明胶水溶液的超声性质

用频率为11.4兆赫兹的超声波研究了明胶水溶液的超声性质。超声吸收的浓度曲线表明,一直到重量百分比浓度c=8.5％时超声吸收也没达到饱和值。当溶液浓度大于1.5％时,在室温下它们都可以转变成冻胶,而且在整个转化过程中超声吸收值不变。当溶液的温度下降到接近冻点时,溶液的粘滞系数随时间逐渐增大,从而使声吸收的经典理论值可能超过实验值几个数量级;但当溶液温度适当高于冻点时,经典声吸收理论值可能小于实验值而处于同一数量级。浓溶液(c=6.4％)超声速度的温度极大值与纯水中声速温度极大值没有什么明显的不同。文中对所有被观测到的这些现象进行了讨论。     

不同体系下氢键对聚丙烯酰胺光谱的影响

采用红外,紫外光谱分析不同体系下氢键对部分水解高分子聚丙烯酰胺光谱的影响。研究表明,高分子聚丙烯酰胺中的酰胺基与部分水解的羧酸基能形成分子内氢键导致酰胺基中游离-NH₂特征吸收峰向低频方向移动;聚丙烯酰胺在水溶液中随浓度的增大主要形成分子内氢键使最大吸收波长发生红移;在含中等浓度钠离子和钙离子的水溶液体系下,分子内氢键和分子间氢键同时存在,在含高浓度钠离子和钙离子体系下,则主要形成分子间氢键。不同体系下,氢键对聚丙烯酰胺光谱的影响不同：在水溶液体系下,其最大吸收波长红移8 nm,在钠离子单独存在的体系下,最大吸收波长红移4 nm,在钙离子和钠离子同时存在的体系下,最大吸收波长红移2 nm。     

聚丙烯酰胺溶液的光谱特性及其浓度光学检测

提出了光学检测聚丙烯酰胺溶液的方法,利用TU-1901/1900双光束紫外可见分光光度计、IRPrestige-21傅立叶变换红外光谱仪测量5~600 mg·L-1浓度范围内聚丙烯酰胺溶液的透射光谱,研究了其在波段190~900 nm和400~4 000 cm-1的光谱特性,进行了其浓度的反演分析。研究表明：聚丙烯酰胺溶液在200~300 nm和400~920 cm-1,2 986~3 684 cm-1范围存在较强吸收特性,其透光度在220 nm,2 623 cm-1处有一定的线性关系;在紫外波段基于2,3和4个透光度测量值反演其未知浓度的计算误差最大值分别为6.98%,2.34%和0.79%。     

界面活性剂的混合添加对溴化锂溶液表面张力及吸收水蒸气的影响

本文从将两种有效添加剂混合添加的角度,来研究其对溴化锂水溶液吸收水蒸气的影响.采用静态池吸收实验测试溶液吸收水蒸气的效果.通过对正辛醇、仲辛醇、异辛醇、正己醇四种物质采用单种添加和两种混合添加的测试实验表明,混合添加后的效果与其中较好的添加剂单独添加的效果接近.采用吊板法测量溶液的表面张力.通过对添加以上混合添加剂后的溴化锂水溶液的表面张力的测试表明,混合添加后溶液的表面张力与其中较大程度降低溶液表面张力的添加剂单独添加后的表面张力接近.     

