Computer modeling of the chemical-power engineering process of roasting of a moving multilayer mass of phosphorite pellets

A mathematical model and a computer model were developed for the multistage chemical and energy engineering process of roasting of phosphorite pellets, which includes the reactions of dissociation of carbonates and the processes of sintering in a moving dense multilayer mass of phosphorite pellets in a complex chemical and energy engineering system—travelling grate machine. The adequacy of the developed mathematical model was tested. Computational experiments were performed to determine the roasting process parameters at various physicochemical characteristics of the phosphate feedstock and the external heattransfer gas flow.     

Optimizing the energy efficiency of the chemical and energy engineering process of drying of a moving dense multilayer mass of phosphorite pellets

Conceptual and mathematical formulations were developed for the problem of optimizing the chemical and energy engineering process (CEEP) of drying of a moving dense multilayer mass of phosphorite pellets in a complex chemical and energy engineering system (CEES)—travelling grate machine—as a discrete dynamic programming problem. A criterion of the efficiency of the drying CEEP was taken to be the minimum of the cost of the heat and power consumed in the drying CEEP. The obtained results of solving the optimization problem were applied to calculate the characteristics of the energy efficiency of the drying of pellets in the CEES. It was determined that, under the optimal conditions of the drying of the moving multilayer mass of pellets, there is no overmoistening zone, the heat- and moisture-transfer processes are intensified, the power consumption reduces, and the quality of the final product increases.     

Drying of granules in vibrating suspended bed: Engineering simulation

Engineering algorithm for simulation and designing of a continuous convective drying apparatus serving for drying heat-stable and heat-labile granules in a vibratory fluidized bed (vibrating, suspended bed) was suggested. The algorithm was based on a joint use of mass and heat balance equations, empirical dependences, and comparison of technological parameters with parameters got by the mathematical simulation of dynamics in the vibratory fluidized bed of variable weight. For example, we suggested a calculation algorithm of technological parameters of drying the heat-stable zeolite granules in the vibrating suspended bed. The results for a unit cost of heat and moisture evaporation standards in 3-stage drying were compared with the same for pneumatic drying apparatus, with devices of the fluidized and vibratory fluidized beds, and with sublimation dryers known in industry.     

Development of a novel compression tester and rheo-mechanical properties of wet-mass powder. I--Effect of kneading time on the rheo-mechanical properties

In our previous paper [Watano S., et al., Chem. Phram. Bull., 49(1), 64-68, (2001)], a compaction tester was developed to quantitatively evaluate the water dispersion condition of wet kneaded masses prepared by a paddle type kneader. It was also demonstrated that the physical properties of pellets prepared by extrusion granulation after the kneading could be well predicted by the vertical pressure transmission obtained through the compaction tester. However, in this compression tester, the vertical pressure transmission was just obtained and rheological and mechanical properties (so called rheo-mechanical properties) of wet mass-powder that should be the most important to determine the deformation process were not well studied. In this study, a novel compression tester, which can measure both vertical and radial pressure transmissions, has been developed. Based on the compression test, mechanical property (Young's modulus) and rheological property (effective internal friction) of wet mass powder prepared by different kneading times were quantitatively investigated. Granules (pellets) were then obtained through the extrusion granulation and fluidized bed drying, and the physical properties (strength and disintegration time) of the obtained pellet were evaluated. The relationship between the granule (pellet) physical properties and the mechanical and rheological (rheo-mechanical) properties was analyzed.     

Integration of biomass drying with combustion/gasification technologies and minimization of emissions of organic compounds

