Effect of superplastic deformation on precipitation behavior of sigma phase in 3207 duplex stainless steel

Owing to excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance, duplex stainless steels(DSS) are widely used in constructional and petrochemical applications. Sigma phase, which has detrimental impact on the properties, is readily precipitated during hot working of DSS. However, precipitation behavior of sigma phase during superplastic deformation, which is the most significant processing method of DSS, is still unclear. In the current study,the effect of superplastic deformation on the precipitation behavior of sigma phase was investigated in 3207 duplex stainless steel. The result shows that superplastic deformation could prevent sigma phase precipitation generally by increasing mobility of grain boundaries and decreasing misorientation of the sigma phase boundaries, resulting in some sigma phase precipitated on the twin boundaries. Most of the sigma phase precipitated on ferrite-austenite interface with misorientation of 20–25°, while it precipitated in ferrite or austenite with the misorientation of 40°–45°. The orientation relationship between sigma phase and matrix matched well in austenite and on the ferrite/austenite interfaces, while it showed a small misfit in ferrite. The prevention effect of the superplastic deformation on the sigma phase precipitation was beneficial to quasi stable deformation stage,resulting in longer elongation.     

焊接热输入对镁合金与镀铜钢冷金属过渡焊接接头性能和缺陷影响

利用冷金属过渡焊(CMT)对镁合金和镀铜钢异种金属进行焊接,填充材料选择AZ31镁合金焊丝,对焊接接头的显微组织进行检测,分析焊接接头的性能和缺陷。实验结果表明:Cu元素对镁合金在钢表面的润湿铺展起到良好的促进作用,焊接热输入影响Cu元素对镁/钢表面的润湿铺展效果。焊接接头产生富铜区,易产生裂纹,降低了焊接接头强度。经过拉伸测试,在焊接热输入为212. 2 J/mm时,焊接接头强度达到最大值3. 99 k N,但在焊接热输入达到254. 6 J/mm时,焊接强度反而降低,这是由于钎焊区生成了大量的中间层脆性化合物。焊接接头组织中检测到气孔、夹渣和裂纹等焊接缺陷的存在,这与母材表面的氧化膜和焊缝内应力有关。     

钼对铸造双相不锈钢组织及耐点蚀性能的影响

研究了钼含量对铸造双相不锈钢显微组织及耐点蚀性能的影响。探讨了耐点蚀性能、含钼量、组织彼此之间的关系。结果表明：随钼含量增加，钢中ｒ相含量逐渐减少。当钼含量超过一定量后，组织的均匀程度降低，并存在Ｘ相。随钼含量的增加，钢的耐点蚀性能逐渐提高；当钼量超过一定量后，耐点蚀性能明显降低，耐点蚀性能与组织的均匀程度及Ｘ相的存在有关。     

Effect of welding process on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar weld joints between low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel

To obtain high-quality dissimilar weld joints, the processes of metal inert gas (MIG) welding and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding for duplex stainless steel (DSS) and low alloy steel were compared in this paper. The microstructure and corrosion morphology of dissimilar weld joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the chemical compositions in different zones were detected by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); the mechanical properties were measured by microhardness test, tensile test, and impact test; the corrosion behavior was evaluated by polarization curves. Obvious concentration gradients of Ni and Cr exist between the fusion boundary and the type II boundary, where the hardness is much higher. The impact toughness of weld metal by MIG welding is higher than that by TIG welding. The corrosion current density of TIG weld metal is higher than that of MIG weld metal in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Galvanic corrosion happens between low alloy steel and weld metal, revealing the weakness of low alloy steel in industrial service. The quality of joints produced by MIG welding is better than that by TIG welding in mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. MIG welding with the filler metal ER2009 is the suitable welding process for dissimilar metals jointing between UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel in practical application.     

铸坯取样位置对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响

为了解大型铸锭在轧制过程中产生边裂的原因,通过对比铸坯中部和边部的成分、不同温度下相比例、两相硬度差等的变化规律,利用光学显微镜,扫描电子显微镜和电子背散射衍射观察分析试验钢的微观组织和断口形貌,分析了边部容易开裂的原因.结果表明,和中部相比,边部晶粒细小,且铁素体含量较多,但边部开裂更严重.这说明晶粒尺寸和相比例并不是影响使边部开裂严重的主要原因.而和中部比,铸锭边部试样两相硬度差较大,使两相在热变形过程中应变分配不均匀,容易在相界处产生应力集中,导致开裂.同时边部析出物较中部多,相界析出物的产生破坏了基体的连续性,容易在相界处产生显微裂纹,导致开裂.     