超声波在乙酸乙酯和乙酸甲酯中的弛豫吸收

关于超声波在乙酸乙酯和乙酸甲酯中的吸收问题曾引起了多次热烈的争论,为此,作者采用了行波中的光衍射法做了进一步的实验研究。在实验过程中,特别注意了仪器的精确度问题,并且对许多种吸收系数已知的标准液体进行了多次重复的测量,结果很好地符合于一般的公认值,且误差不超出5％。对于两种乙酸酯,测量的频率范围是3-30Mc,温度保持20℃。测量结果表明,在实验的误差范围内,吸收的实验值很好地落在唯象单弛豫理论所预期的曲线上,弛豫频率对乙酸乙酯约在12Mc附近,对乙酸甲酯约在7Mc附近。并且通过对不同纯度的乙酸乙酯进行重复的测量,表示杂质引起的附加吸收并不影响吸收曲线的特性。因此也就明某些作者测量得到两个弛豫频率的结果是不真实的。作者并认为Karpovich首先提出的旋转异构的理论是适合于解释这两种液体的驰豫吸收的机理的。     

磁场影响氨水吸收的实验研究

在提高氨水吸收式制冷系统性能及促进其设备小型化的过程中,对吸收过程进行强化是一种有效途径.本文对氨水降膜吸收过程进行了被动强化,对吸收主体段施加了外部磁场,进行了磁场条件下氨水溶液降膜吸收的实验研究,结果显示在磁场条件下,冷却水出吸收主体段时温度比无磁场时有所升高,传热降膜管壁温度在磁场条件下吸收时也比无磁场时高,初始状态相同的氨水溶液,当施加外部磁场后,吸收完毕后溶液浓度较未施加外部磁场的溶液浓度高,以上参数值都随磁感应强度的增加而增大.这表明对氨水降膜吸收过程施加外部磁场后,可对吸收过程产生一定的强化作用.     

Preparation and Unimolecular-Micellization Behavior of Homopolymer of Surface-Active Monomer AMC14AB

采用水溶液均聚合方法,制备了阳离子型表面活性单体(2-丙烯酰胺基)乙基十四烷基二甲基溴化铵(AMC14AB)的均聚物,使用荧光探针法、表面张力测定及电导测定法,重点考察了均聚物P(AMC14AB)在水溶液中的胶束化行为与表面吸附现象. 在水溶液中,均聚物P(AMC14AB)呈现单分子链胶束的聚集形态,具有零临界胶束浓度,从开始加入P(AMC14AB)起,水溶液中随即产生单分子链胶束,不存在Krafft温度. P(AMC14AB)在溶液表面也发生表面吸附,使水的表面张力下降,即P(AMC14AB)也具有表面活性;随着浓度增大,表面吸附量增大,水的表面张力持续下降;当表面吸附达饱和时,表面张力～浓度曲线上出现突变点,该点定义为饱和的表面吸附浓度,而不应该再称为临界胶束浓度. P(AMC14AB)单分子链胶束溶液对疏水有机物(甲苯)的增溶情况,明显不同于普通小分子表面活性剂十六烷基溴化铵(CTAB)的多分子胶束溶液,甲苯增溶量～P(AMC14AB)浓度的关系曲线上无突变点,而且对甲苯的增溶能力高于CTAB的多分子胶束溶液.     

双丙酮丙烯酰胺的紫外光谱研究

双丙酮丙烯酰胺（DAAM）是一种应用广泛的聚合物单体,可与其他乙烯基单体共聚得到性能各异的聚合物材料,而对DAAM的光谱研究报道较少。文章主要研究了DAAM在水、乙腈、甲醇和环己烷四种溶剂中的紫外光谱。结果发现,在这四种溶剂中,DAAM溶液的紫外光谱主要在200 nm左右及226 nm左右有2个强吸收峰。200 nm左右的吸收峰对溶剂的极性及溶液的浓度非常敏感。在极性溶剂中200 nm吸收峰发生蓝移,在极性较大的乙腈及水中,蓝移更大;在各种溶剂中,200 nm吸收峰都随溶液浓度增大而发生红移。而226 nm左右的吸收峰在各种极性不同的溶剂中吸收峰的位置变化不明显,对溶液浓度也不敏感。因此,DAAM在226 nm吸收峰可以用于DAAM的定量分析,而200 nm吸收峰可用于研究DAAM与其他分子的相互作用。另外,溶剂极性对2个吸收峰强度的影响也不相同。     