Moisture content (MC) of green biomass or raw biomass materials (wood, bark, plants, etc.) commonly exceeds 50 mass % (wet basis). The maximum possible MC of biomass fuel for big scale combustion (e.g. fluidized bed combustion with low external heat losses) is approximately 60–65 mass %. Higher biomass MC generally causes operational problems of biomass combustors, lower stability of burning and higher CO and VOC emissions. Gasification of biomass with higher MC produces fuel gas of lower effective heating values and higher tar concentrations. In this review, various technological schemes for wood drying in combination with combustion/gasification with the assessment of factors for possible minimization of emissions of organics from the drying processes are compared. The simple direct flue gas biomass drying technologies lead to exhaust drying gases containing high VOC emissions (terpenes, alcohols, organic acids, etc.). VOC emissions depend on the drying temperature, residence time and final MC of the dried biomass. Indirect biomass drying has an advantage in the possibility of reaching very low emissions of organic compounds from the drying process. Exhaust drying gases can be simply destroyed as a part of the total combustion air (gas) in a combustion chamber or a gasifier. Liquid, condensed effluents have to be treated properly because they have relatively high content of organic compounds, some of them accompanied by odor. Drying of biomass with superheated steam offers more uniform drying of both small and bigger particles and shorter periods of higher temperatures of the dried biomass, particularly if drying to the final MC below 15 mass % is required. In practical modern drying technologies, biomass (mainly wood) is dried in recirculated gas of relatively high humidity (approaching saturation) and the period of constant rate drying is longer. Drying of moist wood material (saw dust, chips, etc.) is required in wood pellet production. Emissions of organics in drying depend on biomass properties, content of resins, storing time and on operational aspects of the drying process: drying temperature, drying medium, final MC, residence time, and particle size distribution of the dried biomass (wood). Integration of biomass drying with combustion/gasification processes includes the choice of the drying medium (flue gas, air, superheated steam). Properties of the drying media and operational parameters are strongly dependent on local conditions, fuel input of the combustion/gasification unit, cleaning of the exhaust drying media (gas, steam, wastewater), and on environmental factors and requirements.     

Microwave drying of granules containing a moisture-sensitive drug: a promising alternative to fluid bed and hot air oven drying

The impact of microwave drying and binders (copolyvidone and povidone) on the degradation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and physical properties of granules were compared with conventional drying methods. Moist granules containing ASA were prepared using a high shear granulator and dried with hot air oven, fluid bed or microwave (static or dynamic bed) dryers. Percent ASA degradation, size and size distribution, friability and flow properties of the granules were determined. Granules dried with the dynamic bed microwave dryer showed the least amount of ASA degradation, followed by fluid bed dryer, static bed microwave oven and hot air oven. The use of microwave drying with a static granular bed adversely affected ASA degradation and drying capability. Dynamic bed microwave dryer had the highest drying capability followed by fluid bed, static bed microwave dryer and conventional hot air oven. The intensity of microwave did not affect ASA degradation, size distribution, friability and flow properties of the granules. Mixing/agitating of granules during drying affected the granular physical properties studied. Copolyvidone resulted in lower amount of granular residual moisture content and ASA degradation on storage than povidone, especially for static bed microwave drying. In conclusion, microwave drying technology has been shown to be a promising alternative for drying granules containing a moisture-sensitive drug.     

粮食水分的测量和电子水分仪测量不确定度的评定

介绍粮食中水分的两种测量方法：烘干称重法和电测法。同一台水分仪测量不同品种的粮食可能有不同的不确定度,一台水分仪要存入多条工作曲线用以测量不同品种粮食的含水量。介绍了电子水分仪测量不确定度的评定方法。     

Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers

Miscanthus is resistant to dry, frosty winters in Poland and most European Union countries. Miscanthus gives higher yields compared to native species. Farmers can produce Miscanthus pellets after drying it for their own heating purposes. From the third year, the most efficient plant development begins, resulting in a yield of 25–30 tons of dry matter from an area of 1 hectare. Laboratory scale tests were carried out on the processes of drying, compacting, and torrefaction of this biomass type. The analysis of the drying process was conducted at three temperature levels of the drying agent (60, 100, and 140 °C). Compaction on a hydraulic press was carried out in the pressure range characteristic of a pressure agglomeration (130.8–457.8 MPa) at different moisture contents of the raw material (0.5% and 10%). The main interest in this part was to assess the influence of drying temperature, moisture content, and compaction pressure on the specific densities (DE) and the mechanical durability of the pellets (DU). In the next step, laboratory analyses of the torrefaction process were carried out, initially using the Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and Differential Scaning Calorimeter DSC techniques (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at five temperature levels (225, 250, 275, 300, and 525 °C). A SEM analysis of Miscanthus after torrefaction processes at three different temperatures was performed. Both the parameters of biochar (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (volatile organic content (VOC)) were analyzed. The results show that both drying temperature and moisture level will affect the quality of the pellets. Analysis of the torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 300–340 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective.     

Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Pelletized Cultivation of Mucor circinelloides for Microbial Lipid Accumulation

Microbial oil accumulation via oleaginous fungi has some potential benefits because filamentous fungi can form pellets during cell growth and these pellets are easier to harvest from the culture broth than individual cells. This research studied the effect of various culture conditions on the pelletized cell growth of Mucor circinelloides and its lipid accumulation. The results showed that cell pelletization was positively correlated to biomass accumulation; however, pellet size was negatively correlated to the oil content of the fungal biomass, possibly due to the mass transfer barriers generated by the pellet structure. How to control the size of the pellet is the key to the success of the pelletized microbial oil accumulation process.     

Characterization of dual layered pellets for sustained release of poorly water-soluble drug

The aim of this study was to develop pellet formulations that could be used to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble model drug, cisapride. Six different types of pellets were prepared by coating sugar spheres in a fluidized bed coater. When the sugar spheres were single layered containing cisapride and solubilizer such as polysorbate 80, the resulting pellets provided an instant release of cisapride in the simulated gastric fluid. Dissolution tests carried out in the simulated intestinal fluid showed that there were negligible amounts of cisapride released, regardless of the pellet formulation. To succeed in attaining dissolution and the sustained release of cisapride at a neural pH, the single layered pellets were coated again with a coating suspension containing Eudragit RS 30D and L 30D. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dual layered pellets had a crack-free and spherical surface. Interestingly, the dual layered pellets provided the sustained release of cisapride in both the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The composition and components of the dual layers were found to be key parameters affecting the pattern of cisapride dissolution. Significant improvement in the bioavailability of cisapride was achieved when the dual layered pellets were administered orally to dogs. Overall, these results suggest that the dual layered pellets have potential as a sustained release dosage form for poorly water-soluble drugs.     

生物质热反应机理与活化能确定方法Ⅰ.干燥段研究

干燥段是生物质热解的第一个过程.采用热分析仪研究了杉木木屑干燥段质量和热量的变化,推导了非等温干燥动力学模型,探讨了热质传输机理.结果表明,随着温度的升高,木屑含湿量迅速下降,80℃左右出现一个明显的失重峰;非等温干燥动力学Page模型能很好地模拟木屑干燥过程,木屑干燥活化能为12.6 kJ/mol;水分传输与热量传递...     

Laboratory-scale production of biofuel pellets from electron beam treated Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) sawdust

The effect of electron beam (EB) treatment on pine sawdust used as raw material for fuel pellets was studied. Dry sawdust was EB treated at different dosage levels up to 100 kGy. The effect of EB treatment on fatty and resin acid composition was studied for different dosage levels and compared to untreated sawdust. Pellets were pressed in a laboratory single pellet press unit according to a D-optimal, response surface modeling (RSM) experimental design, where sawdust moisture content and die temperature were varied independently for EB treatment dosages of 0, 18.2 and 48.9 kGy. The responses of the designed experiment were density and strength for the produced pellets.The results showed that the free fatty and resin acid content in the sawdust initially decreased with increasing EB doses but at the highest EB doses it increased. The total content of extractives however initially increased and then decreased with increasing EB dose. Pellets made of EB treated sawdust had a significantly (at 95% confidence level) higher density and compressive strength than pellets made from untreated sawdust. EB treated sawdust behaved similarly to stored (mature) sawdust as a pellet raw material. Thus, EB treatment opens the possibility for controlled ageing (maturation) of pellet raw materials.     

