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1.
Halogen bonding between two negatively charged species, tetraiodo‐p‐benzoquinone anion radicals (I4Q?.) and iodide anions, was observed and characterized for the first time. X‐ray structural and EPR/UV–Vis spectral studies revealed that the anion–anion bonding led to the formation of crystals comprising 2D layers of I4Q?. anion radicals linked by iodides and separated by Et4N+ counter‐ions. Computational analysis suggested that the seemingly antielectrostatic halogen bonds in these systems were formed via a combination of several factors. First, an attenuation of the interionic repulsion by the solvent facilitated close approach of the anions leading to their mutual polarization. This resulted in the appearance of positively charged areas (σ‐holes) on the surface of the iodine substituents in I4Q?. responsible for the attractive interaction. Finally, the solid‐state associations were also stabilized by multicenter (4:4) halogen bonding between I4Q?. and iodide.  相似文献   

2.
The first diphosphines based on a double calixarene, namely 1,4 (or 1,3)‐bis‐(5‐diphenylphosphino‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]aren‐17‐yl)benzene ( L2 , L3 ) were each prepared in four steps starting from 5,17‐dibromo‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene. Upon reaction of L2 with [Au(tht)(thf)]BF4, (tht=C4H8S) a rigid metallo‐capsule was quantitatively formed, which adopts an oblique form owing to the distinct nature of the spacers linking the two calixarene half‐spheres. In the solid state, the 1,4‐substituted phenylene linker is turned towards the gold ion, suggesting the existence of weak bonding interactions between two aromatic CH protons of this ring and the metal centre (Au???H=2.67 Å). In contrast to this gold complex, the related silver complex shows dynamic behaviour in solution, the exchange between two enantiomeric oblique forms being facilitated by the greater stereochemical flexibility of AgI vs. AuI. A heteronuclear 109Ag{1H} HMQC experiment established strong correlations between the CH protons of the phenylene linker and the 109Ag ion. Dynamic behaviour similar to that observed for the silver complex was further observed in trans‐[PtCl2? L2 ], a chelate complex that could be obtained quantitatively from L2 and [PtCl2(PhCN)2]. The intended formation of a chelate complex leading to a capsule with an endo‐oriented metal centre was achieved by reacting L3 with [Pd(allyl)(thf)2]BF4. The complex thus formed constitutes the first organometallic transition metal complex embedded in a cavity with large portals. Binding of [RuCl2(p‐cymene)] to L2 and L3 resulted in self‐compacting bimetallic complexes in which each calixarene basket entraps a Ru(p‐cymene) unit, thereby forming molecules occupying a minimal volume.  相似文献   

3.
Molecular recognition continues to be an area of keen interest for supramolecular chemists. The investigated [M( L )2]2+ metallo‐ligands (M=PdII, PtII, L =2‐(1‐(pyridine‐4‐methyl)‐1 H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine) form a planar cationic panel with vacant pyridyl binding sites. They interact with planar neutral aromatic guests through π–π and/or metallophilic interactions. In some cases, the metallo‐ligands also interacted in the solid state with AgI either through coordination to the pendant pyridyl arms, or through metal–metal interactions, forming coordination polymers. We have therefore developed a system that reliably recognises a planar electron‐rich guest in solution and in the solid state, and shows the potential to link the resultant host–guest adducts into extended solid‐state structures. The facile synthesis and ready functionalisation of 2‐pyridyl‐1,2,3‐triazole ligands through copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” chemistry should allow for ready tuning of the electronic properties of adducts formed from these systems.  相似文献   

4.
It has been shown by electrospray ionization–ion‐trap mass spectrometry that B12I122? converts to an intact B12 cluster as a result of successive stripping of single iodine radicals or ions. Herein, the structure and stability of all intermediate B12In? species (n=11 to 1) determined by means of first‐principles calculations are reported. The initial predominant loss of an iodine radical occurs most probably via the triplet state of B12I122?, and the reaction path for loss of an iodide ion from the singlet state crosses that from the triplet state. Experimentally, the boron clusters resulting from B12I122? through loss of either iodide or iodine occur at the same excitation energy in the ion trap. It is shown that the icosahedral B12 unit commonly observed in dodecaborate compounds is destabilized while losing iodine. The boron framework opens to nonicosahedral structures with five to seven iodine atoms left. The temperature of the ions has a considerable influence on the relative stability near the opening of the clusters. The most stable structures with five to seven iodine atoms are neither planar nor icosahedral.  相似文献   