利用二氧化碳的缓慢释放控制聚丙烯酰胺在含柠檬酸铬水溶液中的粘度（英文）

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺广泛用在堵水调剖以提高石油采收率等采油工程领域.本文报道了一种可以有效延缓部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在60℃水中与铬离子交联的新技术.首先利用柠檬酸和铬离子之间的络合来有效阻止部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与铬离子之间的交联作用,随着包埋在水溶液中碳酸氢根离子分解释放二氧化碳,溶液的pH值逐渐增加,导致部分水解聚丙烯酰胺电离度增加,因此与铬离子的交联作用也逐渐增强.当部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与铬离子的交联作用大于铬离子与柠檬酸之间络合作用时,溶液的黏度逐渐增加.在封闭条件下,以及由于磷酸二氢钾的缓冲作用,二氧化碳的释放是缓慢进行的,而三聚氰胺与部分水解聚丙烯酰胺氢键相互作用又进一步阻止了羧基的电离,因此部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与铬离子的交联作用可以被延缓到近一个月的时间,完全满足了利用深度堵水调剖方法提高石油采收率的工程技术要求.     

关于制备水溶性聚丙烯酰胺方法的改进

本发明是关于制备水溶性聚丙烯酰胺的方法。聚丙烯酰胺作为一种絮凝剂被广泛使用于加速杂质沉淀、工业悬浮物的过滤及水的纯化,并且也可以作为一种土壤团粒结构促进剂和结合剂。聚丙烯酰胺在化学、造纸、食品及其它工业中同样可以找到各种各样的应用。丙烯酰胺水溶液在核辐射或引发剂即过氧化合物或氧化还原体系的作用下制备水溶性聚丙烯酰胺的方法是众所周知的。     

Analysis of concentration characteristics in ultrasonic atomization by droplet diameter distribution

The droplet diameter distribution and concentration characteristics in ultrasonic atomization were experimentally studied. The samples were aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol. The diameter distribution of atomized droplets showed the normal distribution, and the median diameter and standard deviation were expressed by means of the ultrasonic condition and the liquid properties. The concentration characteristic in ultrasonic atomization was analyzed by using the model of shell and core to the atomized droplet, where the former and latter consist of solute and solution, respectively. The value, which was surface solute amount in droplet multiplied by the molecular volume, increased with increasing solute molar fraction in bulk liquid and was independent of alcohol kinds. The rate of accompanying liquid and the solute molar fraction in accompanied liquid were estimated from the diameter distribution and the surface solute amount in droplet.     

生物媒质中非线性声学参量B/A的研究

本文用插入取代法测量和研究了猪全血、牛全血、牛奶和各种分子量的聚乙二醇水溶液等多种液态生物样品中的非线性声学参量B/A值。聚乙二醇水溶液的B/A值随浓度线性增加,并呈现与分子量无明显依赖关系的特性。 关键词：     

A study of the absorption and extinction properties of hexagonal ice columns and plates in random and preferred orientation, using exact T-matrix theory and aircraft observations of cirrus

Absorption and extinction properties of the finite hexagonal ice column and hexagonal ice plate in random and preferred orientation are studied at the wavelength of 80 μm using a new implementation of exact T-matrix theory. For the case of random orientation at size parameters around two, it is shown that the hexagonal ice column and hexagonal ice plate absorption resonances are diminished relative to Mie theory, and the same behaviour is also noted for an aggregate particle consisting of eight hexagonal elements. The absorption properties of the aggregate particle have been calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method. It is also shown that extinction and absorption solutions for the hexagonal ice column and hexagonal ice plate can differ significantly if incidence occurs perpendicular or parallel to the cylindrical axis of the hexagon. For the case of perpendicular incidence on the edge of the hexagon, absorption solutions can exceed those of Mie theory, and for the case of parallel incidence, behaviour of the extinction solutions for hexagonal ice columns and hexagonal ice plates is shown to be similar to previously published work based on the prolate and oblate spheroid. Interference structure, associated with surface waves, is resolved on the hexagonal column extinction solution and the hexagonal plate absorption solution, thereby demonstrating that surface waves can exist on a non-axisymmetric geometry. The usefulness of assuming the hexagonal ice column in retrieval of ice crystal effective size is also investigated using aircraft based radiometric observations of semi-transparent cirrus at the wavelengths of 8.5 and 11 μm.     

