大转动梁的几何非线性分析讨论

本文借助Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ（Ｔ．Ｌ．）法、修正的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ（Ｕ．Ｌ．）法及带有动坐标的迭代法求解梁的几何非线性问题，说明了各自的特点，澄清了若干基本概念，指出动坐标方法实质上就是Ｕ．Ｌ．法，它适合于分析具有大转动梁的问题，并可方便地推广到大转动的板壳问题，同时指出对于几何非线性问题，可以不必区分Ｃａｕｃｈｙ应力和Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力。     

杆系结构的几何非线性分析──Ⅱ．三维问题

以三维连续体的虚功增量方程为基础，采用平动、转角位移分别插值的方法，导出了空间Ｔｉｍｏｓｈｅｎｋｏ梁大位移、大转动问题内力分析的ＵＬ法（ＵｐｄａｔｅｄＬａｇｒａｎｇｉａｉ１Ｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ）。本文考虑了轴向、剪切、弯曲和扭转效应，提出了新的几何刚度矩阵，并建立了描述大转动规律的坐标转换矩阵。算例表明，依本文方法编制的程序具有分析结构强几何非线性行为的能力；在满足本文假定（即每次加载增量中转角增量是小量）的条件下，可以描述任意大角度的刚体转动。     

杆系结构的几何非线性分析：Ⅱ.三维问题

以三维连续体的虚功增量方程为基础，采用平动、转角位分别插值的方法，导出了空间Ｔｉｍｏｓｈｅｎｋｏ梁大位移、大转动问题内分力分析的ＵＬ法（ＵｐｄａｔｄｅＬａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎＦｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ）。本文考虑了轴向，剪切、弯曲和扭转效应，提出了新的几何刚度矩阵，并建立了描述大转动规律的坐标转换矩阵。算例表明，依本方方法编制的程序具有分析结果强几何非线性行为的能力；在满足本文假定的条件下，可以描述任意大     

杆系结构的几何非线性分析──Ⅰ．平面问题

本文以三维连续体的虚功增量方程为基础，采用平动、转角位移分别插值的方法，导出了梁结构大位移、大转动问题内力分析的ＵＬ法。本文考虑了轴向、剪切和弯曲效应，提出了新的几何刚度矩阵。算例表明，依本文方法编制的程序具有分析结构强几何非线性行为的能力；在满足本文位移假定（即每次加载增量中转角增量是小量）的条件下，可以描述任意大角度的刚体转动。     

杆系结构的几何非线性分析：Ⅰ.平面问题

本文以三维连续体的虚功增量方程为基础，采用平动、转角位移分别插值的方法，导出了梁结构大位移、大转动问题内力分析的ＵＬ法。本文考虑了轴向、剪切和弯曲效应，提出了新的几何刚度矩阵。算例表明，依本文方法编制的程序具有分析结果强几何非线性行为的有能力；在满足本文位移假定的条伯下，可以描述任意大角度的刚体转动。     

壳体结构非线性分析的扁壳有限元法

用单位纵横向曲条条带法构造了扁壳单元的空间位移模式,依据拖带坐标描述去Ｓ－Ｒ分解定理,志出扁壳结构几何非线性分析的有限单元Ｕ．Ｃ．（ｕｐｄａｔｅｄ ｃｏ－ｍｏｖｉｎｇ ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅ）列式,算例表明,该计算方法精度高,收敛性好。     

拉格朗日几何非线性混合应变元

本文应用由Ｓｉｍｏ和Ｒｉｆａｉ建议的混合假定附加应变途径，采用第二Ｐｉｏｌａ－Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ应力张量和Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ应变张量作能量共轭的应力应变度量，导出了Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ几何非线性下的胡海昌－Ｗａｓｈｉｚｕ三变量变分原理的Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ形式以及相应的混合假定应变元公式。     

MULTIPLICITY RESULTS FOR A FOURTH-ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

ＭＵＬＴＩＰＬＩＣＩＴＹＲＥＳＵＬＴＳＦＯＲＡＦＯＵＲＴＨ－ＯＲＤＥＲＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＶＡＬＵＦ．ＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＭａＲｕｙｕｎ（马如云）ＭａＱｉｎｓｈｅｎｇ（马勤生）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｃｄＯｃｔ．５，１９９４．ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｌｅｄｂｙＬｉｎＺｏｎｇｃ...     

