On the rational recursive sequence x_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha+\beta x_{n-k}}{\gamma-x_{n}}

In this paper, we investigate the global asymptotic stability, the periodicity nature and the boundedness character of the positive solutions of the difference equation x _n+1=(α+β x _n?k )/(γ?x _n ) where n=0,1,2,… and k∈{1,2,…}. The parameters α≥0, γ,β>0 and the initial conditions x _?k , x _?k+1,…,x _?1,x ₀ are real positive numbers. We show that the positive equilibrium point of this equation is a global attractor with a basin that depends on certain conditions posed on the coefficients α,β,γ.     

On the rational difference equation x_{n}=1+\frac{(1-x_{n-k})(1-x_{n-l})(1-x_{n-m})}{x_{n-k}+x_{n-l}+x_{n-m}}

In this note we consider the following higher order rational difference equations $$x_{n}=1+\frac{(1-x_{n-k})(1-x_{n-l})(1-x_{n-m})}{x_{n-k}+x_{n-l}+x_{n-m}},\quad n=0,1,\ldots,$$ where 1≤k<l<m, and the initial values x _?m ,x _?m+1,…,x _?1 are positive numbers. We give some sufficient conditions for the persistence of positive solutions for the above equation, and prove that the positive equilibrium point of this equation is globally asymptotically stable.     

Global asymptotic stability of the higher order equation $$x_{n+1} = \frac{ ax_{n}+bx_{n-k}}{A+Bx_{n-k}}$$

In this paper, we investigate the local and global stability and the period two solutions of all nonnegative solutions of the difference equation,

$$\begin{aligned} x_{n+1} = \frac{ ax_{n}+bx_{n-k}}{A+Bx_{n-k}} \end{aligned}$$

where a, b, A, B are all positive real numbers, \(k \ge 1\) is a positive integer, and the initial conditions \(x_{-k},x_{-k+1},...,x_{0}\) are nonnegative real numbers. It is shown that the zero equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable under the condition \(a+b \le A\), and the unique positive solution is also globally asymptotically stable under the condition \(a-b \le A \le a+b\). By the end, we study the global stability of such an equation through numerically solved examples.

     

On boundedness of solutions of the difference equation x_{n+1}=p+\frac{x_{n-1}}{x_{n}} for p<1

In this paper, we study the difference equation $$x_{n+1}=p+\frac{x_{n-1}}{x_n}, \quad n=0,1,\ldots, $$ where initial values x _?1,x ₀∈(0,+∞) and 0<p<1, and obtain the set of all initial values (x _?1,x ₀)∈(0,+∞)×(0,+∞) such that the positive solutions $\{x_{n}\}_{n=-1}^{\infty}$ are bounded. This answers the Open problem 4.8.11 proposed by Kulenovic and Ladas (Dynamics of Second Order Rational Difference Equations, with Open Problems and Conjectures, 2002).     

On the rational recursive sequencex_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha x_n + \beta x_{n - 1} + \gamma x_{n - 2} + \delta x_{n - 3} }}{{Ax_n + Bx_{n - 1} + Cx_{n - 2} + Dx_{n - 3} }}

The main objective of this paper is to study the boundedness character, the periodic character and the global stability of the positive solutions of the following difference equation $x_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha x_n + \beta x_{n - 1} + \gamma x_{n - 2} + \delta x_{n - 3} }}{{Ax_n + Bx_{n - 1} + Cx_{n - 2} + Dx_{n - 3} }},n = 0,1,2.....$ where the coefficientsA, B, C, D, α, β, γ, δ, and the initial conditionsx _-3,x _-2,x _-1,x ₀ are arbitrary positive real numbers.     

On the Recursive Sequence x_{n + 1} = {{ \mgreek{g} x_{n-1} + \mgreek{d} x_{n-2}} \over {Cx_{n-1} + Dx_{n-2}}}

We investigate the global character of solutions of the equation in the title with positive parameters and positive initial conditions. We obtain results about the global attractivity of the equilibrium, the existence and attractivity of the period-two solution and the semicycles.     

On the difference equation y_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha + y_n^p }} {{\beta y_{n - 1}^p }} - \frac{{\gamma + y_{n - 1}^p }} {{\beta y_n^p }}

In this paper, we investigate the global stability and the periodic nature of solutions of the difference equation $y_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha + y_n^p }} {{\beta y_{n - 1}^p }} - \frac{{\gamma + y_{n - 1}^p }} {{\beta y_n^p }},n = 0,1,2,... $ where α, β, γ ∈ (0,∞), α(1 ? p) ? γ > 0, 0 < p < 1, every y _n ≠ 0 for n = ?1, 0, 1, 2, … and the initial conditions y?1, y0 are arbitrary positive real numbers. We show that the equilibrium point of the difference equation is a global attractor with a basin that depends on the conditions of the coefficients.     

Global attractivity of the recursive sequencex_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha - \beta x_{n - k} }}{{\gamma + x_n }}

Our aim in this paper is to investigate the global attractivity of the recursive sequence $$x_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha - \beta x_{n - k} }}{{\gamma + x_n }},$$ where α, β, γ >0 andk=1,2,… We show that the positive equilibrium point of the equation is a global attractor with a basin that depends on certain conditions posed on the coefficients.     