Infrared Spectra of Water in Aqueous Solutions Using Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

Abstract

There has been a continuing interest in the structure of water and of aqueous solutions, and many studies have employed spectroscopic techniques. These have frequently involved absorption spectroscopy in the near-IR range, and Raman scattering. In general, however, the normal IR range has been but little used except for studies of HDO-containing solutions, and the region near 3500 cm^?1 of the intense H₂O absorption has been almost completely avoided. Transmission techniques have been exclusively employed with absorption spectroscopy. Internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) techniques have been employed to examine aqueous solutions, but the emphasis was placed on studying the solute rather than the solvent. Also, the solute concentrations which had been employed in transmission studies have been rather high. We now suggest the feasibility of carrying out structural studies of aqueous solutions by using IRS techniques to record spectra in the IR range, employing solutions of relatively low concentrations. For example, the lowest concentration of aqueous HCl solution examined by Ackermann¹ was 2.5 M by transmission techniques in the 4000-1100 cm^?1 range; in contrast, using IRS, the perturbations of the O-H stretching and deformation bands of H₂O could be observed with 0.1 M HCl.     

Ultrasound induced aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon reactivity

An investigation to determine the ability of ultrasonic radiation to chemically alter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous solution has been conducted. The data indicate that chemical alteration of PAHs can be induced under intense ultrasonic treatment. The extent and outcome of reaction is a function of irridation time and aqueous solution parameters. Reaction products were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Reaction products from ultrasonic treatment of aqueous solutions of biphenyl include ortho, meta, and para-1,1 biphenols. The principal product from ultrasonic treatment of aqueous phenanthrene solutions appears to be a phenanthrene-diol. The number and composition of reaction products for both PAHs tested suggest that a free radical mechanism is likely during aqueous high intensity ultrasonic treatment. The use of ultrasound to treat PAH contaminated aqueous solutions in tandem with other methodologies appears promising. However, the toxicity of reaction products produced by treatment remains to be determined.     

Can we understand (and model) aqueous solutions without any long range electrostatic interactions?

A computer simulation experiment has been conducted to study the extent to which long range Coulombic interactions are indispensable when modelling aqueous solutions of electrolytes. A simple molecular model, which accounts explicitly for the molecular structure of water but which does not incorporate any long range Coulombic interactions is employed. The solvent is primitive water (EPM5-4 model) and the solute molecules are hard spheres interacting with the interaction sites of the water molecule by means of either repulsive (like-charge interaction) or attractive (unlike-charge interaction) short range triangular-well tails. The structural changes (hydrophobic ordering, structure breaking, and structure enhancement) which take place in an infinitely dilute solution upon ‘charging’ the solute were studied, in terms of the correlation functions and of the orientational distribution functions and of the average binding energy of the water molecules around the solute in terms of their dependence on the solute-water oxygen distance. The main thermodynamic property reflecting these changes is the residual entropy. This quantity is found to exhibit an asymmetric double maximum, in agreement with the findings for a realistic counterpart of this simple model that employs long range Coulombic interactions.     

Simple quantification of ultrasonic intensity using aqueous solution of phenolphthalein

Aqueous phenolphthalein solution under sonication was investigated for use as a chemical dosimeter. The fading time of aqueous phenolphthalein solution under sonication depended on the concentration of phenolphthalein and the pH values of solutions. The fading time was correlated to the ultrasonic intensity in a reaction vessel that is estimated on the basis of decomposition of porphyrin. The relation between the fading time and the ultrasonic intensity for different frequencies is expressed by a single curve. From these results, it is indicated that aqueous solutions of phenolphthalein is useful for simple quantification of ultrasonic intensity for practical use, and one can regard it as one of the ultrasonic intensity indicators.     

