Temperature dependence of the photonic bandgap and the orientational order parameter for a cholesteric photonic crystal

The reflection spectra of a cholesteric photonic crystal have been measured. The experimental spectra are described by a theoretical expression that follows from the analytical solution of the Maxwell equations. The photonic bandgap width Δν has been determined. The photonic bandgap width changes abruptly as the position of the diffraction band changes. The temperature dependence of the relative bandgap width Δν/ν₀ and the order parameter for a photonic crystal are described by Landau’s theory of phase transitions.     

Silica-air photonic crystal fiber design that permits waveguiding by a true photonic bandgap effect

A theoretical investigation of a novel type of optical fiber is presented. The operation of the fiber relies entirely on wave guidance through the photonic bandgap effect and not on total internal reflection, thereby distinguishing that fiber from all other known fibers, including recently studied photonic crystal fibers. The novel fiber has a central low-index core region and a cladding consisting of a silica background material with air holes situated within a honeycomb lattice structure. We show the existence of photonic bandgaps for the silica-air cladding structure and demonstrate how light can be guided at the central low-index core region for a well-defined frequency that falls inside the photonic bandgap region of the cladding structure.     

Photonic Bandgap Deformation in a Nonideal Synthetic Opal Photonic Crystal

The Bragg diffraction in synthetic opal as a 3D photonic crystals has been analyzed using the weak disorder model in various approximations. For a one-domain crystal, the photonic bandgap is calculated in the regime of reflection along the 〈111〉 axis. In the multidomain case, a considerable expansion of the photonic bandgap, the emergence of asymmetry, and the photon band shift to the short-wavelength region are demonstrated. The results are compared with experimental dependences.     

Nonlinear interaction between two different photonic bandgaps of a hybrid photonic crystal fiber

Nonlinear interaction between spectral components in two different photonic bandgaps is experimentally demonstrated by launching femtosecond pulses near a zero-dispersion wavelength of a hybrid photonic crystal fiber, which guides by a combination of total internal reflection and bandgap effects. It is demonstrated that the initial pulse becomes spectrally broadened, and narrowband resonant radiation is generated in a different bandgap from the one responsible for guiding at the pump wavelength. The spectral intensity of the resonant radiation peaks at 2.7 dB below that of the broadened pulse in the pump-guiding bandgap.     

Analysis of multiple reflections in hybrid photonic crystal multimode interference coupler

In this paper the analysis of multiple reflections in photonic crystal (PhC) multimode interference (MMI) couplers using eigen-mode expansion method is presented. The analysis is conducted on a hybrid PhC structure which consisted of 1-D PhC multimode waveguide sandwiched between 2-D PhC input/output waveguides. In PhC multimode waveguide, where the mechanism of wave confinement is not due to total internal reflection but due to photonic bandgap properties, the reflectivity at 2-D PhC facet wall would be very large for all the guided modes in the waveguide when ever the image formed due to MMI effect does not coincides with the output access waveguide.     

Determination of optical Kerr nonlinearity of a photonic bandgap structure by Z-scan measurement

Through analysis of the dispersion relation in a photonic bandgap structure, the effective optical Kerr nonlinearity that determines a Z-scan profile particularly near the stop-band edges, is derived. Near and inside the stop band, the nonlinear optical phase change that originates from an off-resonant response is converted into a change in nonlinear optical intensity through Bragg reflection. The Z-scan measurement of a cholesteric liquid-crystal photonic bandgap structure confirmed that off-resonant Kerr nonlinearity is responsible for the characteristic open-aperture Z-scan profiles near the stop-band edges.     

Photonic crystal waveguide sampled gratings

Photonic crystal waveguide sampled gratings (PCWSG) are proposed to realize multi-channel optical filter in a photonic crystal (PC) waveguide. The reflection characteristics of the filter are analyzed by using the coupled-mode theory (CMT) together with transfer-matrix method (TMM). It is shown that the reflection spectrum of the filter exhibits a group of reflection peaks, which are distributed with equal frequency spacing within the photonic crystal bandgap (PBG). The theoretically calculated results are numerically verified by using two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.     

Method for measurement of fusion-splicing-induced reflection in a photonic bandgap fiber-optical gyro

We propose a method for the real-time measurement of the reflection at both splicing points between a photonic bandgap fiber coil and conventional fiber during the process of fusion splicing in a photonic bandgap fiber optical gyroscope(PBFOG), using the interference among the secondary waves, which arise from the fusion splicing points and the mirror face produced by intentionally cutting the bear end of the coupler. The method is theoretically proven and experimentally verified in a practical PBFOG, and it is significant for inline examination of the fusion splicing quality and evaluation of the PBFOG performance.     

3D photonic crystals based on macroporous silicon: Towards a large complete photonic bandgap

Recently, a new three-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of two interpenetrating hexagonal pore sets was introduced. Here, we investigate the influence of possible experimental errors including shift, tilt and rotation of one pore set on the size of the bandgap theoretically and determine fabrication tolerances. A structure is fabricated in silicon using photo-electrochemical etching and subsequent focused ion beam milling. The change of the cross-section of the milled pores with pore depth is investigated and reflection measurements along different directions are performed indicating the low frequency edge of the photonic bandgap.     

