考虑载荷流泄时盾构机T形焊接结构疲劳可靠性分析

T形焊接结构是盾构机刀盘的关键结构之一,焊接处裂纹在亚临界的扩展是其疲劳失效的关键因素。文章考虑载荷流泄情况下,基于概率断裂力学的一次二阶矩方法提出了一种新的结构疲劳可靠性分析方法。将该方法应用到某盾构机T形焊接结构,给出了考虑与不考虑载荷流泄两种情况下结构疲劳可靠性计算结果,并用Monte Carlo方法验证了文章方法的有效性;利用最小二乘法拟合出了载荷流泄系数对该T形焊接结构疲劳可靠性的影响曲线,将该曲线划分了三个区域：即高、中、低疲劳失效区。结果表明在考虑和不考虑载荷流泄时,T形焊接结构的疲劳失效概率分别是8.2644e-05和3.4314e-04,即载荷流泄能一定程度上提高了结构的疲劳可靠度;实际工程在盾构机T形焊接结构疲劳可靠性设计时,T形焊接结构的厚度作为一个设计变量,而低失效区可以作为一个可靠度约束条件。研究成果为实际工程上盾构机刀盘的维修、检验计划和设计都有一定的理论指导意义。     

TC4钛合金超高周次轴向振动疲劳试验

应用基于压电超声疲劳试验技术开发的20kHz轴向振动疲劳试验系统,完成了室温下TC4钛合金超高周疲劳试验,获得了TC4合金在107～109周次范围内的轴向振动疲劳寿命曲线(S-N曲线);运用C.Paris推导公式预测了TC4合金材料的寿命,得到各应力水平下破坏率为50％、95％、99％的安全寿命.结果表明:在疲劳循环大于107周次时,试件仍会发生疲劳断裂,疲劳强度随循环次数的增加而下降,并不存在明显的疲劳极限.TC4合金的S-N曲线在107～109周次的范围内呈连续下降型.在轴向振动超高周疲劳试验中,试件的裂纹扩展寿命只占其在50％破坏率下疲劳安全寿命的一小部分,其疲劳寿命主要由试件的裂纹萌生寿命决定.     

地磁场环境下烧结钕铁硼疲劳破坏在线监测方法研究

作为一种典型的硬磁材料,烧结钕铁硼在疲劳断裂时具有突发性、不确定性和紧迫性等特性,难以对其疲劳破坏变化过程进行在线监测.为了实现对烧结钕铁硼零构件在长期服役期间疲劳破坏全过程的在线监测,论文根据力磁耦合效应构建了地磁场环境下烧结钕铁硼的疲劳状态演变方程,将烧结钕铁硼的磁感应强度值作为描述疲劳破坏的状态参数.利用高精度测...     

柔性路面的各向异性疲劳损伤数值模型研究

根据柔性路面在交通荷载作用下的力学响应特点,推导了一个各向异性疲劳损伤本构方程,并基于ABAQUS软件及其二次开发平台,建立了考虑各向异性疲劳损伤的路面结构有限元模型。通过建立的模型计算车辆作用下路面结构的疲劳寿命,其结果与试验数据吻合良好,误差最高仅为3.8%,证明该模型精确可靠。最后,分析了疲劳损伤的演化规律,以及路面结构参数对疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,路面纵向疲劳损伤演化速率比横向大得多,随着车辆循环作用,路面结构的各向异性逐渐增强,进而又加剧疲劳损伤的演化。另外,沥青层越厚、土基弹性模量越大,路面疲劳损伤演化得越慢;而当土基较弱、沥青层较薄时,增加级配碎石层厚度可以显著延缓柔性路面的疲劳开裂。     

金属材料疲劳行为的应力场强法描述

基于近年来发展的应力场地对金属材料的多种疲劳行为作了系统的描述，给出了缺口疲劳系Ｋｆ，疲劳尺寸系数ε，疲劳加载方式因子ＣＬ，多轴疲劳极限方程，缺口件Ｓ－Ｎ曲线的预测等多方面的定量描述，并引用了大量的实验数据加以验证，由此表明应场强法是一种很好的抗疲劳设计方法。     

考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究

微动疲劳是矿井提升钢丝绳主要失效形式之一,在钢丝微动疲劳过程中,微动磨损严重影响钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展特性,进而制约钢丝微动疲劳断裂机制,故开展考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究至关重要. 运用自制钢丝微动疲劳试验机开展钢丝微动疲劳试验和拉伸断裂试验,通过高速度数码显微系统揭示微动疲劳过程中钢丝微动磨损演化、裂纹萌生和扩展及断裂特性,基于摩擦学和断裂力学理论,运用有限元法、循环迭代法和虚拟裂纹闭合技术建立了考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型,并进行试验验证. 结果表明:采用微动疲劳过程稳定阶段磨损系数预测钢丝微动磨损演化可保证预测正确性,微动疲劳过程中钢丝主要为I型裂纹扩展模式,考虑微动磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测值和试验值吻合较好,验证了预测模型正确性.      