水溶液中硫酸根离子的拉曼光谱定量分析

拉曼光谱因其具有无损、非接触以及原位的技术优势被广泛应用于科学研究领域。但是,当前拉曼光谱主要应用于定性研究,即根据拉曼波数偏移进行物质分子的鉴别,相比之下,拉曼光谱定量分析则明显不足。因此,有必要进一步开展拉曼光谱定量方面的研究。根据拉曼光谱原理分析可知,拉曼光谱定量研究应当根据相对强度比进行,也就是在定量化过程中需要选择一个参考系,可以分为内标法和外标法。拉曼光谱定量可以根据被测分子与该参考系的拉曼强度比值进行,通过这个方法可以消除测试条件的影响。对水溶液而言,可将液态水的OH伸缩振动作为内标,进行拉曼光谱定量分析。本文研究了Na₂SO₄-H₂O,K₂SO₄-H₂O以及NaCl-Na₂SO₄-H₂O体系的拉曼光谱特征。通过将水分子的OH伸缩振动（2 750~3 900 cm-1附近）拟合为两个高斯谱峰,并以I_SO2-4/I_W为参数来确定溶液中的硫酸根离子浓度,其中I_SO2-4为硫酸根离子的特征峰强度,I_W为水的两个高斯谱峰强度之和。实验结果表明,水溶液中SO2-₄浓度与拉曼强度比I_SO2-4/I_W之间有较好的线性关系,其中,R2=0.997 73,符合定量要求。据此,本文应用拉曼光谱定量分析,建立了一种相对快速、准确测量水溶液中SO2-₄浓度的方法。     

Sonochemical degradation of phenol in water: a comparison of classical equipment with a new cylindrical reactor

Cavitation due to ultrasonic waves produces highly reactive oxidising species in water. As a result, it can be used to oxidise organic pollutants such as aromatic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Recent studies have demonstrated that reactors operating in the high frequency range (e.g. 500 kHz) are more efficient than reactors working at lower frequency (20 kHz) for the destruction of these kinds of contaminants. Our study describes the degradation of phenol with the help of a cylindrical ultrasonic apparatus that operates at 35 kHz (Sonitube-SODEVA). To date, the use of this type of reactor has not been reported. The reaction rates thus obtained were compared to those obtained at the same ultrasonic power (50 W) with more classical devices operating at 20 and 500 kHz. The general result is that in aqueous solution, the rate of phenol destruction is higher at 500 kHz than at 35 or 20 kHz. Addition of hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate to the medium provides a different oxidative system that proceeds more efficiently at 35 kHz; the time of destruction was about one-third of the time needed at 500 kHz. It was also observed that the intermediate organic compounds are eliminated much faster at 35 kHz in comparison with the two frequencies. The observation of such different behaviour is not necessarily a pure frequency effect, but can be due to a response to other parameters such as the acoustic field and intensity.     

Ultrasonic absorption studies in solutions of ortho and para hydroxy benzoic acid in dioxan

Ultrasonic absorption was measured in ortho and para hydroxy benzoic acid (OHBA and PHBA) in dioxan at room temperature for various solute concentrations. The variation of ultrasonic absorption in both solutions with the solute concentration showed two maxima, one at lower solute concentration and the other at higher solute concentration. The first maximum is explained as due to formation of hydrogen bonds between the O-H groups of OHBA and PHBA molecules and the oxygen of dioxan molecules and the second maximum as due to the COOH group of the OHBA/PHBA molecules and oxygen of dioxan molecules. In both systems the measured absorption is explained on the basis of Hall’s two-state model.