DFT studies on fructose and glycine maillard reaction: Formation of the heyns rearrangement products in the initial stage

DFT studies on the proposed mechanisms of the initial stage of Maillard reaction between ??-fructose (??-Fru)/??-fructose (??-Fru)/open chain fructose (O-Fru) and glycine (Gly) under different conditions revealed that ??-Fru was more reactive than ??-Fru and O-Fru, and O-Fru was less reactive than ??-Fru in the reaction. The reaction under basic conditions was found to be the most favorable for the formation of the Heyns rearrangement products (HRPs) in the initial stage, and the aqueous solution was found to be more feasible than the gaseous state reaction. The reaction under neutral conditions was the second most favorable for the production of HRPs. The reaction at the isoelectric point of glycine and under acidic conditions was found to be unfeasible to produce HRPs.     

Density functional computational studies on the glucose and glycine Maillard reaction: Formation of the Amadori rearrangement products

Theoretical energy changes of various intermediates leading to the formation of the Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) under different mechanistic assumptions have been calculated, by using open chain glucose (O‐Glu)/closed chain glucose (A‐Glu and B‐Glu) and glycine (Gly) as a model for the Maillard reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) computations have been applied on the proposed mechanisms under different pH conditions. Thus, the possibility of the formation of different compounds and electronic energy changes for different steps in the proposed mechanisms has been evaluated. B‐Glu has been found to be more efficient than A‐Glu, and A‐Glu has been found more efficient than O‐Glu in the reaction. The reaction under basic condition is the most favorable for the formation of ARPs. Other reaction pathways have been computed and discussed in this work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008     

有机磷化合物的研究 XXV: 溶剂性质对烯丙在膦酸酯碳阴离子和芳醛反应区域选择性的影响

本文研究烯丙基膦酸二乙酯碳阴离子和苯甲醛, 对甲基苯甲醛的反应, 考察了溶剂对反应区域选择性的影响.     

Contra-thermodynamic behavior in intermolecular hydrogen transfer of alkylperoxy radicals.

Quantum chemical investigation of bimolecular hydrogen transfer involving alkylperoxy radicals, a key reaction family in the free-radical oxidation of hydrocarbons, was performed to establish structure-reactivity relationships. Eight different reactions were investigated featuring four different alkane substrates (methane, ethane, propane and isobutane) and two different alkylperoxy radicals (methylperoxy and iso-propylperoxy). Including forward and reverse pairs, sixteen different activation energies and enthalpies of reaction were used to formulate structure-reactivity relationships to describe this chemistry. We observed that the enthalpy of formation of loosely bound intermediate states has a strong inverse correlation with the overall heat of reaction and that this results in unique contra-thermodynamic behavior such that more exothermic reactions have higher activation barriers. A new structure-reactivity relationship was proposed that fits the calculated data extremely well: E(A)=E(o)+alphaDeltaH(rxn) where alpha=-0.10 for DeltaH(rxn)<0, and alpha=1.10 for DeltaH(rxn)>0 and E(o)=3.05 kcal mol(-1).     

Acoustic emission in solid-liquid decomposition reactions

The chemical acoustic emission method was used to study solid-liquid decomposition reactions for the example of the interaction of potassium carbonate pellets with solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The reaction was shown to follow different mechanisms at different hydrochloric acid concentrations (the concentration was varied from 0.12 to 12 M). An increase in the concentration of HCl not always caused an increase in the rate of generation of acoustic emission signals and, therefore, the reaction rate. The generation of acoustic emission was studied at various reaction stages. The advantages of the chemical acoustic emission method include measurements in real time (this is of importance for fast reactions, the reaction studied took no more than 5 min) and the possibility of determining rates at separate reaction stages. An automated acoustic emission unit was tested. The unit showed high reproducibility of measurement results, reliability, and rich possibilities for studying chemical acoustic emission in solids.     

