Magnetic correlation,excitation and slow dynamics in concentrated spin-glass alloys

Three kinds of neutron scattering experiments have been performed to clarify the role of magnetic clusters on the various properties of re-entrant spin-glasses. The presence of two kinds of spin-wave excitations, the limitations of magnetic phase diagrams and the mechanism of slow dynamics have been discussed based on the results of inelastic scattering, diffuse scattering and time-resolved small-angle scattering experiments, respectively.     

Computer simulation of time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in turbid media

We review research on time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in strongly scattering media, with emphasis on the application to breast cancer detection. A method is presented to simulate the propagation of light in turbid media. Based on a numerical algorithm to solve the time-dependent diffusion equation, the method takes into account spatial variations of the reduced scattering and absorption factors of the medium due to the presence of objects as well as random fluctuations of these factors. It is shown that the simulation method reproduces, without fitting, experimental results on tissue-like phantoms. Using experimental and simulation results, an assessment is made of the reliability for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of the medium from time-resolved reflection and transillumination data. The simulation technique is employed to study the conditions for locating mm-sized objects immersed in a turbid medium, by direct, time-resolved imaging. We discuss a simple method to enhance the imaging power of the time-resolved technique. The mathematical justification of the method, as well as some applications to simple problems, is given. The simulation technique is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the data processing technique. Results of time-resolved reflection experiments and simulations are presented, showing that the use of the latter allow us to locate 1 mm diameter objects under conditions which would prevent detection otherwise. Our results demonstrate that the combination of simulation and the appropriate processing of the diffusive part of the time-resolved reflected or transmitted light intensity may substantially increase the potential of the time-resolved near-infrared diffusive light imaging technique as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection.     

Diffuse Optical Tomography using Time-resolved Photon Path Distribution

Our research goal is to develop diffuse optical tomography (DOT) capable of quantitative measurement. Information on optical pathlength is essential for reconstructing images with quantitative properties, and we have performed image reconstruction with a simulation model using a time-resolved photon path distribution (time-resolved PPD). The results showed that a DOT image reconstruction algorithm using this PPD is effective in quantifying the absorbers in a scattering medium such as human tissue. This algorithm uses a photon distribution independent of absorption by simply assuming that the measurement object is homogeneous, which means that PPD needs to be calculated only once. Our technique is therefore applicable to short-time imaging of measurement objects for which absorption changes flatness such as that in human tissue.     

Transient effects in stimulated light scattering

Transient stimulated scattering of light is treated numerically for situations with arbitrarily high conversion of laser into scattered light. New, transient effects are predicted and will be dicussed for scattering in the backward and in the forward directions. The computations are found to be in good agreement with time-resolved, experimental studies of stimulated Brillouin scattering in several liquids.     

激光等离子体受激Raman散射光谱的时间分辨测量

采用光学多道谱仪和光学条纹相机耦合,组成时间分辨的Raman散射光谱测量系统,可实现0.5 nm的光谱分辨和好于10 ps的时间分辨。采用该测量系统,在神光Ⅱ装置上开展了脉宽1 ns、波长351 nm的激光与两种不同尺寸柱腔靶相互作用的物理实验,获得了时间分辨的SRS光谱实验结果。研究表明,SRS光谱在时间上相对于入射激光有一定的延迟,腔靶尺寸减小时,延迟时间随之减小。通过长、短波截止波长分析电子密度方法,计算得出了Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型腔靶SRS散射光最短波长光谱发生的密度区分别为0.069nc和0.027nc。     

激光等离子体受激Raman散射光谱的时间分辨测量

采用光学多道谱仪和光学条纹相机耦合,组成时间分辨的Raman散射光谱测量系统,可实现0.5nm的光谱分辨和好于10ps的时间分辨。采用该测量系统,在神光Ⅱ装置上开展了脉宽1ns、波长351nm的激光与两种不同尺寸柱腔靶相互作用的物理实验,获得了时间分辨的SRS光谱实验结果。研究表明,SRS光谱在时间上相对于入射激光有一定的延迟,腔靶尺寸减小时,延迟时间随之减小。通过长、短波截止波长分析电子密度方法,计算得出了Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型腔靶SRS散射光最短波长光谱发生的密度区分别为0.069nc和0.027nc。     

