发射光谱法研究纳秒激光烧蚀硅等离子体特性

利用调Q Nd3+∶YAG激光器三倍频355 nm激光脉冲烧蚀空气环境的硅样品,观测不同脉冲激光能量下产生的等离子体在380～420 nm范围内的时间-空间分辨等离子体发射光谱,观测到在等离子体羽膨胀初期存在N+发射光谱。在局域热力学平衡近似条件下,根据时间-空间分辨等离子体发射光谱计算得到等离子羽体电子温度和电子密度随时间延时存在二次指数衰减变化,等离子体羽体电子温度和电子密度的空间分布近似呈Lorentz分布,发现在确定激光脉冲能量下电子密度空间分布最大值偏离光谱强度最大空间位置并对产生原因进行分析,探讨了等离子体羽参数与激光脉冲能量的关系。     

再加热双脉冲激光诱导等离子体的时空演变特性研究

为了研究再加热双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对信号的增强机制,分别采用单脉冲LIBS和再加热双脉冲LIBS两种方式烧蚀合金钢样品产生等离子体,利用高分辨率的中阶梯光栅光谱仪采集等离子体发射光谱信号,同时用快速成像ICCD相机观测等离子体形态的变化,研究了两种烧蚀方式下等离子体的时空演变特性。通过比较两种烧蚀方式下等离子体产生初期光谱信号和图像的时间演变规律,发现再加热双脉冲LIBS提高了等离子体温度,且当信号采集延时等于再加热双脉冲的脉冲间隔时,等离子体温度的衰减速率发生变化;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体图像强度增加,等离子体的中心区域高度和宽度分别增大了23.5%和15.1%。空间分布的研究结果表明,与单脉冲LIBS相比,当到样品表面的距离大于0.6 mm时,等离子体中的Fe Ⅱ和N Ⅰ谱线强度有较明显的增强,而Fe Ⅰ谱线在空间不同位置处的增强程度都较小,局部区域有减小的现象;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体温度增加了约2 000 K,等离子体中产生了一个较大的高温区域。综合时空演变的实验结果说明再加热双脉冲对光谱信号增强的机制主要是由于第二束激光对第一束激光烧蚀样品产生的等离子体再次激发,使等离子体温度增加,进而引起等离子体辐射强度增加。     

飞秒双脉冲激光照射金属薄膜的热行为

通过双温方程对飞秒单脉冲与双脉冲照射金薄膜进行了计算模拟分析,得到了金靶的电子温度和晶格温度随着时间空间的变化。在同样激光能量密度下,单脉冲与双脉冲使得金膜温度的变化表明双脉冲使得更多的激光能量渗透到靶材内部,这些能量可以使得烧蚀深度更深,有利于提高激光烧蚀靶材的效率。计算结果显示随着激光能量密度的增加熔化面深度逐渐增加,单脉冲与双脉冲熔化面深度的变化明显不同。在激光能量密度高于损伤阈值附近,单脉冲的烧蚀深度大于双脉冲的烧蚀深度,随着激光能量密度增加,双脉冲的烧蚀深度将大于单脉冲的烧蚀深度。     

薄膜锗靶等离子体参量诊断的实验研究

描述了对双脉冲辐照薄膜锗靶形成的等离子体参量诊断的实验研究。使用平晶谱仪和时间分辨ｘ射线晶体谱仪诊断等离子体参量，给出了等离子体的电子密度、电子温度及其时间演变过程。实验结果表明：双脉冲打靶比单脉冲打靶电子温度有较大幅度提高。诊断结果为双脉冲驱动薄膜靶高增益Ｘ射线激光实验选择最佳的实验条件提供了实验依据。     

激光烧蚀CH薄膜特性

报道了神光Ⅱ装置上激光膜相互作用的实验,实验利用能量计和光电管测量激光与CH薄膜作用前后的能量和时间波形的变化。结果表明:激光对CH薄膜透过率由作用产生的激光等离子体电子密度决定;功率密度为1.01014 W/cm2的激光与CH薄膜作用下,入射激光能量脉冲前沿与薄膜作用产生激光等离子体;在200 ps时,激光等离子体电子密度稀疏到临界密度以下,激光开始透过等离子体;在700 ps后,等离子体密度远低于临界密度,激光完全透过激光等离子体。     

