Calibration by the gradient ratio-standard addition method in flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A calibration method has been developed which is realised in the flow injection analysis (FIA) by the gradient technique. According to this method two transient peaks, one for a sample and the other for a sample with standard addition, are recorded and compared point by point in the entire defined time range. The analytical result is estimated on the basis of information gained about the local analyte concentrations in the sample zone. The method allows the results to be reliable when both the non-linear calibration dependence and the interference effect occur. As an example, calcium in synthetic samples containing silicon, phosphate, aluminium, vanadium and titanium, and also in iron ore sample, were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). It has been proved, that the method can be effective in overcoming even extremely strong interferences, providing analytical results with average accuracy equal to ca. 5% and with precision 2–3 times inferior to that obtained by conventional FI calibration.     

在线还原富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的形态

采用单阀双阳离子交换树脂微柱并联，设计了双路采样逆向洗脱在线分离富集系统，该系统与原子吸收测量技术相结合，实现了在线分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法同时测定水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)，富集1min时，分析速度为60样/h，测定Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的特征浓度分别为6．08μg/L和11．58μg/L(相当于1％吸收)，线性范围分别为0～1．0μg/mL和0～2．0μg/mL，对质量浓度为100μg/L的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)测定的相对标准偏差分别为2．9％和3．0％、检出限分别为8．70和10．8μg/L。该法对实际水样加标回收率在94．5％～104．3％之间。     

Preconcentration and determination of trace metals by flow injection micelle-mediated extraction using flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Micelle-mediated extraction/preconcentration is incorporated on-line into a flow injection system used to determine low levels of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) present in various samples. The analyte is complexed with HBDAP (N,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromo-benzyl)1,2-diaminopropane). Under optimal conditions, a solution of 30% (m/v) NaCl and a sample solution containing 2.5 mL of 1% (m/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 mL of 1.8 × 10⁻³ M HBDAP and 2.5 mL of pH 8.5 borate buffer solution in 25 mL were pumped through the cotton filled mini-column; onto which the surfactant-rich phase containing the complex is collected. A solution of 0.5 M HNO₃ in 50% acetone is used as the eluent. The limits of detection are (ng mL⁻¹) Cd = 0.39, Cu = 3.2, Co = 7.5, Mn = 3.0, Ni = 3.4, Pb = 17.9 and Zn = 0.89 if the sample is allowed to flow for 30 s, but improved for extended preconcentration periods. Analysis of liquid and solid reference materials showed good agreement with the certified values. Complex formation constants between HBDAP and these metal ions were also determined potentiometrically.     

Extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection analysis with variable-volume dilution chambers

A simple and inexpensive procedure is proposed for the extension of the dynamic range of flame atomic absorption spectrometry measurements using on-line dilution. The proposed methodology is based on the use of a manifold with two coupled dilution chambers and a zone injection system. The samples are prediluted in a closed system which includes a variable-volume mixing chamber (10–120 ml) and two injection valves. The samples are injected through one of these valves, and the other is employed to take 100 μl of prediluted samples which are then passed through a new dilution chamber (volume 1–10 ml) and aspirated by the nebulizer of the instrument. A third injection valve mounted in the last part of the manifold is used for the direct injection of diluted standard solutions. Various dilution factors are obtained, ranging from 2 to 130 000 times, thus extending the analytical range of copper determination to more than 100 000 mg l⁻¹.     

Trace enrichment and determination of silver by immobilized DDTC microcolumn and flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry

Flow injection (FI) system incorporating a microcolumn of immobilized diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) on surfactant-coated alumina was combined with atomic absorption spectrometry for on-line trace enrichment and determination of silver in different matrices. Silver was deposited on the microcolumn by processing a standard or solution of analyte at pH 3-4 on the column. Injection of 250 μl of ethanol then served to elute the retained species to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). A sample volume of 20 ml resulted in a pre-concentration factor of 125, and precision at the 20 μg l⁻¹ was 4% (R.S.D.). The procedure was applied to tap water, well water, rain water, sea water, radiology film, and lead concentrate samples. The accuracy was assessed through recovery experiments, independent analysis by furnace-AAS, and analysis of certified reference material.     