5.
Attempts to coordinate neutral ligands to low oxidation state indium centers are often hindered by disproportionation pathways that produce elemental indium and higher oxidation state species. In contrast, we find that reactions of the salt, InOTf (OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate), with α‐diimine ligands yielded intensely colored compounds with no evidence of decomposition. X‐ray structural analysis of InOTf ? MesDABMe (MesDABMe=N,N‐dimesityl‐2,3‐dimethyl‐diazabutadiene; 1 ) reveals a discrete molecular compound with a pyramidal coordination environment at the indium center, consistent with the presence of a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons on indium and a neutral diazabutadiene chelate ligand. The use of the less‐electron‐rich MesDABH ligand (MesDABH=N,N‐dimesityl‐diazabutadiene) engenders dramatically different reactivity and produces a metallopolymer (InOTf ? MesDABH) ( 2 ) linked via C? C and In? In bonds. The difference in reactivity is rationalized by cyclic voltammetry and DFT studies that suggest more facile electron transfer from InI to the MesDABH and bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinonediimine (BIAN) ligands. Solution EPR spectroscopy indicates the presence of non‐interacting ligand‐based radicals in solution, whereas solid‐state EPR studies reflect the presence of a thermally accessible spin triplet consistent with reversible C? C bond cleavage.  相似文献   

6.
The new stannide Li2AuSn2 was prepared by reaction of the elements in a sealed tantalum tube in a resistance furnace at 970 K followed by annealing at 720 K for five days. Li2AuSn2 was investigated by X‐ray diffraction on powders and single crystals and the structure was refined from single‐crystal data: Z=4, I41/amd, a=455.60(7), c=1957.4(4) pm, wR2=0.0681, 278 F2 values, 10 parameters. The gold atoms display a slightly distorted tetrahedral tin coordination with Au? Sn distances of 273 pm. These tetrahedra are condensed through common corners leading to the formation of two‐dimensional AuSn4/2 layers. The latter are connected in the third dimension through Sn? Sn bonds (296 pm). The lithium atoms fill distorted hexagonal channels formed by the three‐dimensional [AuSn2] network. Modestly small 7Li Knight shifts are measured by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy that are consistent with a nearly complete state of lithium ionization. The noncubic local symmetry at the tin site is reflected by a nuclear electric quadrupolar splitting in the 119Sn Mössbauer spectra and a small chemical shift anisotropy evident from 119Sn solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Variable‐temperature static 7Li solid‐state NMR spectra reveal motional narrowing effects at temperatures above 200 K, revealing lithium atomic mobility on the kHz time scale. Detailed lineshape as well as temperature‐dependent spin lattice relaxation time measurements indicate an activation energy of lithium motion of 27 kJ mol?1.  相似文献   

7.
The postsynthetic modulation of capsules based on helical aromatic oligoamide foldamers would be a powerful approach for controlling their receptor properties without altering the initial monomer sequences. With the goal of developing a method to increase the size of a cavity within a helix, a single‐helical foldamer capsule was synthesized with a wide‐diameter central segment that was designed to intercalate with a second shorter helical strand. Despite the formation of stable double‐helical homodimers (Kdim>107 M ?1) by the shorter strand, when it was mixed with the single‐helical capsule sequence, a cross‐hybridized double helix was formed with Ka>105 M ?1. This strategy makes it possible to direct the formation of double‐helical heterodimers. On the basis of solution‐ and solid‐state structural data, this intercalation resulted in an increase in the central‐cavity size to give a new interior volume of approximately 150 Å3.  相似文献   

8.
The facile insertion of CO2 into iridium(I) hydroxide, alkoxide, and amide bonds was recently reported. In particular, [Ir(cod)(IiPr)(OH)] (IiPr=1,3‐bis(isopropyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) reacted with CO2 in solution and in the solid state in a matter of minutes to give the novel [{Ir(cod)(IiPr)}2(μ‐κ1O2O,O‐CO3)] complex. In the present study, this reaction is probed using kinetics and theoretical studies, which enabled us to analyse its facile nature and to fully elucidate the reaction mechanism with excellent correlation between the two methods.  相似文献   