梁板壳的几何大变形--从近似的非线性理论到有限变形理论

对梁板壳的线性理论、近似几何非线性理论与有限变形理论作了比较,介绍了有限转动理论,指出了应用有限变形理论求解梁板壳的大变形问题的高效率、高精度的巨大优越性。     

Multiplicity results for a fourth-order boundary value problem

ＭＵＬＴＩＰＬＩＣＩＴＹＲＥＳＵＬＴＳＦＯＲＡＦＯＵＲＴＨ－ＯＲＤＥＲＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＶＡＬＵＥＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＭａＲｕｙｕｎ（马如云）ＭａＱｉｎｓｈｅｎｇ（马勤生）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＯｃｔ．５．１９９４：ＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅｄｂｙＬｉｎＺｏｎｇｃｈ...     

Non-linear stability analysis of imperfect thin-walled composite beams

The static non-linear behavior of thin-walled composite beams is analyzed considering the effect of initial imperfections. A simple approach is used for determining the influence of imperfection on the buckling, prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of thin-walled composite beams. The fundamental and secondary equilibrium paths of perfect and imperfect systems corresponding to a major imperfection are analyzed for the case where the perfect system has a stable symmetric bifurcation point. A geometrically non-linear theory is formulated in the context of large displacements and rotations, through the adoption of a shear deformable displacement field. An initial displacement, either in vertical or horizontal plane, is considered in presence of initial geometric imperfection. Ritz's method is applied in order to discretize the non-linear differential system and the resultant algebraic equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton-Rapshon method. The numerical results are presented for a simply supported beam subjected to axial or lateral load. It is shown in the examples that a major imperfection reduces the load-carrying capacity of thin-walled beams. The influence of this effect is analyzed for different fiber orientation angle of a symmetric balanced lamination. In addition, the postbuckling response obtained with the present beam model is compared with the results obtained with a shell finite element model (Abaqus).     

Geometric non-linear analysis of space frame with rotation greater than 90°, with Euler angles and quasi-fixed local axes system

The geometric non-linear analysis of space frames with definition of the local axes through rotations similar to Euler angles, presents difficulties when the rotations reach 90° in the fixed local axes. To surmount these difficulties this work presents a new technique using a system coined quasi-fixed local axes. In this technique, the direction cosines of these axes of the actual increment of loading are defined through the direction cosines of the moving local axes of the last iteration of the previous increment and of the quasi-fixed local axes of the previous increment (or fixed, in case of the first increment). The technique of definition of the quasi-fixed local axes is used with updated Lagrangian reference. The numerical examples presented herein show the great numerical stability of the technique.     

Application of a vortex method to free surface flows

Vortex methods have found wide applications in various practical problems. The use of vortex methods in free surface flow problems, however, is still very limited. This paper demonstrates a vortex method for practical computation of non-linear free surface flows produced by moving bodies. The method is a potential flow formulation which uses the exact non-linear free surface boundary condition at the exact location of the instantaneous free surface. The position of the free surface, on which vortices are distributed, is updated using a Lagrangian scheme following the fluid particles on the free surface. The vortex densities are updated by the non-linear dynamic boundary condition, derived from the Euler equations, with an iterative Lagrangian numerical scheme. The formulation is tested numerically for a submerged circular cylinder in unsteady translation. The iteration is shown to converge for all cases. The results of the unsteady simulations agree well with classical linearized solutions. The stability of the method is also discussed.     

Large rotations in first-order shear deformation FE analysis of laminated shells

The paper deals with the geometrically non-linear analysis of laminated composite beams, plates and shells in the framework of the first-order transverse shear deformation (FOSD) theory. A central point of the present paper is the discussion of the relevance of five- and six-parameter variants, respectively, of the FOSD hypothesis for large rotation plate and shell problems. In particular, it is shown that the assumption of constant through-thickness distribution of the transverse normal displacements is acceptable only for small and moderate rotation problems. Implications inherent in this assumption that are incompatible with large rotations are discussed from the point of view of the transverse normal strain-displacement relations as well as in the light of an enhanced, accurate large rotation formulation based on the use of Euler angles. The latter one is implemented as an updating process within a Total Lagrangian formulation of the six-parameter FOSD large rotation plate and shell theory. Numerical solutions are obtained by using isoparametric eight-node Serendipity-type shell finite elements with reduced integration. The Riks-Wempner-Ramm arc-length control method is used to trace primary and secondary equilibrium paths in the pre- and post-buckling range of deformation. A number of sample problems of non-linear, large rotation response of composite laminated plate and shell structures are presented including symmetric and asymmetric snap-through and snap-back problems.     