流动注射在线萃取-火焰原子吸收法测定食用盐中的锌

基于锌与 1 (2 吡啶偶氮 ) 2 萘酚 (简称PAN)形成的配合物可被氯仿萃取 ,从高盐基体样品中分离富集锌 ,利用自行设计的分相器 ,实验确定了最佳的流动注射在线萃取 火焰原子吸收光度法测定锌的流路系统和化学反应条件。在选定的工作条件下 ,其RSD和检出限分别为 4 3 % (c=0 6 μg/mL ,n =1 1 )和0 0 3 μg/mL ,测定速度为 2 5样 /h。用于实际样品的测定 ,加标回收率为 97%～1 0 6 %。     

Flow injection on-line dilution for flame atomic absorption spectrometry by micro-sample introduction and dispersion using syringe pumps

A robust flow injection (FI) on-line dilution system based on micro-sample introduction was developed for flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Two computer programmed and stepper-motor driven syringe pumps were used for the precise and reproducible sample metering in micro-liters and carrier delivery. Factors, which might influence the performance of the system, such as sample matrix and carryover, were investigated. No inferior effects were observed with various matrices including 10% glycerol. Sample carryover effects were less than 0.4%, tested by analyzing a blank and a sample alternately. Dilution factors were decided and keyed in manually. The system was calibrated using a set of concentrated standard solutions for a given dilution factor. At a sampling frequency of 60 h⁻¹, precisions were better than 2% R.S.D. (n=40) for dilution factors of 10-2000. The long-term stability of the system was examined by continuously running the system for a whole working day, and a precision of 2.6% R.S.D. (n=345) was obtained at a dilution factor of 1000. The system was verified by analyzing a standard copper alloy with a certified concentration of 57.4% Cu, resulting in a measurement solution with 574 mg l⁻¹ Cu.     

Determination of iron and copper in food samples by flow injection cloud point extraction flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, flow injection-cloud point extraction (FI-CPE) of iron and copper in food samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination was described. Triton X-114 non-ionic surfactant and Eriochrome Cyanine R (ECR) have been used as an extraction medium and a chelating agent, respectively. The amounts of Triton X-114, ECR and the pH value necessary for extraction were carefully optimized. In addition, several parameters of the FI-CPE system, including sample loading rate, column dimension, type of packing material, eluent flow rate were investigated and analytical characteristics of the method were evaluated. Under optimum conditions, detection limits of 0.33 ng/mL and 0.57 ng/mL and quantification limits of 1.1 ng/mL and 1.9 ng/mL for iron and copper along with enrichment factors of 141 and 99 were obtained, respectively. The calibration was linear over the range 1.5-25 ng/mL and 1.0-35 ng/mL for iron and copper, respectively. The proposed CPE technique has been successfully applied for the determination of iron and copper ions in certified reference materials (NCS DC 73349—bush, branches and leaves; and TM-23.2—fortified water), water samples (mineral and sea water) and food samples (vegetables, bread and hazelnut) with high efficiency.     

Poly(etheretherketone)-turnings a novel sorbent material for lead determination by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry and factorial design optimization

A novel hydrophobic sorbent material for on-line column preconcentration and separation systems coupled with atomic spectrometry was developed. Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) in the form of turnings was used as packing material and evaluated for trace lead determination in environmental samples. Sample and ammonium diethyl-dithiophosphate (DDPA) reagent were mixed on-line and the Pb(II)-DDPA complex was retained effectively on PEEK-turnings. Isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) was adopted for efficient analyte complex elution and subsequently transportation into the nebulizer-burner system for atomization. The developed sorbent material has shown, excellent chemical and mechanical resistance, fast adsorption kinetics permitting the use of high sample flow rates without significant loss of retention efficiency. For 120 s sample preconcentration time the sampling frequency was 20 h⁻¹, the enhancement factor was 110, the detection limit (3 s) was c_L = 0.32 μg L⁻¹, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was s_R = 2.2%, at the 50.0 μg L⁻¹ Pb(II) level. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by analyzing certified reference materials.     