9.
The proton‐induced electron‐transfer reaction of a CuII μ‐thiolate complex to a CuI‐containing species has been investigated, both experimentally and computationally. The CuII μ‐thiolate complex [CuII2( LMeS )2]2+ is isolated with the new pyridyl‐containing ligand LMeSSLMe , which can form both CuII thiolate and CuI disulfide complexes, depending on the solvent. Both the CuII and the CuI complexes show reactivity upon addition of protons. The multivalent tetranuclear complex [CuI2CuII2( LS )2(CH3CN)6]4+ crystallizes after addition of two equivalents of strong acid to a solution containing the μ‐thiolate complex [CuII2( LS )2]2+ and is further analyzed in solution. This study shows that, upon addition of protons to the CuII thiolate compound, the ligand dissociates from the copper centers, in contrast to an earlier report describing redox isomerization to a CuI disulfide species that is protonated at the pyridyl moieties. Computational studies of the protonated CuII μ‐thiolate and CuI disulfide species with LSSL show that already upon addition of two equivalents of protons, ligand dissociation forming [CuI(CH3CN)4]+ and protonated ligand is energetically favored over conversion to a protonated CuI disulfide complex.  相似文献   

10.
We investigate the ultrafast dynamics of the photoinduced electron transfer between surface‐adsorbed indoline D149 dye and porous ZnO as used in the working electrodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells. Transient absorption spectroscopy was conducted on the dye in solution, on solid state samples and for the latter in contact to a I?/I3? redox electrolyte typical for dye‐sensitized solar cells to elucidate the effect of each component in the observed dynamics. D149 in a solution of 1:1 acetonitrile and tert‐butyl alcohol shows excited‐state lifetimes of 300±50 ps. This signature is severely quenched when D149 is adsorbed to ZnO, with the fastest component of the decay trace measured at 150±20 fs due to the charge‐transfer mechanism. Absorption bands of the oxidized dye molecule were investigated to determine regeneration times which are in excess of 1 ns. The addition of the redox electrolyte to the system results in faster regeneration times, of the order of 1 ns.  相似文献   

11.
Quasi-solid-state electrolytes were fabricated with mesoporous silica SBA-15 as a framework material. Ionic conductivity measurements revealed that SBA-15 can enhance the conductivity of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte. The diffusion coefficients of polyiodide ions such as Ⅰ3ˉ and Ⅰ5ˉ which were confirmed by Raman spectroscopic measurement, were about twice larger than that of I-. The optimized photoenergy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with the quasi-solid-state electrolyte was 4.3% under AM 1.5 irradiation at 75 mW·cm^-2 light intensity.  相似文献   

12.
The structure of the hypoglycemic agent Gliclazide has been studied by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR in solution (CDCl3 and DMSO‐d6) and in the solid state. In the solid state, the compound crystallizes as an EZ isomer without dynamic properties. In CDCl3 solution, the structure is still EZ but with a slow nitrogen inversion about the pyrrolidine nitrogen: two invertomers have been observed and characterized. In DMSO‐d6, the rate is faster and only averaged signals were observed. GIAO calculated absolute shieldings were used to confirm the nature of the observed species. In the solid state, Gliclazide presents the phenomenon of solid‐solution with two disordered conformations present in the crystal at a 90:10 ratio. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
The structure of an AgI‐mediated cytosine–cytosine base pair, C–AgI–C, was determined with NMR spectroscopy in solution. The observation of 1‐bond 15N‐109Ag J‐coupling (1J(15N,109Ag): 83 and 84 Hz) recorded within the C–AgI–C base pair evidenced the N3–AgI–N3 linkage in C–AgI–C. The triplet resonances of the N4 atoms in C–AgI–C demonstrated that each exocyclic N4 atom exists as an amino group (?NH2), and any isomerization and/or N4–AgI bonding can be excluded. The 3D structure of AgI–DNA complex determined with NOEs was classified as a B‐form conformation with a notable propeller twist of C–AgI–C (?18.3±3.0°). The 109Ag NMR chemical shift of C‐AgI‐C was recorded for cytidine/AgI complex (δ(109Ag): 442 ppm) to completed full NMR characterization of the metal linkage. The structural interpretation of NMR data with quantum mechanical calculations corroborated the structure of the C–AgI–C base pair.  相似文献   