原油组分低温氧化机理和反应活性实验研究

分析了原油和原油组分低温氧化的机理,通过实验进行了不同油品低温氧化反应,考察了氧化反应前后原油族组成的变化,并研究了单组分(正十六烷、蜡、蒽、沥青质)在不同温度下的低温氧化速率和反应活性,得出了不同原油组分的低温氧化反应的活化能。结果表明,稠油较轻质油有更好的氧化反应活性,在较低温度下稠油更容易被氧化,原油中不同组分及含量是影响氧化反应活性和氧化反应速率的重要因素,重组分的沥青质和长链烷烃在低温下(70~90℃)氧化活性较高,正十六烷和蒽反应活性较之重组分低。揭示了原油组分低温氧化反应机理以及不同组分氧化反应活性的区别,为油田注空气工艺方案设计提供基础。     

Synthesis of a 2-aminoimidazole library for antibiofilm screening utilizing the Sonogashira reaction

The divergent synthesis of a 21-member library composed of 2-aminoimidazole compounds for evaluation as novel antibiofilm molecules is presented. The Sonogashira reaction was employed with three regioisomeric aryl iodides and 11 different alkynes to generate variously substituted diverse ring systems. Good to excellent yields (80-97%) for the reaction were obtained, and the products provide adequate handles for further manipulation into more advanced analogues.     

Pd(II) complexes of monodentate deoxycholic acid derived binaphthyl diamido phosphites as chiral catalysts in the asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling

Chiral binaphthyl diamidophosphites derived from deoxycholic acid were synthesized and used as ligands for the preparation of mononuclear Pd(II) complexes, which were employed as catalysts in the asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with aryl bromides. Among the different reaction parameters, the substrate concentration emerged as being crucial for the outcome of the reaction: the reaction was faster in a concentrated reaction mixture, and could be performed at 0 °C, where the reaction promoted by the Pd-complexes was more enantioselective affording cross-coupling products with ee up to 70%.     

Heck-type arylation of 2-cycloalken-1-ones with arylpalladium intermediates formed by decarboxylative palladation and by aryl iodide insertion

[reaction: see text] A palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative arylation reaction was shown to produce Heck-type coupling products using a number of different arene carboxylic acid and 2-cycloalken-1-one substrates. The more conventional Heck coupling of an aryl iodide and a 2-cycloalken-1-one reactant was also briefly explored for comparison, where it was found that phosphine-free (Jeffery) conditions afforded the highest yield of product.     

Insight into the Dual Cycle Mechanism of Methanol-to-Olefins Reaction over SAPO-34 Molecular Sieve by Isotopic Tracer Studies

Methanol-to-olefins(MTO) reaction is one of the important non-petroleum routes to produce light olefins over acidic molecular sieves. In this study, the complete reaction course of MTO on SAPO-34 molecular sieve with retained organics evolution from induction period to deactivation period was investigated systematically at different weight hourly space velocities(WHSV) of methanol. By the aid of ¹²C/¹³C-methanol isotopic switch experiment, the dual cycle mechanism involving aromatics-based cycle and alkenes-based cycle was evaluated during the whole reaction process. The detailed reaction route varied with the evolution of the retained organics in the catalyst at different reaction stages. The aromatics-based cycle and alkenes-based cycle alternately dominate the reaction process. In the efficient reaction period, aromatics-based cycle is the main reaction mechanism, while in the induction and deactivation periods, the contribution of alkenes-based cycle mechanism will become more important.     

Preparation of Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber

Hydrogenated nitrile rubber is an oil and solvent resistant rubber and particularly give more resistant to heat, ozone, light. It is generally prepared from nitrile rubber by selective hydrogenation using a suitable catalyst system. In the present work a prepared method was adapted for the hydrogenation reaction of nitrile rubber using homogeneous tris(tri-phenlphosphine)chlorhodium(I) catalyst (RhCl(PPh3)) system. The hydrogenation reaction was carriedout at different temperature, pressure, time and catalyst concentration, the concentration, the conditions of hydrogenation are stated in table 1.     

Fe2O3-catalyzed Pummerer rearrangement of acyl chlorides and sulfoxides: Facile synthesis of alkylthiomethyl ester

A simple, effective approach for the Pummerer rearrangement of acyl chlorides with sulfoxides by using a low-cost and more abundant Fe catalyst has been described. The alkylthiomethyl ester products were prepared in good to excellent yields for a range of different substrates including asymmetrical sulfoxides and acyl chlorides with a variety of functional groups under mild reaction conditions. The reaction features short reaction time, simple manipulation, cheap reagents and a broad substrate scope. Single crystal X-ray analysis of a representative methylthiomethyl (MTM) group containing product was also reported.     

