High resolution temperature insensitive interrogation technique for FBG sensors

In this letter, we propose a high resolution temperature insensitive interrogation technique for FBG sensors where one FBG acts as an edge filter to interrogate a separate FBG sensor. A high resolution of better than 5 με in strain measurement range from 0 to 1100 με and the best resolution of better than 1 με were verified by experiments. An error of only ±2.2 με is achieved over a temperature range from 15 to 50 °C, indicating that this strain interrogation technique is temperature insensitive. Using an altered system configuration, the temperature was also measured simultaneously with a resolution better than 0.2 °C.     

The calibration of temperature sensors at the boiling points of cryogenic liquids

A simple calibration procedure using about 30÷40cm³ of cryogenic liquid (as hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon and oxygen) is described. The liquefaction of about 80 litres of gas is carried out in a conventional helium or nitrogen crycstat, in which a variable thermal contact between the measuring chamber and the cryogenic bath is provided for. Conditions of a successful calibration as well as the achieved results are described.The authors are indebted to Mr. V. Zíta for assembling the device and assisting in experiments, to Miss I. Drahokoupilová for the treatment of data and to R. Novák, CSc., for valuable critical comments.     

The effects of temperature and frequency on the magnetization switching mode in circular MI sensors

This paper presents results computed using a meshless method in a point collocation formulation to investigate the effects of temperature and frequency on the magnetization switching mode in the circular amorphous magneto-impedance sensor (element). Specifically, the solutions characterizing the MI effect are solved from a set of coupled nonlinear equations consisting of the Maxwell’s equations, the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, and the thermal diffusion equation. This coupled nonlinear space-time model predicts the formation and propagation of dynamic domain walls in switching and it is shown how they contribute to experimentally observed temperature and frequency effects. Computed results (that agree well with reported experimental data) suggest radial domain walls may play a larger role in the MI effect than originally believed even for the realistic conditions considered here at 1 MHz or more.     

High sensitive pressure sensors based on multiple coating technique

A multi-coating technique of reduced graphene oxide(RGO) was proposed to increase the sensitivity of paper-based pressure sensors.The maximum sensitivity of 17.6 kPa~(-1) under the 1.4 kPa was achieved.The electrical sensing mechanism is attributed to the percolation effect.Such paper pressure sensors were applied to monitor the motor vibration,which indicates the potential of mechanical flaw detection by analyzing the waveform difference.     

全反射对混合型光纤电流传感器检测灵敏度的影响

在利用法拉第(Faraday)效应的混合型光纤传感器中,通常用全反射改变光的传递方向,以增加有效光程,并使结构紧凑。反射将改变光的偏振状态,从而影响传感的灵敏度。本文用琼斯(Jones)矩阵方法推导了有反射时传感头的传光特性,分析了反射对检测灵敏度的影响,获得了与实验一致的结果。     

Micro-Raman analysis of thin-film diamond temperature sensors

Thin-film diamond temperature sensor arrays used in harsh aerospace environments were investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of three of the samples obtained under specific experimental conditions are presented. On annealing a sample, an increase in graphite content and restoration of long-range order in its lattice are suggested. Additionally, an untreated sample on irradiation with 1064 nm radiation from a low-power continuous-wave Nd: YAG laser exhibits an increase in graphite content. Similar irradiation of an annealed sample shows an increase in the graphite content, a decrease in diamond-like carbon content and the appearance of a band at 1607 cm⁻¹.     

分布式光纤温度传感器最佳工作波长的确定

本文定量分析了分布式光纤温度传感器中温敏信号即自发拉曼散射中反斯托克斯与工作波长的关系，给出依据使传感光纤尾端的反射托克斯信号最强这一最佳意义下工作波长的表达式，并分析了在非最佳工作波长下传感系统的响应。     

The effect of pH value on the formation of gold nanoshells

The effect of the pH value of gold ion plating (PCG) solution on the growth of gold nanoshells with about 100-nm silica cores and 15-nm gold shells was systematically investigated by dynamic light scattering, UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that in PCG solutions, the rapid formation of monomers which intensively influenced by the reducibility of formaldehyde contributed to the growth of gold nanoshells. The reducibility of formaldehyde increased following the increasing pH value from 4.70 to 11.71. Thus at high pH value, it was easy to fabricate the complete gold nanoshells (except of the Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde at high pH value). Furthermore, we found that chloride ions also influenced the surface morphology of gold nanoshells by Ostwald ripening process through the Au–Cl complex.     

低温传感器的应用进展

低温技术广泛应用于航天、国防、科研等领域,低温测量在低温技术中占有非常重要的地位。文中叙述了不同类型的低温传感器在1K温度范围内的使用情况,并详细讨论了这些温度传感器的使用范围、灵敏度和精确度。另外还描述了互换能力、循环加热影响、离子辐射影响以及磁场影响等。在特殊的使用环境下,对于选择合适的温度传感器非常重要。该文对应用广泛的传感器进行了综述,为以后在低温仪器设计中传感器的选型提供了参考。     

基于G-M低温制冷机的低温温度计标定系统

设计和搭建了一套5.2—300K温区的温度计标定系统,以G-M制冷机为冷源,进口已标定温度计为定标源,对Cernox负温度系数温度计、硅二极管温度计、PT100铂电阻温度计等进行了标定,获得了其温度特性曲线并进行对比,分析了标定误差,发现该系统具有较高的标定精度,所标定的温度计在其有效温区内能达到±15mK以内的不确定度,与定标源温度计处于同等量级。     

