具有恒定冲击载荷的梯度泡沫金属材料设计

多胞材料可通过大变形大量地吸收冲击能量,引入密度梯度可进一步提高其耐撞性。梯度多胞材料的宏观力学响应对材料密度分布极为敏感,不同类型的细观构型的影响也极为不同。已有的研究工作主要局限在对给定的密度梯度分析其动态响应,较少对耐撞性设计方法进行研究。本文针对梯度闭孔泡沫金属材料,基于非线性塑性冲击波模型发展了耐撞性反向设计方法,以维持冲击物受载恒定为目标,运用级数法获得了简化模型和渐近解。利用变胞元尺寸法构建了连续梯度变化的三维Voronoi细观有限元模型,并利用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件对理论设计进行数值验证。结果表明,反向设计理论简化模型的渐近解对于梯度闭孔泡沫金属材料的耐撞性设计是有效的,所提出的耐撞性设计方法在控制冲击吸能过程和冲击物受载方面具有指导意义。     

多晶金属材料的三维组集式弹塑性本构模型

本文从分析多晶金属材料的细观组织在弹塑性变形中的贮能和耗能机制入手,提出一个三维组集式弹塑性本构模型。该模型将材料单元抽象成沿三维空间各方向均匀分布组件的集合体,方向组件反映材料的细观性态并在宏观上协调变形,所有方向组件的内力总效应构成宏观应力。文中导出了显式的弹塑性本构关系,并与Budiansky的复杂加载试验结果及其它塑性模型进行了对比。     

球形闭孔泡沫金属材料力学行为研究

利用面心立方单元胞模型计算了球形闭孔泡沫金属材料的宏观弹塑性特性,建立了弹性参数和屈服强度与相对密度的关系,所得结果与球形(类球形)闭孔泡沫铝合金试验结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好.此外,利用所建立的单元胞模型计算了等比例多轴载荷下的应力-应变曲线,针对现有的泡沫金属材料弹塑性宏观唯象本构框架,得到了球形孔闭孔泡沫金属材料在不同特征应变下应力势函数曲面及其演化规律,确定了其宏观本构理论模型的材料参数.结果表明,该理论模型能较好模拟有限元数值计算结果.     

基于多弹簧模型的空间梁柱单元(I):理论模型

引入多轴应力状态下的塑性应力-应变关系理论,在单元模型中考虑了弹塑性区域剪切变形对单元的弹塑性刚度影响,推导了考虑剪切变形弹塑性刚度影响的多弹簧模型的空间梁柱单元刚度矩阵,为整体钢框架结构的弹塑性动力分析奠定了单元基础。     

基于多弹簧模型的空间梁柱单元(Ⅰ):理论模型

引入多轴应力状态下的塑性应力-应变关系理论,在单元模型中考虑了弹塑性区域剪切变形对单元的弹塑性刚度影响,推导了考虑剪切变形弹塑性刚度影响的多弹簧模型的空间粱柱单元刚度矩阵,为整体钢框架结构的弹塑性动力分析奠定了单元基础.     

高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统动力学响应特性

为了给弹载记录仪的防护设计提供依据,从机械振动的角度揭示了高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统的动力学响应机理。在分析弹载记录仪内部载荷传递关系的基础上,基于双自由度弹簧-质量-阻尼系统建立了一种简化的防护系统动力学响应模型,并开展了数值模拟,通过脉冲响应分析和谐响应分析辨识了模型参数。理论计算与数值模拟的对比分析结果表明:建立的动力学响应模型能较准确地预测高冲击载荷作用下弹载记录仪防护系统的动力学响应特性。在此基础上,以模型的幅频响应特性为依据,分析了防护系统动力学响应特性随各种参数的变化规律。研究结果可为更有效地指导弹载记录仪的防护设计提供依据。     

泡沫金属在冲击载荷下的动态压缩行为

基于微CT扫描影像信息,建立泡沫金属材料二维细观有限元模型,考虑不规则胞孔的不均匀分布,根据实验结果拟合孔壁材料的弹塑性本构参数。研究了泡沫金属在不同加载速度下的压缩变形机理,重点讨论泡沫金属中弹塑性波的传播、惯性效应和从冲击端传递到静止端的应力变化特征。对于相对密度为0.3的泡沫铝,弹性波速约为5 km/s,与孔壁材料的弹性波速相当,塑性波速表现为随着加载速度的增大而增大。在加载速度为50~100 m/s间变形模式从准静态模式转变为动态模式,未发现明显的临界速度,动态锁死应变随着加载速度的增大而增大。由于塑性波发生反射,试件会发生二次压缩过程,相应地,静止端产生二次应力平台。受惯性作用的影响,二次应力平台也随着加载速度的增大而提高。     

载重子午线轮胎三维非线性有限元分析

建立了一个轮胎结构有限元分析模型，考虑了轮胎变形的几何非线性，轮胎与地面和轮胎与轮辋的大变形非线性接触，轮胎材料的非均匀性，橡胶材料的不可压缩性和物理非线性及橡胶基复合材料的各向异性。结果表明，该模型有效可靠。     