On-line flow injection solvent extraction for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry: Determination of nickel in biological samples

A flow injection (FI) on-line solvent extraction system for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was developed with nickel as a model trace element. The nickel pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate chelate was extracted on line into isobutyl methyl ketone, which was delivered into the FI system by a peristaltic pump equipped with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) tubing. The organic phase was separated from the aqueous phase by a novel gravity phase separator with a small conical cavity, and stored in a collector tube, from which 50 μl organic concentrate was introduced into the graphite tube by an air flow. ETAAS determination of the analyte was performed in parallel with the extraction process. An enrichment factor of 25 was obtained in comparison with 50 μl direct introduction while achieving a detection limit of 4 ng l⁻¹ (3σ), and a precision of 1.5% relative standard deviation for 1.0 μg l⁻¹ nickel (n = 11). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of nickel in body fluids and other biological samples.     

Determination of gold in ore by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with flow-injection on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration

Gold in ores was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following on-line preconcentration by sorbent extraction in a flow-injection system. The medium polarity adsorption resin Amberlite XAD-8 packed in a 220-μl micro-column was used to collect gold(III) from hydrochloric acid sample solutions for 40 s at 7.6 ml/min. Ethanol was used to elute the adsorbed analytes into the nebulizer. Optimization studies were made on sample loading rate, elution rate and sample acidity. Some possible interferences on the determination are discussed. A 35-fold enrichment was achieved at a sampling frequency of 60 h^?1 and with an RSD of 1.4%. The detection limit (3σ) and 2 μg l^?1. Results for gold in ore samples showed good agreement with those obtained using activated carbon adsorption preconcentration. The recoveries were 97–108%.     

悬浮液进样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定百合中的微量元素梁保安

将处理后的百合研磨成粒度小于0.1 mm的粉状物, 加入稳定剂琼脂制成悬浮液, 用LaCl3和CsCl消除相关干扰, 采用标准加入法在同一试液中利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Zn、 Mn、 Fe、 Cu、 Ca、 Mg、 K、 Na 8种元素. 结果表明, 兰州百合中Zn、 Mn、 Fe、 Cu、 Ca、 Mg、 K、 Na的质量分数分别是162.0、 5.0、 30.8、 8.4、 295.9、 574.2、 522.9、 291.6 μg/g. 加标回收率分别为: Zn 99.4%～100.5%、 Mn 98.0%～101.8%、 Fe 92.7%～97.5%、 Cu 99.9%～102.9%、 Ca 96.0%～100.0%、 Mg 93.3%～102.5%、 K 91.7%～103.8%、 Na 99.1%～105.0%. 以传统湿法的测定结果为参考对测定值进行t检验, 发现两者无显著性差异, 说明悬浮液进样法的测定结果准确可靠.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定软儿梨中微量元素

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了软儿梨果肉和果汁中K、Mg、Fe、Ca、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量.样品以HNO3-HClO4消解,对消解和仪器测定条件进行了优化选择,建立了相应的原子吸收光谱测定方法.方法的RSD在1.0%～3.0%之间,加标回收率在90%～100%之间.     

A simple indirect automatic method to determine total iodine in milk products by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A simple, precise and accurate automatic method for the determination of total iodine in milk products by indirect atomic absorption spectrometry is proposed. Iodide in solutions resulting from alkaline ashing of samples is precipitated with silver ion in a precipitation-dissolution flow manifold, which allows performing on-line the retention of the silver iodide precipitate formed on a filter, its wash with diluted ammonia and its dissolution with a diluted thiosulfate solution. Dissolved silver is also determined on-line by flame atomic absorption, and the achieved amount of this metal is proportional to that of iodine in the sample. The proposed method is very selective, avoids interferences from anions present in the samples, which can be also precipitated with silver, because these silver compounds are dissolved with ammonia at the washing step. This method allows the determination of iodine in the range 0.011-0.35 μg mL⁻¹ with a relative standard deviation between 1.3 and 6.8% at a rate of ca. 17 samples h⁻¹.     