14.
The Gly‐His‐Lys (GHK) peptide and the Asp‐Ala‐His‐Lys (DAHK) sequences are naturally occurring high‐affinity copper(II) chelators found in the blood plasma and are hence of biological interest. A structural study of the copper complexes of these peptides was conducted in the solid state and in solution by determining their X‐ray structures, and by using a large range of spectroscopies, including EPR and HYSCORE (hyperfine sub‐level correlation), X‐ray absorption and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the structures of [CuII(DAHK)] in the solid state and in solution are similar and confirm the equatorial coordination sphere of NH2, two amidyl N and one imidazole N. Additionally, a water molecule is bound apically to CuII as revealed by the X‐ray structure. As reported previously in the literature, [CuII(GHK)], which exhibits a dimeric structure in the solid state, forms a monomeric complex in solution with three nitrogen ligands: NH2, amidyl and imidazole. The fourth equatorial site is occupied by a labile oxygen atom from a carboxylate ligand in the solid state. We probe that fourth position and study ternary complexes of [CuII(GHK)] with glycine or histidine. The CuII exchange reaction between different DAHK peptides is very slow, in contrast to [CuII(GHK)], in which the fast exchange was attributed to the presence of a [CuII(GHK)2] complex. The redox properties of [CuII(GHK)] and [CuII(DAHK)] were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and by measuring the ascorbate oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen. The measurements indicate that both CuII complexes are inert under moderate redox potentials. In contrast to [CuII(DAHK)], [CuII(GHK)] could be reduced to CuI around ?0.62 V (versus AgCl/Ag) with subsequent release of the Cu ion. These complete analyses of structure and redox activity of those complexes gave new insights with biological impact and can serve as models for other more complicated CuII–peptide interactions.  相似文献   

15.
The complexes [Au3(dcmp)2][X]3 {dcmp=bis(dicyclohexylphosphinomethyl)cyclohexylphosphine; X=Cl? ( 1 ), ClO4? ( 2 ), OTf? ( 3 ), PF6? ( 4 ), SCN?( 5 )}, [Ag3(dcmp)2][ClO4]3 ( 6 ), and [Ag3(dcmp)2Cl2][ClO4] ( 7 ) were prepared and their structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Complexes 2 – 4 display a high‐energy emission band with λmax at 442–452 nm, whereas 1 and 5 display a low‐energy emission with λmax at 558–634 nm in both solid state and in dichloromethane at 298 K. The former is assigned to the 3[5dσ*6pσ] excited state of [Au3(dcmp)2]3+, whereas the latter is attributed to an exciplex formed between the 3[5dσ*6pσ] excited state of [Au3(dcmp)2]3+ and the counterions. In solid state, complex [Ag3(dcmp)2][ClO4]3 ( 6 ) displays an intense emission band at 375 nm with a Stokes shift of ≈7200 cm?1 from the 1[4dσ*→5pσ] absorption band at 295 nm. The 375 nm emission band is assigned to the emission directly from the 3[4dσ*5pσ] excited state of 6 . Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the absorption and emission energies are inversely proportional to the number of metal ions (n) in polynuclear AuI and AgI linear chain complexes without close metal???anion contacts. The emission energies are extrapolated to be 715 and 446 nm for the infinite linear AuI and AgI chains, respectively, at metal???metal distances of about 2.93–3.02 Å. A QM/MM calculation on the model [Au3(dcmp)2Cl2]+ system, with Au???Cl contacts of 2.90–3.10 Å, gave optimized Au???Au distances of 2.99–3.11 Å in its lowest triplet excited state and the emission energies were calculated to be at approximately 600–690 nm, which are assigned to a three‐coordinate AuI site with its spectroscopic properties affected by AuI???AuI interactions.  相似文献   

16.
Two examples of a rare class of di‐radical azo‐anion complexes of 2‐(arylazo) pyridine with IrIII carrier are introduced. Their electronic structures have been elucidated using a host of physical methods that include X‐ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory. Room temperature magnetic moments of these are consistent with two nearly non‐interacting azo‐anion radicals. These displayed rich electrochemical properties consisting of six numbers of reversible and successive one electron CV‐waves. Redox processes occur entirely at the coordinated ligands without affecting metal redox state. Apart from reporting their chemical characterization, IV characteristics of these complexes in film state are investigated using sandwich‐type devices comprising of a thin film of 100–125 nm thickness placed between two gold‐plated ITO electrodes. These showed memory switching properties covering a useful voltage range with a reasonable ON/OFF ratio and also are suitable for RAM/ROM applications. IV characteristics of two similar complexes of Rh and Cr with identical ligand environment and electronic structure are also referred for developing an insight into the memory switching ability of Ir‐ and Rh‐ complexes on the basis of comparative analysis of responses of the respective systems. In a nutshell, thorough analysis of voltage driven redox dynamics and corresponding solid and solution state current responses of all the systems are attempted and there from an unexplored class of switching devices are systematically introduced.  相似文献   