Combined soot optical characterization using 2-D multi-angle light scattering and spectrally resolved line-of-sight attenuation and its implication on soot color-ratio pyrometry

Soot characterization using multiple techniques has been performed in a series of nitrogen-diluted ethylene coflow laminar diffusion flames. Soot aggregate sizes have been measured in two dimensions, as opposed to traditional point measurements, by a newly developed two-dimensional multi-angle light scattering technique where image processing was applied to align images for Guinier analysis. Extinction measurements have also been performed using spectrally resolved line-of-sight attenuation with an imaging spectrometer. Spectrally and spatially resolved extinction measurements have been obtained as well. Combined with previously obtained time-resolved laser-induced incandescence measurements of primary particle diameters, the scattering and absorption components of extinction can be estimated. The so-called dispersion exponent that describes the wavelength dependence of spectral emissivity was determined in two dimensions and found to improve the accuracy of soot color-ratio pyrometry measurements.     

Coherent coupling between vibrational modes of Cben H bonds at different positions studied by femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We performed femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) measurements on liquid toluene and PVK film. For both samples, we selectively excited the CH stretching vibrational modes and observed the expected quantum beat signals. The frequency of the well-defined beats is in good agreement with the energy difference between the two simultaneously excited modes, which demonstrates that a coherent coupling between the vibrational modes of the C-H chemical bonds exists at the different positions of the molecules. The dephasing times of the excited modes are obtained simultaneously.     

Coherent coupling between vibrational modes of C-H bonds at different positions studied by femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We performed femtosecond time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering(fs-CARS) measurements on liquid toluene and PVK film.For both samples,we selectively excited the CH stretching vibrational modes and observed the expected quantum beat signals.The frequency of the well-defined beats is in good agreement with the energy difference between the two simultaneously excited modes,which demonstrates that a coherent coupling between the vibrational modes of the C-H chemical bonds exists at the different positions of the molecules.The dephasing times of the excited modes are obtained simultaneously.     

Heterogeneous dynamics of coarsening systems

We show by means of experiments, theory, and simulations that the slow dynamics of coarsening systems displays dynamic heterogeneity similar to that observed in glass-forming systems. We measure dynamic heterogeneity via novel multipoint functions which quantify the emergence of dynamic, as opposed to static, correlations of fluctuations. Experiments are performed on a coarsening foam using time-resolved correlation, a recently introduced light scattering method. Theoretically we study the Ising model, and present exact results in one dimension, and numerical results in two dimensions. For all systems the same dynamic scaling of fluctuations with domain size is observed.     

Absorption Coefficient Measurements of Strongly Scattering Media Using Time-Resolved Transmittance of a Short Pulse in Near-Infrared (NIR) Wavelength Range

Absorption coefficient measurements of strongly scattering and weakly absorbing media have been performed using time resolved transmittance of a 100 fs pulse through a 30 mm slab containing latex spheres suspended in water and absorbing ink solutions. The scattering and absorption coefficients were selected so that the optical properties of the media were similar to those of biological tissues. Measured curves of time-resolved transmittance of the pulse through the media were used to estimate the optical properties of the media. The experiment was made at two different wavelengths, 784 nm and 810 nm. Estimated absorption coefficients were in good agreement with those measured in a nonscattering case by a spectrophotometer.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21-23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

Revealing the target structure information encoded in strong-field photoelectron hologram

By numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we investigate the strong-field photoelectron holography (SFPH) for different atomic and molecular targets. The results show that the photoelectron hologram is capable of providing structural information-the phase of scattering amplitude. In our calculations, the holographic pattern shifts with the target, indicating the phase difference between various targets. However, for the near-forward scattering, the phases of scattering amplitude for different targets are similar and thus no structural information has been retrieved in the previous works on near-forward scattering hologram. We suggest to use the backward scattering photoelectron hologram to extract this type of structural information. This paves a significant step towards time-resolved imaging of molecular structure and dynamics with the concept of SFPH.     