基于弹塑性模型的群桩-土-结构动力非线性数值分析

提出一种群桩-土弹塑性模型,结合动力文克尔理论,推导出了与桩(筏)-土属性及SSI体系频率相关的各项弹簧-阻尼单元动力阻抗,建立了三维框架土-结构相互作用有限元简化分析模型。针对不同地震激励,在不同桩-土条件下对模型进行了动力非线性时程分析,结果表明,在某些地震动和土-基础条件下,上部结构非线性作用效应结果可能大于固基假定情形,且桩-土弹塑性模型对上部结构柔弱层位置产生影响。应用本文简化方法可以快速、较准确有效地进行复杂的上下部结构动力时程分析及抗震评估。     

泡沫金属夹芯梁在重复冲击下的动态响应

为了研究重复冲击载荷作用下泡沫金属夹芯梁的动态响应,采用Abaqus数值仿真软件,基于可压碎泡沫模型（crushable foam）,建立了泡沫金属夹芯梁遭受楔形质量块冲击的有限元模型。通过将仿真获得的夹芯梁上下面板最终挠度与重复冲击实验结果进行对比,验证仿真方法的准确性。在此基础之上,分析了泡沫金属夹芯梁在楔形质量块重复冲击作用下的变形模式、加卸载过程以及能量耗散特性。结果表明,在重复冲击载荷作用下,夹芯梁的变形不断累积,上面板主要出现局部凹陷和整体弯曲,而芯层则是局部压缩,下面板表现为整体弯曲。在重复加卸载过程中,加卸载刚度随着冲击次数的增加而增大。随着冲击次数的增加,上面板和芯层的能量吸收增量不断减小,而下面板的能量吸收增量不断增加,且最终均趋于稳定。泡沫金属夹芯梁的塑性变形能增量不断减小,而回弹系数随着冲击次数逐渐增加,最后趋于稳定值。     

泡沫金属的微惯性效应和动态塑性泊松比

采用三维Voronoi技术和显式有限元方法来研究闭孔和开孔两种泡沫金属的动态塑性泊松比问题和微惯性效应。细观数值模拟的结果表明:塑性泊松比随着轴向应变的增加而下降,塑性泊松比的峰值随着冲击速度的增加而下降;相对密度增加时,泡沫金属塑性泊松比增加;微惯性对平台应力的影响不大。该数值模拟结果能够解释侧向约束情况下闭孔泡沫金属的压溃应力随着加载速率的提高而下降的实验现象。     

On the crushing of aluminum open-cell foams: Part I. Experiments

This two-part study is concerned with the understanding and modeling of the compressive response of open-cell metallic foams. Part I presents experimental results from Al-6101-T6 foams of three different cell sizes with relative densities of about 8%. X-ray tomography is first used to characterize the geometry of the microstructure. The cells are irregular polyhedra of nearly uniform size that are somewhat elongated in one direction. The ligaments are nearly straight with convex, three-sided cross-sections and variable area distribution along their length. Foam specimens were compressed at slow displacement rates along the rise and transverse directions and the evolution of crushing in the specimens was monitored using X-ray tomography. In both directions, the response is initially nearly linear, terminating into a limit load that is followed by an extensive load plateau. At an average strain of about 55% the load increases monotonically again due to densification. The limit load is caused by plastification due to combined compression and bending of the ligaments. Beyond this point, cells start to buckle and collapse locally, forming bands that cover the full cross-section of the specimen. Contact of the collapsing cells arrests local deformation triggering collapse in neighboring cells. In this manner, crushing gradually spreads throughout the specimen and when this is achieved the load required for further deformation starts to rise. The initial elastic modulus, the stresses at the limit load and the plateau and the extent of the plateau have been measured as a function of relative density for both directions. The stress–displacement response in the transverse direction is generally somewhat lower than in the rise direction but the prevalent events were found to be similar in the two directions.     

Impact of material processing and deformation on cell morphology and mechanical behavior of polyurethane and nickel foams

The cell morphology and mechanical behavior of open-cell polyurethane and nickel foams are investigated by means of combined 3D X-ray micro-tomography and large scale finite element simulations. Our quantitative 3D image analysis and finite element simulations demonstrate that the strongly anisotropic tensile behavior of nickel foams is due to the cell anisotropy induced by the deformation of PU precursor during the electroplating and heat treatment stages of nickel foam processing. In situ tensile tests on PU foams reveal that the initial main elongation axis of the cells evolves from the foam sheet normal direction to the rolling direction of the coils. Finite element simulations of the hyperelastic behavior of PU foams based on real cell morphology confirm the observation that cell struts do not experience significant elongation after 0.15 tensile straining, thus pointing out alternative deformation mechanisms like complex strut junctions deformation. The plastic behavior and the anisotropy of nickel foams are then satisfactorily retrieved from finite element simulations on a volume element containing eight cells with a detailed mesh of all the hollow struts and junctions. The experimental and computational strategy is considered as a first step toward optimization of process parameters to tailor anisotropy of cell shape and mechanical behavior for applications in batteries or Diesel particulate filtering.     