激光波长对水中金属元素激光诱导击穿光谱探测的影响

针对激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)在海洋应用中的问题,对1 064和532nm两个激发波长下水中LIBS光谱特性进行探测分析,以比较其烧蚀效果。通过激光诱导等离子体的时间分辨光谱,分析水下等离子体电子密度随时间的演化规律,1 064nm激光诱导等离子体寿命约为1 200ns,而532nm激光激发情况下等离子体寿命仅约为600ns。基于光在水中的传输特性和LIBS的实验结果,建立了获得最佳LIBS探测效果所需的入水前激光脉冲能量Eiopt(r)与探测距离r的关系,并应用到水下原位探测的模拟分析。结果表明,当探测距离不大于5cm时,所需的入水前1 064nm激光单脉冲能量小于100mJ,该激发波长可用于LIBS的水下探测;当探测距离增至10cm时,所需的入水前532nm激光单脉冲能量只需30mJ左右。因此,当原位探测距离增加时,则需考虑选择532nm激光作为烧蚀光源。     

多脉冲高能量强激光诱导产生Al等离子体发射光谱分析

 用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器产生的1.064 μm激光,在空气环境下作用于金属Al诱导产生等离子体,获得了不同能量以及多次脉冲烧蚀下的Al等离子体发射光谱,分析了谱线强度与能量变化之间的关系,实验结果表明：随激光能量的增加,谱线的信号强度明显增强;对等离子体光谱进行Lorentz线型拟合,获取了谱线的半高宽,以此来计算电子密度,得到了电子密度及信号强度随多脉冲强激光诱导次数的增加而逐渐下降的演化规律。     

Compton散射下超强激光等离子体通道的演化

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型、空间动态补偿模型、非线性薛定谔方程和数值模拟方法,研究了Compton散射对超强飞秒激光等离子体中通道的影响,提出了将Compton散射光作为形成等离子体通道的新机制,给出了超强飞秒激光脉冲在等离子体中传播和电子密度随时间变化的非线性修正方程,并进行了数值模拟。并研究发现：散射使等离子体中电子密度峰值增大1个量级,半径增大1mm。激光最大功率密度被限制在1018W/m2以下,随传输距离增大缓慢衰减。传输初始阶段,单脉冲衰减能量较散射前增大2%,之后衰减较平缓。通过增加超强飞秒激光脉冲输入功率,能有效地增加电子密度峰值,有利于等离子体通道的形成。并对所的结论给出了初步物理解释。     

钾元素单脉冲和双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱研究

基于自行研制的新型液体射流的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)实验装置,研究了实验条件(如积分延时、脉冲间隔、激光能量等)对K元素单脉冲LIBS和双脉冲LIBS等离子发射的影响.实验得知相对单脉冲激光激发,双脉冲激光激发可以显著提高等离子体发射谱线强度,增加谱线强度的衰减时间,提高LIBS数据的稳定性.通过最佳实验条件下K766.49nm谱线强度随溶液浓度的分析,得到该实验系统中,双脉冲激光激发时K元素的检测灵敏度和检测限约是单脉冲激光激发时的37倍.实验结果为双脉冲LIBS技术应用于水体金属的检测提供了一定依据.     

纳秒激光脉冲在空气中聚焦的临界自由电子密度问题

实验研究了高功率纳秒量级激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过率随输入激光脉冲能量变化的规律,发现在纳秒激光脉冲聚焦半径相同的情况下,激光脉冲的能量透过率随入射激光脉冲能量的变化可分为三种情况：当入射激光脉冲能量较低时,激光脉冲能量全部通过;当入射激光脉冲能量增大后,激光脉冲的能量透过率由近100%迅速减小;当入射激光脉冲的能量进一步增加时,激光脉冲的能量透过率继续缓慢变小.用临界自由电子密度以及所对应的临界时间点对上述实验现象进行了理论分析得到了如下结论：当自由电子密度未达到临界自由电子密度时,多光子电离过程起主要作用,而当自由电子密度超过临界自由电子密度后,逆韧致吸收过程起主要作用,临界时间点是入射激光脉冲与空气作用过程中自由电子密度达到临界自由电子密度的时刻.入射激光脉冲能量决定了临界时间点在脉冲作用时间上的位置,临界时间点的位置决定了激光脉冲的能量透过率.可以通过测量激光脉冲的能量透过率来计算出临界自由电子密度,从而确定出激光脉冲在空气中聚焦时的能量透过特性. 关键词： 临界自由电子密度 临界时间点 多光子电离 逆韧致吸收     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.