Effects of welding wire composition and welding process on the weld metal toughness of submerged arc welded pipeline steel

The effects of alloying elements in welding wires and submerged arc welding process on the microstructures and low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals have been investigated. The results indicate that the optimal contents of alloying elements in welding wires can improve the low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals because the proeutectoid ferrite and bainite formations can be suppressed, and the fraction of acicular ferrite increases. However, the contents of alloying elements need to vary along with the welding heat input. With the increase in welding heat input, the contents of alloying elements in welding wires need to be increased accordingly. The microstructures mainly consisting of acicular ferrite can be obtained in weld metals after four-wire submerged arc welding using the wires with a low carbon content and appropriate contents of Mn, Mo, Ti-B, Cu, Ni, and RE, resulting in the high low-temperature impact toughness of weld metals.     

热轧变形量对铝热法制备的 2507双相不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

对铝热反应制备的微纳结构2507双相不锈钢在1 000 ℃下进行了变形量为40%、60%和80%的轧制处理.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)研究其轧制态显微组织.采用万能拉伸试验机和布洛维光学硬度计测试其力学性能.测试结果表明:轧制过程中,奥氏体和铁素体沿轧制方向被拉长,且奥氏体向铁素体转变.随着轧制变形量的增加,纳米晶平均晶粒尺寸变化不大,但体积分数减小.1 000 ℃下轧制变形量为40%、60%和80%后的屈服强度分别为232、284、456 MPa,抗拉强度分别为533、577、582 MPa,硬度分别为325、330、337 HV,延伸率分别为12.5%、11.1%和11.5%.     

焊后退火工艺对S355J2W钢焊接接头力学性能的影响

通过显微硬度试验、室温冲击试验和冲击试样显微断口形貌分析,对空冷和退火两种处理的S355J2W钢焊接接头进行了性能研究.结果表明:适当的退火工艺可以降低焊接接头的硬度,消除其残余应力,使焊接接头的组织分布更加均匀,提高焊接接头各微区的冲击性能.     

工艺参数对凝胶注模成型不锈钢坯体强度和烧结密度的影响

为了制备高坯体强度和烧结密度的凝胶注模成型不锈钢制件,研究了凝胶注模工艺参数包括预混液单体含量和单体/交联剂比例、浆料固相含量及引发剂加入量等对坯体抗弯强度及烧结体密度的影响规律.结果表明,对于316L不锈钢的凝胶注模成型,可同时获得较好的坯体强度和烧结密度的工艺条件为:预混液单体质量分数18%～22%,单体/交联剂比例90∶1～240∶1;浆料固相体积分数52%～55%;引发剂用量约为单体质量的0.8%～1.4%.最终获得坯体强度高于30.0MPa、烧结密度高于97%的复杂形状烧结不锈钢零件,其烧结体力学性能略低于粉末注射成型时的性能,但远高于美国MPIF标准.     

粉末特性与工艺参数对SLM成形的影响

通过试验研究了316L不锈钢粉末参数及工艺参数对选择性激光熔化（SLM）成形性能的影响规律．结果表明：单一粒径分布的粉末松装密度低于多种粒径混合后的松装密度;采用2种不同粒径粉末充分混合,最大松装密度达到59．83％;平均粒径小的粉末比平均粒径大的粉末成形性好,粒径分布范围宽的粉末成形时球化现象明显;利用平均粒径为26．36p．m的粉末和优化的工艺参数制造出测试件,最高致密度达99．75％,拉伸强度最高达1068MPa．     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应（L＋δ→γ）在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃.s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃.s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.     

微合金钢中氧化物夹杂对焊接热影响区组织、性能的影响

研究了一种微合金钢中夹杂物与模拟焊接热影响区微观组织以及低温冲击韧性的关系.结果发现:实验钢夹杂物以类球状Ti2O3-Al2O3-MnS型复合夹杂为主,分布较为均匀且尺寸小于3μm;在相变冷却时间较短(T8/5=40s)时,试样微观组织以针状铁素体和沿晶铁素体为主,板条贝氏体束较少,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸在50μm左右,低温冲击性能优良;随着相变冷却时间的延长(T8/5=60,80s),原奥氏体晶粒尺寸也随之增大,相变温度的提高和相变区域的变宽使得位于原奥氏体晶界附近的夹杂物对晶界处多边形铁素体的诱导促进作用更加明显,沿晶铁素体长大剧烈,一定程度上消耗了晶内针状铁素体对组织的分割细化作用,使得低温冲击韧性有所降低.     