泡沫铝合金动态力学性能实验研究

利用分离式霍布金森压杆(SHPB)实验技术和MTS材料实验机对两组不同孔径、不同密度的开孔泡沫铝合金进行了准静态和动态压缩实验研究。实验结果表明:泡沫铝合金的静态和动态变形过程均具有泡沫材料变形的三个阶段特征。开孔泡沫铝合金的变形是均匀变化过程，并不出现局部的变形带。与相对密度对力学性能的影响相比，孔径大小的影响可以忽略不计。在考察的应变率范围内，屈服应力对应变率并不很敏感。     

不同应变率下泡沫铝的形变和力学性能

对低密度泡沫铝在不同变形率下的形变和力学性能进行了系统的试验研究。结果表明:（1）沿剪切方向骨架首先塌陷,即变形的局部化是低应变率下块体泡沫铝的主要变形特征;（2）在不同应变率下泡沫铝表现出体积应变基本上随工程应变呈线性变化,在低应变率下泊松比随轴向应变呈幂次关系增加,但在高应变率下泊松比随塑性应变增加,从一峰值降低并趋于稳定;（3）低应变率下泡沫铝材料塑性变形均匀,而高应变率下剪切变形较大;（4）泡沫铝材料的强度对应变率不很明显,但随塑性应变增加,它的率敏感性增加。     

The effects of relative density of metal foams on the stresses and deformation of beam under bending

The exact analytic solution of the pure bending beam of metallic foams is given. The effects of relative density of the material on stresses and deformation are revealed with the Triantafillou and Gibson constitutive law (TG model) taken as the analysis basis. Several examples for individual foams are discussed, showing the importance of compressibility of the cellular materials. One of the objects of this study is to generalize Hill’s solution for incompressible plasticity to the case of compressible plasticity, and a kinematics parameter is brought into the analysis so that the velocity field can be determined. The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

含金属微粉泡沫材料中爆炸波衰减规律实验研究

设计并制备了一种新型的聚氨酯泡沫材料,研究了爆炸波在该材料中的衰减规律.材料的主要设计原理是在聚氨酯材料中均匀混合了10μm量级的金属微粉,以提高骨架的吸热能力,从而提高其抗爆性能.搭建了实验平台并分别测量了爆炸波在相同孔隙率下含金属微粉和不含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料,同时测量了不同金属微粉含量的聚氨酯材料中的传播特性.实验结果表明:含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料具有更好的抗爆性能.     

泡沫金属压痕试验的数值模拟及其反演

在理论研究的基础上，将泡 沫金属压痕试验的有限元数值模拟结果与用无量纲分析法构造出的一系列无量纲函数相结 合，建立了泡沫金属压痕试验中载荷-压痕深度关系曲线与泡沫金属的弹塑性材料参数之 间的联系. 利用这种联系，就可以实现用压痕试验通过反演分析来确定泡沫金属的材料参数. 研究结果表明，泡沫金属材料的杨氏模量，屈服强度及塑性可压缩因子等参数均可由其压痕 试验唯一的确定，但其塑性平台区终点应变的确定还需进一步的研究.     

Crushability maps for structural polymeric foams in uniaxial loading under rigid confinement

A family of epoxy-based polymeric foams with various initial porosity levels was subjected to quasi-static uniaxial loading in rigid confinement (uniaxial strain) to investigate their crushability characteristics. Two issues were investigated. The first issue was the uniformity of deformation in a specimen as a function of porosity level by creating a grid of equally spaced thin stripes on the surface and by monitoring their pattern during the experiment. It was found that the higher the porosity of foam, the more non-uniform the deformation in the specimen. However, the localized non-uniform deformation did not affect the global stress-strain response, especially at large deformations. The second issue was the development of a new analysis tool, called “crushability map”. The purpose of the tool is to depict the evolution of porosity, bulk density and energy absorption as functions of applied strain, stress, and porosity. These maps can assist in characterizing the residual crushability or energy absorption capability of foams as a function of residual porosity. The maps can be used as a design tool for selection of suitable foams for a given application in conjunction with various design criteria.     

Multiscale mass-spring models of carbon nanotube foams

This article is concerned with the mechanical properties of dense, vertically aligned CNT foams subject to one-dimensional compressive loading. We develop a discrete model directly inspired by the micromechanical response reported experimentally for CNT foams, where infinitesimal portions of the tubes are represented by collections of uniform bi-stable springs. Under cyclic loading, the given model predicts an initial elastic deformation, a non-homogeneous buckling regime, and a densification response, accompanied by a hysteretic unloading path. We compute the dynamic dissipation of such a model through an analytic approach. The continuum limit of the microscopic spring chain defines a mesoscopic dissipative element (micro-meso transition) which represents a finite portion of the foam thickness. An upper-scale model formed by a chain of non-uniform mesoscopic springs is employed to describe the entire CNT foam. A numerical approximation illustrates the main features of the proposed multiscale approach. Available experimental results on the compressive response of CNT foams are fitted with excellent agreement.