Extension of grid separation in the finite difference time domain analysis for predicting time-resolved reflectance of an optical pulse from scattering medium with non-scattering regions

Extension of grid separation in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis has been proposed for predicting time-resolved reflectance of an optical pulse from scattering medium with non-scattering (clear) regions. Grid separation in the previous FDTD analysis formulated by the author was limited to less than 0.5 mm. By introducing the alternative boundary conditions proposed by the author at the surface of scattering medium, the grid separation limit has been extended up to 1 mm. As a result, necessary time to analyze time-resolved reflectance has been reduced to less than a sixtieth without degrading numerical accuracy.     

Time-resolved optical backscattering model in highly scattering media

A time-resolved backscattering model, which combines a single large-angle scattering with multiple small-angle scatterings, is used to produce a scattered-light profile about a medium. Inhomogeneity of the medium is included in the model. Some multidimensional integrals can be evaluated analytically.     

Four-wavelength time-resolved optical mammography in the 680-980-nm range

What is to our knowledge the first instrument for time-resolved optical mammography operating at wave-lengths longer than 900 nm has been developed. It is a scanning system that relies on the acquisition of time-resolved transmittance curves at 683, 785, 912, and 975 nm, with a total measurement time of approximately 5 min for an entire image. Breast structures and lesions can be discriminated based on the different absorption and scattering properties at the four wavelengths, which reflect different contributions of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, water, and lipids, as well as distinct structures. The system is currently used in a European clinical trial.     

Transient resonant light scattering under random perturbations

A theory of light scattering for transient phenomena is formulated; a general scattering formula is obtained for pulse excitations. For a general stochastic model of random perturbations on a matter system, the formula is exactly expressed in terms of continued fractions. A detailed analysis is given for time-resolved spectra. It is explicitly shown that a change from “scattering” to luminescence can be observed separately as a function of time.     

Transient optical properties of excimer-laser-irradiated polyimide

Experiments involving time-resolved scattering and transmission in ArF (193 nm) excimer-laser-irradiated polyimide are reported. Scattering experiments determined that constituents of the carbon layer responsible for laser-induced electrical conductivity form between 150 and 400 ns after the excimer pulse. Transmission experiments indicate that absorbing carbon is present before the formation of organized crystallites responsible for electrical conduction and scattering.     

Simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and scattering images by multichannel measurement of purely temporal data

We present what is believed to be the first simultaneous reconstruction of the internal scattering and absorbing properties of a highly scattering medium by use of purely temporal data. These results are also the first acquired with the multichannel time-resolved imaging system developed at University College London.     

Nuclear Resonant scattering experiments with synchrotron radiation at KEK

Experiments of nuclear Resonant scattering carried out at PF and TRISTAN-AR of KEK are described, which include nuclear Bragg scattering in time domain as well as energy domain, time-resolved nuclear resonant forward scattering, and interferometric studies.     

Ultrafast X-ray experiments on structural changes in single crystals of polar molecules

Intramolecular charge transfer in aminobenzonitrile (DIABN) single crystals is studied by a combination of ultrafast techniques. The intramolecular dynamics is probed by time-resolved spectroscopy in the UV/Vis and mid-IR. The intermolecular structural response is investigated by transient X-ray scattering and transmission experiments. A theoretical analysis shows that diffuse scattering and dipole solvation determine the X-ray data. The observed dynamics results from charge transfer reaction leading to strong local changes of molecular dipole moments and related structural rearrangements in the crystal.