T型焊接接头中疲劳裂纹扩展的三维边界元模拟

T型焊接接头在钢结构中十分常见 ,它往往因初始微裂纹的疲劳扩展而导致断裂破坏。该文应用边界元( BEM)子域法 ,研究 T型焊接接头中三维混合模式表面裂纹的疲劳扩展问题。按照 T型焊接接头的实验模型建立边界元计算模型。基于端点附近裂纹前沿线位于椭球面上的假设 ,用间接方法求出裂纹前沿线的两个端点。当裂纹扩展时 ,计算网格可以自动进行重新划分。文中对裂纹扩展长度和方向提出了一种扩展准则 ,并与其他准则和实验结果进行了比较。计算结果表明 ,提出的扩展准则是有效的     

大型水轮发电机转子偏心下电感参数的有限元计算

由于实际生产中,大型水轮发电机的转子往往存在不同程度的偏心现象,造成气隙磁场分布畸变,直接影响发电机运行,故为探讨发电机偏心下的运行性能,需要计算转子偏心时的电机参数。采用二维磁场有限元法,计算了大型水轮发电机在转子偏心下的磁场分布以及定子和转子绕组的自感、互感参数。有限元分析和磁导法计算结果比较表明:转子偏心造成定子支路间、定转子支路间的电感不再对称,偏心朝向处的定子支路自感和定转子支路互感变大,反向处则变小。     

油液对油底壳模态的影响分析

针对柴油机湿式油底壳的振动特性问题,以4120s型柴油机为例,采用有限元法对不同充液量的油底壳模态频率和振型特征进行分析,并对存在油液时的油壳系统进行增加加强板的结构改进.结果表明:随着机油量的增加,油底壳模态频率逐渐降低,模态振型也发生了显著变化;形貌优化后的油底壳,固有频率有较大提高,刚度大幅度增加,有利于减振降噪...     

接裂缝荷载传递能力对沥青路面开裂的影响

研究了接裂缝荷载传递能力对沥青路面开裂的影响问题.基于断裂力学理论以及简化荷载传递弹簧模型,利用有限元方法计算分析了接裂缝荷载传递能力变化对行车荷载下加铺沥青面层中裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响.结果表明:在荷载传递能力从无增大到较小值的过程中,应力强度因子急剧减小;在超过这个值后,应力强度因子没有明显变化.这说明,在旧水泥混凝土公路改造中,在铺筑沥青面层前应该对其接裂缝进行处理,使其达到一定的荷载传递能力,另外,没有必要使得荷载传递能力超过这个小值,避免过度处理而造成浪费.     

面心纯铝轧制织构的晶体塑性有限元模拟

基于率相关晶体塑性本构模型,分别将Taylor模型和有限单元模型两种多晶模型嵌入大型有限元程序ABAQUS,实现了晶体塑性学有限元模拟. 直接将电子背散射衍射(EBSD)获取的晶粒初始取向输入晶体塑性有限元模型,预测了两种不同应变情况下面心1 050纯铝轧制织构的演化. 模拟结果与EBSD实验测得的织构演化结果有较好的一致性,随着变形程度的增加,预测织构与实测织构变得更加锋锐. 经过比较,Taylor型模型预测出了{4 4 11}〈11 11 8〉的Dillamore取向,而有限单元模型预测出了铜型织构取向,比Taylor模型预测结果更接近实验验证结果. 两种模型并不能预测出{011}〈211〉黄铜取向、{123}〈523〉S取向、{011}〈100〉Goss取向及其他理想取向.     

基于面向对象模型的DSS实现方法

提出了DSS中模型的新概念,模型被定义为具有智能特征的抽象对象──模型对象,给出了以面向对象技术建立DSS中基于模型对象的模型库及其管理系统的方法,用该方法开发的DSS具有DSS生成器的功能．介绍了这项技术在长岭炼油化工总厂智能型分布式决策支持系统（CL－IDDSS）中的应用情况．     

钎焊接头金属间化合物层形貌对扩散浓度和应力的影响

结合实验结果,建立了芯片封装技术中焊点金属间化合物(IMC)界面模型,采用有限元方法计算了模型中Sn钎料与Cu焊盘形成IMC层时Cu原子的扩散过程以及扩散应力大小与分布.结果表明:IMC层与钎料的界面形貌可显著影响Cu原子扩散浓度及应力行为.凹凸界面形貌会严重阻碍Cu原子的扩散,且靠近界面影响更为显著;扇贝形界面模型比...     

Influence of process parameters on the microstructural evolution of a rear axle tube during cross wedge rolling

In the shaping process of cross wedge rolling (CWR), metal undergoes a complex microstructural evolution, which affects the quality and mechanical properties of the product. Through secondary development of the DEFORM-3D software, we developed a rigid plastic finite element model for a CWR-processed rear axle tube, coupled with thermomechanical and microstructural aspects of workpieces. Using the developed model, we investigated the microstructural evolution of the CWR process. Also, the influence of numerous parameters, including the initial temperature of workpieces, the roll speed, the forming angle, and the spreading angle, on the grain size and the grain-size uniformity of the rolled workpieces was analyzed. The numerical simulation was verified through rolling and metallographic experiments. Good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental results, which demonstrated the reliability of the model constructed in this work.