On the difference equationx_{n + 1} = \alpha + \frac{{x_n^p }}{{x_{n - 1}^p }}

We study, firstly, the dynamics of the difference equation $x_{n + 1} = \alpha + \frac{{x_n^p }}{{x_{n - 1}^p }}$ , withp ∈ (0,1) and α∈ [0, ∞). Then, we generalize our results to the (k + 1)th order difference equation $x_{n + 1} = \alpha + \frac{{x_n^p }}{{x_{n - k}^p }}$ ,k = 2, 3,... with positive initial conditions.     

Dynamics of the max-type difference equation x_{n}=\max\{\frac{ 1}{ x_{n-m}} , \frac{A_{n} }{x_{n-r} }\}

In this paper, we study the periodicity, the boundedness and the convergence of the following max-type difference equation $$x_n =\max\biggl\{\frac{ 1}{ x_{n-m}} , \frac{A_n }{x_{n-r} }\biggr \},\quad n =0, 1,2,\ldots,$$ where $\{A_{n}\}^{+\infty}_{n=0}$ is a periodic sequence with period k and A _n ??(0,1) for every n??0, m??{1,2} and r??{2,3,??} with m<r, the initial values x _?r ,??,x _?1??(0,+??). The special case when $m = 1, r = 2, \{A_{n}\}^{+\infty}_{ n=0}$ is a periodic sequence with period k and A _n ??(0,1) for every n??0 has been completely investigated by Y.?Chen. Here we extend his results to the general case.     

On the recursive sequencex_{n + 1} = \alpha + \frac{{x_{n - 1}^p }}{{x_n^p }}

The boundedness, global attractivity, oscillatory and asymptotic periodicity of the positive solutions of the difference equation of the form $$x_{n + 1} = \alpha + \frac{{x_{n - 1}^p }}{{x_n^p }}, n = 0,1,...$$ is investigated, where all the coefficients are nonnegative real numbers.     

The rigidity of Clifford torusS^1 \left( {\sqrt {\frac{1}{n}} } \right) \times S^{n - 1} \left( {\sqrt {\frac{{n - 1}}{n}} } \right)

In this paper, we prove that ifM is ann-dimensional closed minimal hypersurface with two distinct principal curvatures of a unit sphereS ⁿ⁺¹ (1), thenS=n andM is a Clifford torus ifn≤S≤n+[2n ²(n+4)/3(n(n+4)+4)], whereS is the squared norm of the second fundamental form ofM.     

On the Dynamics of x_{\bf{n} + \bf{1}} = {{ \mgreek{a} + \mgreek{g} x_{n-1} + \mgreek{d} x_{n-2}} \over {A + x_{n-2}}}

We investigate the global stability, the periodic character and the boundedness nature of solutions of the equation in the title for all admissible nonnegative values of the parameters and the initial conditions. We show that the solutions exhibit a trichotomy character depending on how the parameter γ compares to the sum of the parameters δ and A.     

Unbounded solutions of the max-type difference equation x_{n + 1} = max\left\{ {\frac{{A_n }} {{X_n }},\frac{{B_n }} {{X_{n - 2} }}} \right\}

We investigate the boundedness nature of positive solutions of the difference equation $$ x_{n + 1} = max\left\{ {\frac{{A_n }} {{X_n }},\frac{{B_n }} {{X_{n - 2} }}} \right\},n = 0,1,..., $$ where {A _n } _n=0 ^∞ and {B _n } _n=0 ^∞ are periodic sequences of positive real numbers.     

ALTERNATING BAND CRANK-NICOLSON METHOD FOR δu／δt=δ^2u／δx^2＋δ^2u／δy^2

the Alternating Segment Crank-Nicolson scheme for one-dimensional diffusion equation has been developed in [1],and the Alternating Block Crank-Nicolson method for two-dimensional problem in [2].The methods have the advantages of parallel computing,stability and good accuracy.In this paper for the two-dimensional diffusion equation,the net region is divided into bands,a special kind of block.This method is called the alternating Band Crank-Nicolson method.     

Fledermäuse in Flaschen Über die Rekursion x_{n+2}=x_{n+1}^2-x_n ; Teil I

Zusammenfassung. Bekanntlich sind schon die einfachsten Beispiele für diskrete nichtlineare dynamische Systeme, etwa die logistische Abbildung oder die Hénon-Abbildung, nicht leicht zu analysieren. Thema des vorliegenden Artikels sind einige Eigenschaften der einfachsten dreigliedrigen nichtlinearen Rekursion und ihre Begründung mit m?glichst einfachen Argumentationsmitteln. Es soll also ein Beitrag geleistet werden zum elementaren Bestiarium der nichtlinearen Dynamik. In einem zweiten Artikel [4] werden diese überlegungen weitergeführt und verallgemeinert und auch Bezüge zu einschl?gigen allgemeinen Aussagen der Theorie dynamischer Systeme aufgezeigt. Eingegangen am 17.5.1995 / Angenommen am 17.4.1996     

On the Diophantine equation \dfrac{ax^{n+2l}+c}{abt^{2}x^{n}+c}{\displaystyle\frac{ax^{n+2l}+c}{abt^{2}x^{n}+c}}=by^{2}

We obtain all solutions of the equation $\frac{ax^{n+2l}+c}{abt^{2}x^{n}+c} = by^{2}$ with c??{??1,??2,??4}.