Determination of thallium by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The analytical conditions for the determination of thallium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were studied and optimized using the peak-height mode. The charring-atomization curves for thallium from different atomization surfaces were constructed and the optimum charring and atomization conditions were established. These atomization surfaces included pyrolytic graphite-, tantalum-, zirconium- and tungsten-coated graphite tubes. The effects of different inorganic acids on the absorbance of thallium from different surfaces were studied. Using tungsten carbide-coated tubes, the interference effects due to hydrochloric and perchloric acids were eliminated. The matrix modification technique was also investigated for increasing the maximum permissible charring temperature for thallium. The matrix modifiers used included tungsten, zirconium, nickel and tantalum. The effect of adding these modifiers were studied in the presence of different acids. Tungsten increased the maximum permissible charring temperature from 400 to 1000 °C.     

流动注射在线共沉淀HG-AFS测定痕量铅

建立了流动注射在线共沉淀HG-AFS测定痕量铅的分析方法。方法基于铅在碱性介质中与氢氧化镁共沉淀，沉淀收集在锥形沉淀腔中，用HCl溶洗沉淀和NaBH4反应，产生的氢化物被载气引入原子化器中进行测定。测定铅的RSD为3％(5ng/mL，n=10)，检出限为0．01ng。检出限较直接进样降低了11倍。对国家标准物质中铅的测定结果与标准值相符。     

An ion-exchange method for speciation of antimony by flow injection electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

In this work, a simple preconcentration system, achieved by replacing the sample tip of the autosampler arm by a micro-column packed with Amberlite IRA-910 or silica gel chelating resin functionalised with 1,5-bis(di-2-pyridyl)methylene tbiocarbohydrazide (DPTH-gel), is developed for the determination of Sb(V) and total antimony, respectively. Different factors including pH of sample solution, ionic strength, concentration and volume of eluent, sample flow rate, sample loading time and matrix effects for preconcentration were investigated. The method has been applied to the determination of antimony species in different samples.     

壳聚糖在线微柱预富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定矿石中的痕量金

报道了壳聚糖作在线微柱预富集填料,流动注射与火焰原子吸收光谱联用(FI-FAAS)测定痕量金的方法。将金与硫氰酸钾混合富集在壳聚糖上并以硫脲作洗脱剂。当采样体积10.3 mL时,采样频率36个样/h,富集倍数26倍。检出限(3σ,n=11)0.50μg.L-1,相对标准偏差1.4%(ρAu=0.10 mg/L)和2.4%(ρAu=0.01mg/L)。该方法用于矿石中金的测定,结果满意。并探讨了壳聚糖吸附金的机理。     

流动注射在线离子交换预富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中微量锰

提出了以732强酸型阳离子树脂作填充材料,流动注射在线离子交换预富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水样中微量锰的分析方法。优化了各项化学条件和流路参数等,考察了共存离子的干扰。富集倍数可达24倍,分析速度为15～20样/h,检出限为2.0ng/mL,相对标准偏差为2.8%(n=15)。对雨水加标回收,回收率为97%～103%。     

Determination of major antimony species in seawater by continuous flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

The capabilities and limitations of the continuous flow injection hydride generation technique, coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry, for the speciation of major antimony species in seawater, were investigated. Two pre-concentration techniques were examined. After continuous flow injection hydride generation and collection onto a graphite tube coated with iridium, antimony was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The low detection limits obtained (∼5 ng l⁻¹ for Sb(III) and ∼10 ng l⁻¹ for Sb(V) for 2.5 ml seawater samples) permitted the determination of Sb(III) and total antimony in seawater with the use of selective hydride generation and on-line UV photooxidation. The number of samples that can be analyzed is about 15 per hour for Sb(III) determinations and 10 per hour for total antimony determinations. The analysis of seawater samples showed that Sb(V) was the predominant species, even in the presence of important biological activity.