Non-linear buckling and postbuckling behavior of thin-walled beams considering shear deformation

The static stability of thin-walled composite beams, considering shear deformation and geometrical non-linear coupling, subjected to transverse external force has been investigated in this paper. The theory is formulated in the context of large displacements and rotations, through the adoption of a shear deformable displacement field (accounting for bending and warping shear) considering moderate bending rotations and large twist. This non-linear formulation is used for analyzing the prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of simply supported, cantilever and fixed-end beams subjected to different load condition. Ritz's method is applied in order to discretize the non-linear differential system and the resultant algebraic equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton-Rapshon method. The numerical results show that the beam loses its stability through a stable symmetric bifurcation point and the postbuckling strength is in relation with the buckling load value. Classical predictions of lateral buckling are conservative when the prebuckling displacements are not negligible and the non-linear buckling analysis is required for reliable solutions. The analysis is supplemented by investigating the effects of the variation of load height parameter. In addition, the critical load values and postbuckling response obtained with the present beam model are compared with the results obtained with a shell finite element model (Abaqus).     

Non-linear flexural–torsional dynamic analysis of beams of arbitrary cross section by BEM

In this paper, a boundary element method is developed for the non-linear flexural–torsional dynamic analysis of beams of arbitrary, simply or multiply connected, constant cross section, undergoing moderately large deflections and twisting rotations under general boundary conditions, taking into account the effects of rotary and warping inertia. The beam is subjected to the combined action of arbitrarily distributed or concentrated transverse loading in both directions as well as to twisting and/or axial loading. Four boundary value problems are formulated with respect to the transverse displacements, to the axial displacement and to the angle of twist and solved using the Analog Equation Method, a BEM based method. Application of the boundary element technique leads to a system of non-linear coupled Differential–Algebraic Equations (DAE) of motion, which is solved iteratively using the Petzold–Gear Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF), a linear multistep method for differential equations coupled to algebraic equations. The geometric, inertia, torsion and warping constants are evaluated employing the Boundary Element Method. The proposed model takes into account, both the Wagner's coefficients and the shortening effect. Numerical examples are worked out to illustrate the efficiency, wherever possible the accuracy, the range of applications of the developed method as well as the influence of the non-linear effects to the response of the beam.     

A nonlinear composite beam theory

Presented here is a general theory for the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of elastic anisotropic initially straight beams undergoing moderate displacements and rotations. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities (large rotations and displacements) by using local stress and strain measures and an exact coordinate transformation, which result in nonlinear curvature and strain-displacement expressions that contain the von Karman strains as a special case. Extensionality is included in the formulation, and transverse shear deformations are accounted for by using a third-order theory. Six third-order nonlinear partial-differential equations are derived for describing one extension, two bending, one torsion, and two shearing vibrations of composite beams. They show that laminated beams display linear elastic and nonlinear geometric couplings among all motions. The theory contains, as special cases, the Euler-Bernoulli theory, Timoshenko's beam theory, the third-order shear theory, and the von Karman type nonlinear theory.     

基于共旋列式的空间梁的稳定性分析

基于独立于单元的共旋列式(EICR),将一种几何线性的无剪切锁死的Timoshenko梁单元扩展用于空间梁结构的几何非线性分析。考虑到三维分析中发生大转动时转动顺序的不可交换性,也即转动自由度不能作为向量采用加法规则更新,采用了四元变量来存储和更新转动自由度,使得共旋列式适用于位移任意大和转动任意大但应变很小的几何非线性分析。同时改进了Riks弧长法使之适用于带有大转动的三维几何非线性分析。给出了几个数值算例,结果表明本文方法具有较高的计算精度和效率。     

Bending of functionally graded cantilever beam with power-law non-linearity subjected to an end force

A realistic beam structure often exhibits material and geometrical non-linearity, in particular for those made of metals. The mechanical behaviors of a non-linear functionally graded-material (FGM) cantilever beam subjected to an end force are investigated by using large and small deformation theories. Young's modulus is assumed to be depth-dependent. For an FGM beam of power-law hardening, the location of the neutral axis is determined. The effects of depth-dependent Young's modulus and non-linearity parameter on the deflections and rotations of the FGM beams are analyzed. Our results show that different gradient indexes may change the bending stiffness of the beam so that an FGM beam may bear larger applied load than a homogeneous beam when choosing appropriate gradients. Moreover, the bending stress distribution in an FGM beam is completely different from that in a homogeneous beam. The bending stress arrives at the maximum tensile stress at an internal position rather than at the surface. Obtained results are useful in safety design of linear and non-linear beams.