次卟啉二甲酯钴络合物均相选择性催化氧化环己烷

以次卟啉二甲酯钴[Co(DPDME)]为仿生催化剂,分子氧（空气）为氧给体,无其它辅助催化剂的条件下研究了催化氧化环己烷的反应。考察了反应温度、空气压力、催化剂用量和卟啉配体结构对醇酮的产率及选择性的影响。结果表明,在相同条件下,次卟啉二甲酯钴的催化活性明显高于其它的钴卟啉催化剂。以次卟啉合钴为催化剂,浓度为0.015 mmol/L,反应温度423 K,在空气压强为0.8 MPa的条件下反应5 h,环己烷的转化率达到18.17％,选择性为87.43％。温度对次卟啉钴的催化活性影响较大,温度高于443 K时,催化剂的稳定性降低,但是其转化数仍达到了66 646。对次卟啉二甲酯钴催化空气氧化环己烷的反应路径作了初步探讨。     

H-SAPO-18催化甲醇制烯烃反应的芳烃烃池机理：基于范德华校正的密度泛函理论研究

由于可以从非石油资源如煤、天然气、生物质等出发制备低碳烯烃,分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应在学术界和工业界引起了广泛的研究兴趣. H-SAPO-34是目前表现优异性能的分子筛催化剂之一,其双烯(乙烯+丙烯)的选择性在80%以上,已经实现了工业化应用.为了提升MTO反应的选择性,以及调控乙烯丙烯的选择性之比,非常有必要从反应机理出发来优化设计新的催化剂.然而,由于MTO催化反应产物复杂多样,对MTO反应机理的认识还存在很大的争议.目前基本能够接受的是MTO催化反应沿着烃池机理进行.在此反应机理中,无机分子筛和有机烃池活性中心形成共催化剂,甲醇进攻有机活性中心生成烷基链,此烷基链断裂得到烯烃产物.目前提出的烃池活性中心主要包括多甲基苯和烯烃自身,它们分别沿着各自的循环反应网络(芳烃循环和烯烃循环)生成烯烃产物.有文献指出在H-ZSM-5分子筛中芳烃循环主要生成乙烯,而烯烃循环主要生成丙烯等产物.因此,系统研究分子筛结构对两条循环网络相对贡献程度的影响规律,从而阐述分子筛结构和MTO催化性能之间的关系具有重要的意义. H-SAPO-18是一类结构上与H-SAPO-34相类似的分子筛,其笼由八元环孔道互联.实验研究指出,其也具有优异的MTO催化性能.在本工作中,我们利用包含范德华相互作用校正的交换相关泛函(BEEF-vdW),系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛中的芳烃循环反应机理.所有计算用VASP程序包完成, H-SAPO-18用48T周期性结构模型表示.利用静态吸附和相互转化的自由能变化情况,我们首先确认了反应条件下H-SAPO-18中最稳定的多甲基苯的结构.计算结果指出,1,2,4,5-四甲基苯的吸附能最强,而六甲基苯是主要存在的多甲基苯组分.多甲基苯在分子筛孔道内的稳定性主要由两个相反的作用共同影响：范德华相互作用引起的吸引,以及分子筛孔道结构引起的排斥.在芳烃循环路线中,乙基侧链的增长是反应的关键基元步.吉布斯自由能分析指出芳烃循环路线中,在反应温度673 K下H-SAPO-18中的六甲基苯并不比五甲基苯,四甲基苯的活性高,这与H-SAPO-34分子筛中的结果相一致. H-SAPO-18中的四甲基苯、五甲基苯和六甲基苯的总吉布斯自由能垒分别是208,215,239 kJ/mol.六甲基苯循环路线所表现出的高反应能垒的一个原因,是由于分子筛几何限域效应引起的熵增加所致.通过与烯烃循环路线的动力学进行比较,本文芳烃循环路线动力学的工作可以为MTO催化反应机理的研究提供一些启示.     