离心式叶轮流体激振响应及动态疲劳的研究

研究离心式叶轮的动力特性及流体激振下的稳态响应。讨论结构动态疲劳理论,认为流体激振激起了叶轮的共振,是动态疲劳,特点是激励频率高,幅值低,能量小,激起结构多个固有模态,主要是局部模态的共振。通过一个工程实际叶轮算例,研究动态疲劳破坏的机理。采用循环对称理论,计算叶轮的模态及离心力作用下的应力分布,对流体的压力脉动进行了频谱分析。将叶片表面的静压脉动作为载荷施加于叶轮上进行频率响应分析,得到叶轮在各频率成分激振力作用下的响应,最后根据频率响应的结果计算了叶轮的疲劳寿命,为叶轮疲劳破坏提供了分析依据和计算方法。     

缺口件疲劳寿命分布预测的有效应力法

本文提出了一种由光滑件疲劳寿命试验数据预测缺口件疲劳寿命分布的有效应力法。该方法中缺口件的裂纹可能萌生表面被分解成一个个微元,整个表面可看成是这些微元组成的一个串联模型,按照串联概率失效模型,缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率就可以由各微元的疲劳强度失效概率计算得到,其中微元的疲劳强度失效概率是由光滑件的疲劳强度失效概率通过最弱环节理论计算得到的。在缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率表达式中,引入了有效应力的概念,用它查取光滑件的疲劳寿命试验数据就可以直接得到缺口件的疲劳寿命分布。该方法可以同时考虑到应力梯度和试件尺寸对缺口件疲劳寿命分布的影响。进行了材料LY12CZ的带中心孔缺口件的寿命算例分析,预测结果和试验结果吻合良好,表明该方法是有效的。     

基于疲劳传感器的桥梁载荷谱检测研究

设计了一种结构独特的应变增幅器,使疲劳计的响应灵敏度大大提高,从而使疲劳计较高响应门槛值能与结构高周疲劳情况相匹配,扩展了疲劳计的应用范围,满足了桥梁工程结构疲劳检测要求.由恒幅标定数据和等效原理用插值方法得到复杂加载下疲劳响应计算方法,并根据桥梁载荷谱的瑞利分布特点,得到该分布下的疲劳响应计算方法.采用增幅器的双疲劳计结构设计,利用疲劳计响应的非线性特性,得到疲劳传感器电阻变化与桥梁瑞利载荷谱的对应关系.该传感器的检测原理提供了一种新的工程疲劳检测方法,它较目前采用的其它方法效率高、精度好,适用于长期疲劳监测.疲劳实验表明,实验载荷谱与预测载荷谱相当吻合,所设计的疲劳传感器性能良好、满足桥梁疲劳载荷检测要求.     

Determination of effective stress range and its application on fatigue stress assessment of existing bridges

This paper presents a unified approach on determination of the effective stress range based on equivalent law of strain energy and fatigue damage model, so as to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing effective fatigue stress of existing bridge under traffic loading. A new theoretical framework to relate variable- and constant-amplitude fatigue is proposed in this paper. Different formulation for calculating effective stress range can be derived by the proposed theory, which include the effective stress range by the root mean square, by Miner's law and a new effective stress range based on the nonlinear fatigue damage model. Comparison of the theoretical results of fatigue damage under the effective stress range of the variable-amplitude stress spectrum and experimental data of fatigue damage under realistic traffic loading has confirmed the validity of the proposed theory. As a way to relate variable-amplitude fatigue data with constant-amplitude data, the effective stress range provides the most convenient way for evaluating fatigue damage under variable-amplitude loading. The proposed theory is then applied to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing fatigue damage of existing bridges under traffic loading, in which online strain history data measured from bridge structural health monitoring system is available. The proposed approach is applied to evaluate the effective stress range for the purpose of the fatigue analysis of a deck section of a long-span steel bridge––the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong.     