Broadband single-polarization guidance in hybrid photonic crystal fibers

We present hybrid photonic crystal fibers that provide broadband single-polarization guidance based on two different propagation mechanisms, namely, total internal reflection and the photonic bandgap effect. Experimental results demonstrate polarization dependent loss as high as 26.7 dB and the bandwidth of single-polarization behavior over 225 nm.     

Direct experimental observation of giant Goos-Hänchen shifts from bandgap-enhanced total internal reflection

Giant Goos-H?nchen (GH) shifts are experimentally demonstrated from a prism-coupled multilayer structure incorporating a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) through a bandgap-enhanced total internal reflection scheme. By combining the large phase changes near the bandgap of the PC and the low reflection loss of the total internal reflection, 2 orders of magnitude enhancement of the GH shift is realized with rather low extra optical loss, which might help to open the door toward many interesting applications for GH effects.     

Energy‐lose induced unidirectional light propagation in porous alumina photonic crystal

Unidirectional light propagation phenomena are observed in the photonic crystal heterostructures based on anodic alumina membrane when the incident light illuminated from forward and backward directions. Transmittance / reflectance spectra measurements and theoretical calculations show that the origin of this kind of unbalanced reflection is ascribed to the energy loss induced by Rayleigh scattering. Importantly, unidirectional light propagation can be modulated over the whole visible light region by adjusting the combination of different photonic bandgap as well as the view angle. The as‐prepared heterostructures may provide potential applications in direction‐dependent photonic devices.     

PCFDT: An accurate and friendly photonic crystal fiber design tool

This paper presents PCFDT, which is an accurate and friendly photonic crystal fiber design tool based on full-vectorial finite element method. Photonic crystal fibers based on circular and non-circular microstructured holes, and on different propagation mechanisms have been analyzed. Comparisons with other numerical methods and experimental results have shown excellent agreement. The design tool validation includes experimental results of hybrid photonic crystal fibers, proposed by us, which made possible for the first time light be simultaneously confined and manipulated by two propagation mechanism, total internal reflection and photonic bandgap effect.     

二维圆柱形光子晶体的完全禁带研究

用平面波展开法研究了二维圆柱形光子晶体的完全禁带与填充比、介电常数比之间的关系. 研究发现,并非介电常数比越大,完全禁带宽度就越大,而是有一个峰值. 关键词： 二维光子晶体 完全禁带 平面波展开法     

Photonic Band Gap Structures with Periodically Arranged Atoms in a Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal

Linear transmission, reflection and absorption spectra for a new two-dimensional photonic crystal with periodically arranged resonant atoms are examined. Numerical results show that a twin-gap structure with forbidden bands displaced from a non-doped bandgap structure can be produced as a result of atomic polarization. The absorption spectrum is also significantly altered compared to the single atom entity.     

Coupled-wave formalism for optical waveguiding by transverse Bragg reflection

A formalism is presented for optical waveguiding by means of Bragg reflection. The theory provides analytic expressions for field modal profiles, dispersion, and attenuation. Waveguiding in line defects of photonic bandgap crystals, a special case of the theory, is used as an example. Quantized allowed widths of the guiding channel are predicted.     

宽绝对禁带的一维磁性光子晶体结构

提出了一种具有宽绝对禁带的一维磁性光子晶体结构,该结构由相同的折射率和物理厚度以及不同的波阻抗的两种磁性材料交替组合而成.通过传输矩阵法分析可得,相比于非磁性光子晶体,该光子晶体的禁带对入射角和偏振都不敏感,从而具有更宽的绝对禁带.合适地调节两种磁性材料的参数,增加两者波阻抗的差值,该光子晶体的绝对禁带宽度也相应地增加;调节两种磁性材料的物理厚度,其绝对禁带中心也会随之调整;最后,将两个满足上述条件的一维磁性光子晶体组成异质结构,其第一禁带宽度与禁带中心之间的比值可达到1.41以上.     

Polariton local states in periodic Bragg multiple-quantum-well structures

We study analytically the optical properties of several types of defect in Bragg multiple-quantum-well structures. We show that a single defect leads to two local polariton modes in the photonic bandgap. These modes lead to peculiarities in reflection and transmission spectra. Detailed recommendations for experimental observation of the effects studied here are given.     

Proposal for on-chip generation and control of photon hyperentanglement

An on-chip waveguide-based source of entangled photons capable of switching between generating time-energy entangled and hyperentangled (entangled in both time energy and polarization) photon pairs is proposed. The switching can be done all-optically by rotating the pump polarization. The source is based on multichannel phase matching in Bragg reflection waveguides achieved by engineering the Fresnel reflection of photonic bandgap claddings for differently polarized modes. Analytical results are confirmed in fully vectorial numerical simulations.     

Bandgap characteristics of 2D plasma photonic crystal with oblique incidence:TM case

A novel periodic boundary condition (PBC), that is the constant transverse wavenumber (CTW) method, is introduced to solve the time delay in the transverse plane with oblique incidence. Based on the novel PBC, the FDTD/PBC algorithm is proposed to study periodic structure consisting of plasma and vacuum. Then the reflection coefficient for the plasma slab from the FDTD/PBC algorithm is compared with the analytic results to show the validity of our technique. Finally, the reflection coefficients for the plasma photonic crystals are calculated using the FDTD/PBC algorithm to study the variation of bandgap characteristics with the incident angle and the plasma parameters. Thus it has provided the guiding sense for the actual manufacturing plasma photonic crystal.