Nonradiative Energy Transfer through Distributed Bands in Piezochemically Synthesized Cesium and Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites

Repeated absorption of emitted photons, also called photon recycling, in large crystals and thick films of perovskites leads to delayed photoluminescence (PL) and decrease of PL intensity. The role of distinct band gaps, which act as donors and acceptors of energy, and nonradiative energy transfer on such delayed, low intensity emission is yet to be rationalized. Here we report delayed emission by nonradiative energy transfer across a distribution of energy states in close-packed crystallites of cesium lead bromide CsPbBr₃, formamidinium lead bromide FAPbBr₃, or the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)₃ perovskite synthesized in the form of thick pellets by the piezochemical method. The PL lifetime of the bromide-rich domain in the mixed halide pellet is considerably decreased when compared with a pure FAPbBr₃ pellet. Here the domains with higher bromide composition act as the energy donor, whereas the iodide-rich domains are the acceptors. Time-resolved PL measurements of CsPbBr₃, FAPbBr₃, and the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)₃ perovskite pellets help us to clarify the role of nonradiative energy transfer on photon recycling.     

Heat/mass transfer characteristics and nonisothermal drying kinetics at the first stage of biomass pyrolysis

Biomass pyrolysis can be divided into three stages: moisture evaporation, main devolatilization, and continuous slight devolatilization. This present study focuses on the heat and mass transfer characteristics of biomass in the first pyrolysis stage, which takes place in the range of room temperature to 150?°C. Thermalgravimetric experiments of rice husk and cotton stalk were performed by a synchronic thermal analyzer (TG/DSC). Four nonisothermal drying models were obtained from common isothermal drying models in order to describe the drying behavior of agricultural products. The moisture content of biomass decreased rapidly as the temperature increased and an apparent water loss peak was observed in the temperature range of 65?C75?°C. DSC could be regarded as the superposition of three parts: heat flow from moisture evaporation, heat flow from the heat capacity of unevaporated moisture, and heat flow from the heat capacity of dry base biomass. The heat requirements for the dehydration of 1?kg rice husk and cotton stalk were 251 and 269?kJ, respectively. Nonisothermal drying models were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R ²) and reduced chi-square (??²). Page model was found to be the best for describing the nonisothermal drying kinetics. The values of activation energy were determined to be 9.2 and 15.1?kJ/mol for rice husk and cotton stalk, respectively.     

工业废碱催化剂MA与煤混合浸渍干燥的研究

以转筒干燥方式考察了福建无烟粉煤与工业废碱催化剂MA同时进行混合浸渍与干燥脱水的过程，讨论了煤的粒径，干燥温度，时间、气速、转筒转速、催化剂含量和转筒处理量等因素对煤与催化剂混合浸渍与干燥过程的影响。研究表明采用转筒干燥的方式,进口干燥空气温度在80 ℃～160 ℃、转筒处理量为214 kg/m3·h～1834 kg/m3·h、干燥气速0.12 m/s～0.30 m/s、干燥时间20 min内，混合物料的湿含量可降至<5%，且催化剂与煤浸渍充分均匀，满足流化床操作的要求，实现了最佳的催化气化效果。基于实验数据拟合了煤和废碱催化剂转筒干燥的传热系数方程，通过物料与能量衡算，模拟了混合物料连续干燥时沿转筒的湿含量的变化。     

Fungal morphology in submerged cultures and its relation to glucose oxidase excretion by recombinant Aspergillus niger

The effect of culture conditions such as medium composition and shear stress on the fungal pellet morphology in shake-flask cultures and its relation to glucose oxidase (GOD) excretion by recombinant Aspergillus niger NRRL 3 (GOD 3–18) was investigated. It was shown that culture conditions resulting in the formation of smaller fungal pellets with an increased mycelial density result in higher yields of exocellular GOD. The pellets obtained in shake-flask cultures showed distinct layers of mycelial density with only the thin outer layer consisting of a dense mycelial network. The performance of the recombinant strain and the process of pellet formation was also analyzed during batch cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor. It was shown that the process of pellet formation occurred in two steps: (1) aggregation of free spores to spore clusters with subsequent germination and formation of small aggregates surrounded by a loose hyphal network, and (2) aggregation of the primary aggregates to the final full-size pellets. The fungal pellets formed during bioreactor cultivation were smaller, did not show large differences in mycelial density, and were more efficient with respect to the production of exocellular GOD. The decreasing pellet size also correlated with an increased mycelial density, indicating an improvement of the transport of nutrients to the inner parts of the pellet.     