17.
The present study is aimed at elucidating the factors that direct the assembly of a specific family of AuI species. The assembly of AuI centers and dithiocarboxylato or xanthato ligands results in a surprising structural diversity observed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. However, in solution, just evidences for discrete bimetallic [Au2L2] species have been observed. Interestingly, when dithiocarboxylato ligands have been used, a reversible supramolecular assembly has been observed forming the supramolecules of formulae [Au2L2]2 and [Au2L2]3. Initial studies on luminescent properties have been carried out at variable temperature. All the compounds show red emissions in the solid state at very similar energies, suggesting that the intramolecular interactions play a more relevant role in the luminescent properties than the intermolecular ones. The computational studies indicate that not only Au???Au interactions, but also Au???S and S???S ones play a role in the structure and energetic of the supramolecular species, as well as for the choice between supramolecular association or intramolecular oligomerization.  相似文献   

18.
Heterodimer nanostructures have attracted extensive attention, owing to an increasing degree of complexity, functionality, and then importance. So far, all the reported ones are built from solid nanoparticles. Herein, nearly monodisperse heterodimer nanostructures are constructed by hollow PbSx and solid Au domains simultaneously through a mild reaction between PbS nanocrystals and the gold species in the presence of dodecylamine. Control experiments clearly reveal the underlying formation mechanism of the hollow PbSx–solid Au heterodimers. The AuIII species in the solution, lead to the etching of PbS nanocrystals and the AuI species facilitate the control of the number of gold domains per nanoparticle. Dodecylamine molecules not only work as a stabilizer in the reaction, but also act as a reducing agent that could greatly affect the morphology of the product. The optical properties of the heterodimers are investigated based on UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This novel heterodimer nanostructure pushes the development of complex nanocrystal‐based architectures forward, and also provides many opportunities for potential applications.  相似文献   

19.
Synthesis and ion‐pair complexation properties of novel ditopic bis‐urea receptors based on dibenzo[21]crown‐7 ( R1 ) and dibenzo[24]crown‐8 ( R2 ) scaffolds have been studied in the solid state, solution, and gas phase. In a 4:1 CDCl3/[D6]DMSO solution, both receptors clearly show positive heterotropic cooperativity toward halide anions when complexed with Rb+ or Cs+, with the halide affinity increasing in order I?<Br?<Cl?. In solution, the rubidium complexes of both receptors have higher halide affinities compared to the caesium complexes. However, Rb+ and Cs+ complexes of R2 show stronger affinities toward all the studied anions compared to the corresponding cationic complexes of R1 . Similar selectivity of the receptors toward the studied ion pairs was also observed also in the gas phase by competition experiments with mass spectrometry. A total of eight crystal structures with different rubidium and caesium halides and oxyanions were obtained in addition to the crystal structure of R2?BaCl2 . The selectivity observed in solution and in the gas phase is explainable by the conformational differences observed in the crystal structures of ion‐pair complexes with R1 and R2 . In the solid state, R1 has an open conformation due to the asymmetric crown‐ether scaffold, whereas R2 has a compact, folded conformation. Computational studies of the ion‐pair complexes of R2 show that the interaction energies of the complexes increase in the order CsI<CsBr<CsCl<RbCl, supporting the selectivity observed in solution and the gas‐phase.  相似文献   

20.
Treatment of phenanthrene‐9,10‐dione (PQ) with phenanthrene‐9,10‐diol (PQH2), as prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of PQ, in toluene solution or in the solid state afforded crystalline ‘9,10‐phenanthrenequinhydrone’ (PQH), the first example of an ortho‐quinhydrone. PQH was characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods, including X‐ray and CP/MAS 13C‐NMR analyses. The crystal structure of PQH showed pairs of planar molecules linked by H‐bonds and organized in columns parallel to the crystallographic axis a. The solid‐state structure of PQH was compared with those of the parent compounds, PQ and PQH2, the latter being reported for the first time. PQH was found to be stable in the solid state only, the components PQ and PQH2 being formed upon dissolution in media of even low polarity such as toluene.  相似文献   

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