满足合成不对称1,3-二炔化合物的需要.     

一锅两步法合成1,4-二芳基取代-1,3-丁二烯类化合物

1,3-共轭烯烃不仅是有机合成不可或缺的原料或中间体,许多聚合物、天然产物和具有生理活性化合物的核心骨架都含有1,3-丁二烯结构单元.简便而有效的1,3-共轭烯烃合成方法一直是化学家们感兴趣的研究课题,在已有共轭烯烃的合成方法中,钯催化烯基卤与端烯的Heck交叉偶联反应占据了主要地位.最近,简单化合物的"一锅法"串联反...     

一种高效的双烯酮替代物——2,2-二甲基-1,3-二噁环己-4-烯-6-酮类化合物的合成

2,2-二甲基-1,3-二噁环己-4-烯-6-酮类化合物2可以代替双烯酮, 定量地和亲核试剂发生反应, 并且本身安全无毒, 化学性质稳定, 成本低廉, 是一类高效的双烯酮替代物. 本文对2的合成方法进行了研究, 采用简便易行的方法成功地合成了一系列双烯酮的替代物.     

镁粉促进“一锅法”合成α,β-炔基酮类化合物

报道了镁粉(4)促进下,以Weinreb酰胺(1a~1j,1l~1n,1p~1r)、苯乙炔(2)和正丁基溴(3)为原料,"一锅法"合成α,β-炔酮类化合物(5a~5j,5l~5n,5p~5r)的反应。结果表明:在最优反应条件(THF为溶剂,3 1.1 mmol,4 1.25 mmol,混拌2 h;加入2 0.75 mmol,搅拌1 h;加入1 0.5 mmol,于室温反应)下,5a~5j,5l~5n,5p~5r产率45%~86%,其结构经~1H NMR和~(13)C NMR确证。     

CuI/iodine-mediated homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes to 1,3-diynes

A facile and efficient pathway for CuI/iodine-mediated homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes to symmetrical 1,4-disubstituted 1,3-diynes in good to excellent yields was reported.     

Importance of bases on the copper-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes to 1,4-disubstituted 1,3-diynes

Copper-catalyzed, solvent-free oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes can be performed to 1,3-diynes in good to excellent yields in the absence of any additives, using air as environmentally friendly oxidant and the occurrence of water as an exclusive byproduct in the whole process. It is shown that AcO⁻ of copper (II) acetate catalyst may take the role of base and found that the homocoupling cannot occur using weakly basic copper salt catalysts such as CuBr, CuCl, or CuI. Thus, the bases are absolutely necessary in the process of the homocoupling of terminal alkynes.     

1,3-Diynes synthesis by homo-coupling of terminal alkynes using a Pd(PPh3)4/Ag2O simple catalyst system

Amine- and copper salt-free palladium-catalyzed homo-coupling reaction of terminal alkynes proceeded efficiently in the presence of silver(I) oxide, which served as both activator and oxidant, in tetrahydrofuran at 60 °C to achieve satisfactory yields of 1,3-diyne compounds. It was demonstrated for the first time by means of XPS analysis that Pd(0) species can be oxidated to Pd(II) by silver(I) oxide.     

Efficient and practical synthesis of N-acetyl enamides from ketoximes by unique iron catalytic system

A new procedure for the iron-catalyzed synthesis of enamides from ketoximes was developed, and its mechanism was proposed. A unique reduction system, with the concerted use of KI and Na₂S₂O₄, was involved. The reaction exhibited a wide substrate scope and gave good yields in a short reaction time. The procedure is operationally simple and also applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Synthesis of 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines by transition-metal free cyclization of 1,3-diynes with amino acids

Amino acids are firstly employed in transition-metal free heterocyclization reaction of 1,3-diynes in the presence of K₃PO₄ and DMSO at 120 °C. This method produces 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines with up to 86% yield. The –CO₂H group on the amino acids is crucial for this heterocyclization reaction. The mechanism of such a heterocyclization reaction is discussed, as well.     

Green synthesis of 1,3-diynes from terminal acetylenes under solvent-free conditions

Herein, we report the microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,3-diynes from terminal acetylenes, catalyzed by CuI and tetramethylethylenediamine, in the presence of air as the oxidant, at 100 °C for only 10 min under solvent-free conditions. This efficient methodology allowed the homocoupling of several terminal alkynes in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, the same protocol was also applicable for the synthesis of some unsymmetrical 1,3-diynes through the cross-coupling reaction.     

One-pot synthesis of new 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,3-thiazoles and 1,3-selenazoles

In this work, we describe the synthesis of new 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1,3-thiazoles and 1,3-selenazole achieved by an easy one-pot four-step procedure. Expected compounds were obtained in good yield from dimethyl cyanodithioimidocarbonate, which was the common starting material for the preparation of all 1,3-thiazoles and 1,3-selenazoles. Chemical diversity was introduced on thiazole and selenazole rings by varying the amines and the activated halides used.     

Sulfamic acid as a cost-effective and recyclable catalyst for liquid Beckmann rearrangement, a green process to produce amides from ketoximes without waste

Sulfamic acid (H₂NSO₃H) has been proved to be an efficient and green catalyst for liquid Beckmann rearrangement of ketoxime in dried acetonitrile. The use of basic neutralization agent has been avoided in this system due to its intrinsic zwitterionic property. Thus it is a green process for preparation of amide from ketoxime without producing any waste.     

Glaser oxidative coupling in ionic liquids: an improved synthesis of conjugated 1,3-diynes

Terminal alkynes undergo oxidative-coupling smoothly in the presence of the CuCl-TMEDA catalytic system in hydrophobic [bmim]PF₆ ionic liquid under aerobic conditions to produce 1,3-diynes in excellent yields under mild conditions. The substrates, alkynes, show enhanced reactivity and selectivity in ionic liquids (ILs). The recovery of the catalyst is facilitated by the hydrophobic nature of the [bmim]PF₆ ionic liquid.