Time-resolved studies of CN radical reactions and the role of complexes in solution

Time-resolved studies using 100 fs laser pulses generate CN radicals photolytically in solution and probe their subsequent reaction with solvent molecules by monitoring both radical loss and product formation. The experiments follow the CN reactants by transient electronic spectroscopy at 400 nm and monitor the HCN products by transient vibrational spectroscopy near 3.07 microm. The observation that CN disappears more slowly than HCN appears shows that the two processes are decoupled kinetically and suggests that the CN radicals rapidly form two different types of complexes that have different reactivities. Electronic structure calculations find two bound complexes between CN and a typical solvent molecule (CH(2)Cl(2)) that are consistent with this picture. The more weakly bound complex is linear with CN bound to an H atom through the N atom, and the more strongly bound complex has a structure in which the CN bridges Cl and H atoms of the solvent. Fitting the transient absorption data with a kinetic model containing two uncoupled complexes reproduces the data for seven different chlorinated alkane solvents and yields rate constants for the reaction of each type of complex. Depending on the solvent, the linear complex reacts between 2.5 and 12 times faster than the bridging complex and is the primary source of the HCN reaction product. Increasing the Cl atom content of the solvents decreases the reaction rate for both complexes.     

Catalytic reduction of NO_x by CO on hydro-talcites-derived mixed oxides Co AIM and MgAlM (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)

Two series of mixed oxides, CoAlM and MgAlM (M= Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) , were prepared by calcining their corresponding hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLc) . The ratio of Mg: Al: M (or Co: Al: M) was 3:1:1. The catalytic activity of all samples for the reaction of NO CO was investigated. The results showed that the activity of CoAlM was much higher than that of MgAlM. The structure and the property of redox were characterized by XRD and H2-TPR. The results indicated that only MgO phase was observed after calcining MgAlM hydrotalcites, and the transition metals became more stable. The spinel-like phase appeared in all of CoAlM samples after the calcination, and the transition metals were changed to be more active, and easily reduced . The activities of three series of mixed oxides CoAlCu obtained from different preparation methods, different ratio of Co:Al:Cu and at different calcination temperatures, were studied in detail for proposing the mechanism of reaction. The ability of adsorption of NO and CO     

Microwave Irradiation Technique for Synthesis of Dialkyl Dithiophosphoric Acids

Microwave heating technique was applied to the preparation of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids from the reaction of alcohol with phosphorus pentasulphide. A microwave oven (CEM-MDS 2000) was utilized to determine the preparation conditions for the best yield of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids under atmospheric pressure at various times and power. Six different (C 4 -C 9 ) chain-length of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids were studied. All experiments were performed in an open Teflon (poly-tetrafluoroethylene) vessel. The results obtained showed that the reaction of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids can be achieved more rapidly using microwave heating than using conventional procedures.     

The composition of transformation products of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation over Pd/C catalysts

Due to a detailed analysis of NMR spectra of the reaction solutions with different composition obtained by the aqueous-phase catalytic (Pd/C) hydrogenation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid, the intermediate compounds were identified and a more substantiated mechanism was proposed for the formation of the main reaction products—1,3,5-triaminobenzene and cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione trioxime. The condensation of the 1,3,5-triaminobenzene molecules produced by a complete hydrogenation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid was shown to result in the formation of a paramagnetic heterocyclic compound.     

杂多酸的固载化─关于制备负载型酸催化剂的一般原理

杂多酸同时具有酸和氧化－还原的催化特性，有着很广泛的应用前景．这类化合物在一系列精细合成中取代硫酸作为催化剂以满足环保的要求，显示出了很大的潜力．杂多酸固载化后，不仅能在液相氧化和酸催化反应中把催化剂从反应介质中很方便地分离出来，而且还为这类均相催化反应的多相化，甚至利用催化蒸馏新工艺等创造了应有的条件，可以使生产工艺大大简化，获得更广泛的应用．本文以很好表征过的多种孔性材料，包括氧化物，如Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３、ＳｉＯ_２、ＴｉＯ_２、硅藻土、膨润土和来源不同的活性炭为载体，考察了负载杂多酸催化剂的催化活性．在大量前期工作的基础上，通过总结载体对固载杂多酸催化活性的影响等，探讨载体的内在性质在杂多酸固载、吸附和催化反应中的作用本质，为由吸附法制备各种负载型固体酸催化剂在液相中的应用提供可资参考的模型．     

Rapid assembly and in situ screening of bidentate inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases

[reaction: see text] We have successfully designed and synthesized a small library of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitors, in which the so-called "click chemistry" or Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar alkyne-azide coupling reaction was carried out for rapid assembly of 66 different bidentate compounds. Subsequent in situ enzymatic screening revealed a potential PTP1B inhibitor (IC(50) = 4.7 microM) which is 10-100 fold more potent than other PTPs.