Definition of a new predictor for multiaxial fatigue crack nucleation in rubber

From an engineering point of view, prediction of fatigue crack nucleation in automotive rubber parts is an essential prerequisite for the design of new components. We have derived a new predictor for fatigue crack nucleation in rubber. It is motivated by microscopic mechanisms induced by fatigue and developed in the framework of Configurational Mechanics. As the occurrence of macroscopic fatigue cracks is the consequence of the growth of pre-existing microscopic defects, the energy release rate of these flaws need to be quantified. It is shown that this microstructural evolution is governed by the smallest eigenvalue of the configurational (Eshelby) stress tensor. Indeed, this quantity appears to be a relevant multiaxial fatigue predictor under proportional loading conditions. Then, its generalization to non-proportional multiaxial fatigue problems is derived. Results show that the present predictor, which is related to the previously published predictors, is capable to unify multiaxial fatigue data.     

Acoustic-emission fatigue analyzer

A new technique has been developed for acoustic-emission fatigue monitoring which facilitates the interpretation of dynamic micromechanical failure processes in materials, through the use of a new method for data presentation. In contrast to conventional acoustic-emission fatigue records in which the emission rate is plotted as a function of the number of fatigue cycles, the new technique produces a graph in which each acoustic event is plotted within a coordinate system of load vs. number of cycles. This approach results in the simultaneous recording of the relationship between sample load, acoustic-emission rate and number of fatigue cycles. Monitoring of 300M steel has established that it is possible to distinguish between fatigue-crack propagation, fatigue-crack closure and testing-machine noise using a single transducer.     

Intergranular strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline metals

The deformation field near a steady fatigue crack includes a plastic zone in front of the crack tip and a plastic wake behind it, and the magnitude, distribution, and history of the residual strain along the crack path depend on the stress multiaxiality, material properties, and history of stress intensity factor and crack growth rate. An in situ, full-field, non-destructive measurement of lattice strain (which relies on the intergranular interactions of the inhomogeneous deformation fields in neighboring grains) by neutron diffraction techniques has been performed for the fatigue test of a Ni-based superalloy compact tension specimen. These microscopic grain level measurements provided unprecedented information on the fatigue growth mechanisms. A two-scale model is developed to predict the lattice strain evolution near fatigue crack tips in polycrystalline materials. An irreversible, hysteretic cohesive interface model is adopted to simulate a steady fatigue crack, which allows us to generate the stress/strain distribution and history near the fatigue crack tip. The continuum deformation history is used as inputs for the micromechanical analysis of lattice strain evolution using the slip-based crystal plasticity model, thus making a mechanistic connection between macro- and micro-strains. Predictions from perfect grain-boundary simulations exhibit the same lattice strain distributions as in neutron diffraction measurements, except for discrepancies near the crack tip within about one-tenth of the plastic zone size. By considering the intergranular damage, which leads to vanishing intergranular strains as damage proceeds, we find a significantly improved agreement between predicted and measured lattice strains inside the fatigue process zone. Consequently, the intergranular damage near fatigue crack tip is concluded to be responsible for fatigue crack growth.     

Estimation of Fatigue Limits from Temperature Data Measured by IR Thermography

To determine the fatigue limits of materials, fatigue testing, which is time-consuming and very expensive, is required. In order to overcome these shortcomings, estimating methods for fatigue limits based on temperature changes measured by IR camera have been proposed, and research and development of such methods have been widely conducted. In the current paper, a non-lock-in type, inexpensive IR camera was used for rotational bending fatigue testing to estimate the fatigue limit from temperature changes independent from loading signals. The results indicated that it is possible to estimate the fatigue limit from the time-temperature change curves measured under various stress conditions and converted stress amplitude-temperature change curves. The estimated results were sufficiently accurate and thus we confirmed that it is promising to estimate the fatigue limit by a non-lock-in type, inexpensive IR camera. The inflection point of a stress amplitude-temperature change curve can be determined by approximating a curve by two straight lines and finding the combination of the lines for which the sum of the residuals between the curve and the lines is the smallest. Although the temperature changes depended on the loading history (the number of loading cycles), the results of fatigue limit estimation changed little. Therefore, the proposed method is practically accurate as a simple estimation method. We also measured the behavior of stress-stroke for each loading history (the number of loading cycles) in tension-compression fatigue testing and confirmed that temperature changes during fatigue testing are associated with plastic strain energy.     