水蒸汽流化条件下的煤气化实验与模型研究

本文在实验室条件下对赤峰的两种褐煤进行了煤热解气化实验研究，考察了气化室温度和流化状态等实验条件变化对煤气产率，组分的影响，得到了具体条件下的煤气化综合过程实验数据。     

Drying and pyrolysis of wood particles: experiments and simulation

The objective of this study is to develop a flexible and stable numerical method to predict the thermal decomposition of large wood particles due to drying and pyrolysis. At a later stage, this model is applied to each particle of a packed bed and thus, forms the entire packed bed process as a sum of individual particle processes. Therefore, this approach can deal with particles of different sizes, shapes and properties. A general formulation of the conservation equations allows the geometry of a fuel particle to be treated as a plate, cylinder or sphere. The various processes such as heat-up, drying and pyrolysis are described by a set of one-dimensional and transient conservation equations for mass and energy. This allows for simultaneous processes e.g. reactions in time and covers the entire range between transport-limited (shrinking core) and kinetically limited (reacting core) reaction regimes. The particles interact with a gas phase by heat and mass transfer taking into account the Stefan correction due to the gas outflow during conversion. Experiments carried out span a temperature range between T=300 and 900 °C for particle sizes varying between 8 and 17 mm. A comparison between measurements and predictions of drying models yielded satisfactory agreement only for the constant evaporation temperature model and thus, indicating, that the drying process is transport limited by heat transfer for large wood particles. Likewise, predicted results of pyrolysis for the above-mentioned range of temperatures and sizes agreed satisfactorily with measurements.     

Effects of Pellet Characteristics on L-Lactic Acid Fermentation by R. oryzae: Pellet Morphology,Diameter, Density,and Interior Structure

The effects of pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure on L-lactic acid fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae were characterized for different inoculum sizes and concentrations of peptone and CaCO₃. Inoculum size was the most important factor determining pellet formation and diameter. The diameter decreased with increasing inoculum size, and larger pellets were observed for lower inoculum sizes. Peptone concentration had the greatest effect on pellet density, which increased with increasing peptone concentration. L-lactic acid production depended heavily on pellet density but not on pellet diameter. Low-density pellets formed easily under conditions of low peptone concentration and often had a relatively hollow structure, with a thin condensed layer surrounding the pellet and an extraordinarily loose biomass or hollow center. As expected, this structure greatly decreased production. The production of L-lactic acid increased until the density reached a certain level (50–60 kg/m³), in which the compact part was distributed homogeneously in the thick outer layer of the pellet and loose in the central layer. Homogeneously structured, denser pellets had limited mass transfer, causing a lower overall turnover rate. However, the interior structure remained nearly constant throughout all fermentation phases for pellets with the same density. CaCO₃ concentration only had a slight influence on pellet diameter and density, probably because it increases spore germination and filamentous hypha extension. This work also provides a new analysis method to quantify the interior structure of pellets, thus giving insight into pellet structure and its relationship with productivity.     

垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英的分布特性

采用高分辨色谱/低分辨质谱联机分析了不同炉型垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器飞灰中的二噁英分布特性。结果表明，燃料组成及飞灰中氯含量对飞灰中二噁英的浓度均有影响。飞灰中氯含量与灰中的二噁英含量成正比关系。尽管飞灰中含有大量重金属，但与飞灰中二噁英的含量并不存在显著的关系。流化床炉与炉排炉布袋除尘器飞灰中二噁英同系物分布特性不同。飞灰中二噁英的主要同系物是1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD(heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin)，1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF(heptachlorinated dibenzofuran)和OCDD(octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin)，PCDFs(polychlorinated dibenzofurans)，TEQ (toxic equivalence quantity)高于PCDDs含量。初步研究表明，炉排炉飞灰中二噁英总量及毒性当量（TEQ）大于流化床炉飞灰。