表面直接氟化改性对有机玻璃弯曲疲劳性能的影响

本文使用表面直接氟化改性来改善有机玻璃的弯曲疲劳性能。测试了改性前后有机玻璃的断裂韧性与弯曲强度,重点研究了不同缺口形式的有机玻璃在改性前后的弯曲疲劳性能变化并分析了疲劳裂纹扩展过程。弯曲疲劳寿命的测定结果表明有机玻璃的疲劳性能在表面直接氟化改性后得到明显改善,表面氟化层的结构约束效应是有机玻璃疲劳寿命提高的主要原因。此外,在疲劳断裂面上观察到规律性的条纹带形貌,疲劳条纹带的形成与裂纹尖端银纹区的产生具有一定的联系。表面直接氟化改性后疲劳条纹带扩展速率的降低也充分证明了有机玻璃疲劳寿命的提高。研究结果证明,表面直接氟化改性修复是一种提高有机玻璃疲劳性能的可行方法,对有机玻璃的工业使用具有指导意义。     

利用红外热像技术快速预测材料的S-N曲线

研究材料疲劳一般采用试验的方法,但试验周期长, 所需试验试件和费用多,一直以来都是材料疲劳试验难以克服的困难,人们一直在探寻能快速得到材料疲劳性能的方法.本文在前人研究的基础上,采用红外热像技术,确定了材料的疲劳极限,并在"同种试件疲劳破坏消耗的塑性功不变"的假设下,通过建立塑性温升、热耗散、塑性功之间的关系给出了试件疲劳寿命的计算公式.由此经过简单的试验,理论上用一根试件,试验几个小时就可以快速确定材料的疲劳寿命,给出材料的S-N曲线.     

疲劳荷载与氯盐耦合作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散行为的试验研究

混凝土桥梁在服役过程中经常同时承受疲劳荷载和氯离子侵蚀,但现有研究多未考虑疲劳和氯离子侵蚀的耦合作用。本文研究了疲劳荷载与氯盐侵蚀耦合作用下混凝土中氯离子的扩散行为,并运用超声检测表征混凝土的疲劳损伤,以建立疲劳损伤与氯离子扩散性能之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着疲劳压应力水平提高,超声参数表征的混凝土损伤值也逐渐增大;应力水平低于0.4时,不同疲劳应力水平对混凝土中氯离子浓度分布没有明显影响,氯离子扩散系数甚至略有减小,这应是应力水平较低时混凝土中微孔隙和裂缝被压缩而降低了氯离子的扩散能力;应力水平为0.5及0.6时,混凝土中氯离子浓度显著提高,扩散系数明显增大,并且与应力水平呈正相关;超声参数表征的混凝土损伤与氯离子渗透性的发展趋势不一致,表明由于混凝土内部缺陷分布的不均匀性使得超声技术难以定量表征荷载引起的混凝土损伤。     

用升降法求95连杆疲劳极限的探讨

为了较精确地求出95连杆的疲劳极限,本文将在材料疲劳试验中应用较广的升降法推广应用于连杆,给出了用升降法求构件疲劳极限的基本过程。文中首先选取了试验的控制因素并确定了连杆的控制点(应力被选定为控制应力的点定义为控制点)。然后在四级应力水平下进行了连杆的疲劳试验,并以最大应力幅点的应力为计算应力求出了连杆的疲劳极限。     

一种新的多轴非比例低周疲劳寿命预测临界面模型

工程结构在服役过程中往往承受着复杂的多轴非比例循环荷载,在长期动力载荷作用下结构构件的失效主要为多轴非比例疲劳破坏. 文中基于圆管薄壁试件在拉-扭复合加载情况下的多轴疲劳试验结果,对比了广泛讨论的Kandil-Brown-Miller (KBM) 模型和Fatemi-Socie (FS) 模型对多轴非比例疲劳寿命的预测能力,分析了非比例加载条件引起多轴疲劳附加损伤的原因;针对FS 模型对不存在非比例附加强化的材料多轴疲劳寿命预测的不足,提出了一个能考虑非比例加载路径变化和材料附加强化效应双重作用的非比例影响因子,参照FS 准则提出了一种新的多轴非比例低周疲劳寿命预测临界面模型. 利用5 种材料的多轴非比例疲劳试验数据对该模型进行了试验验证,结果表明:采用文中提出的临界面模型预测的多轴非比例疲劳寿命与试验结果符合较好,预测精度优于FS 模型;同时,该模型对不存在非比例附加强化的材料的多轴疲劳寿命预测表现出更好的适用性,且能有效的提高不同类型材料的多轴非比例疲劳寿命预测精度.      

疲劳多裂纹问题研究进展

介绍了近十年来颇受关注的疲劳多裂纹(MFC)问题的研究．其研究的对象主要是长寿命承力结构，尤其是老龄飞机；目的是建立疲劳多裂纹问题裂纹扩展的计算模型和含疲劳多裂纹结构的失效准则．该研究为长寿命承力结构的疲劳可靠性评定奠定了基础．