Integrated-optic temperature sensors based on guided-mode radiation in polymer waveguide

Optical temperature sensors consisting of low-loss polymer waveguides with a glass lower cladding are demonstrated. The refractive index of the optical polymer is precisely controlled to have a certain initial refractive index contrast with the glass substrate used for lower cladding. Depending on the initial index contrast, the operating temperature ranges of the sensors are determined. The polymer devices are fabricated by spin-coating and UV curing, which could be replaced by the cost-effective imprinting or injection molding process. The sensor exhibits a monotonic decrease of the transmission intensity corresponding to the temperature increase, which enables straightforward reading of temperature from the measured optical power.     

影响压力传感器温度特性的因素分析

压力传感器性能易受温度变化的影响,从而增加了测量结果的误差。文中通过对压力传感器工作原理及结构的介绍,理论分析了影响压力传感器温度特性的因素,并建立一套压力传感器变温校验系统,进而通过实验说明了温度变化对压力传感器信号输出的影响。同时,也对目前国内在低温环境下压力传感器的应用及研究情况进行了介绍。     

On the proposal of quantitative temperature measurement by using three-color technique combined with several infrared sensors having different detection wavelength bands

We developed the previous infrared sensing technique, the two-color technique, to establish further a more general technique to measure the temperature quantitatively under near-ambient conditions. The quantitative temperature measurement, three-color technique, was newly proposed by combining three kinds of infrared radiometers having different detection wavelength bands. The measurement can also be done by adding three infrared filters to one infrared radiometer. The radiometers have a selective detection wavelength band of several μm in width which is in the range of 2–13 μm. The method was confirmed using numerical simulation to allow a parametric study of how the result varies for different values of emissivity corresponding to the respective infrared radiometers. An experimental investigation was also performed to evaluate the measurement error and the adaptability of the technique. As this technique has a feature that can perform quantitative temperature measurement for objective surfaces at each picture element without presuming any emissivity, reflectivity and ambient conditions, there is a possibility that the technique will be useful for various medical or engineering disciplines.     

The existence of a lateral size effect and the relationship between indentation and scratch hardness in copper

Indentation size effects (ISEs) are well known in static indentation of materials that deform by dislocation-based mechanisms. However, whilst instrumented indentation techniques have become rapidly established as a means of determining the near-surface mechanical properties of materials, scratch testing has been much less widely used. Hardness is used in wear models as a proxy for the yield stress, and the design of materials and hard coatings has often sought to exploit size-derived performance enhancements through length-scale engineering. Yet, it is not known directly whether (or not) length-scale effects also apply to scratch (and thus wear) performance at small scales, or what the functional form of this effect is. This work directly demonstrates that there is a lateral size effect (LSE) and shows that there are questions to be answered if the use of hardness as an indicator of wear performance is to remain valid. We report on constant load scratch experiments using a Berkovich indenter on single-crystal, annealed copper, using a range of applied normal forces and compare results from three scratch hardness calculation methods to indentation hardness (ISO 14577:2002) measured on the same sample at the same loads. Scratch tests were performed with the Berkovich indenter aligned either edge forward or face forward to the scratch direction. In all cases, we demonstrate that there is a very significant (approximate factor of two) effect of scratch size (an LSE) on scratch hardness. The results also show that the deformation mechanisms occurring in scratch tests are different to those occurring beneath a static indentation and that different mechanisms dominated for different stylus orientations (face-forward vs. edge-forward orientation). This is, to our knowledge, the first direct demonstration of an LSE akin to the ISE in metallic materials. The results have significant implications for using static indentation as a predictor of deformation during wear processes.     

The effect of temperature on the photoluminescence ofp-CuGaSe2 single crystals

We studied the temperature dependences of spectral bands and of the outer quantum yield of the edge photoluminescence (PhL) of p-CuGaSe₂ single crystals obtained by the method of chemical transport reactions. We determined the activation energies of acceptor levels and showed that the temperature dependence of the intensity of PhL is determined by an acceptor level of 35 meV below the Debye temperature and of 150 meV above the Debye temperature. The spectra of the edge PhL at 300 and 80 K are determined mainly by band-band optical transitions. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 590–593, July–August, 1998.     

高温超导技术在微磁传感器中的应用与发展

传感器在诸多领域有着广泛的应用,而随着高温超导技术的快速发展,将高温超导材料应用于磁信号测量成为超导材料应用的一个重要领域。文章探讨了高温超导材料在微弱磁场测量方面的主要应用,介绍了三种在微弱磁场测量方面能达到或有希望达到fT量级的传感器。其中包括：基于约瑟夫森结效应的超导量子干涉器(SQUID),基于超导零电阻效应的巨磁电阻(GMR)磁传感器和由文章作者所在的实验室提出的巨磁阻抗(GMI)/超导复合磁传感器。文章重点介绍了GMI/超导复合磁传感器,并对此传感器在结构和应用方面的最新进展进行了说明。     

The effect of preparation technique on the optical parameters of biological tissue

The absorption coefficient μ_a, the scattering coefficient μ_s, and the scattering anisotropy factor g of porcine liver were studied in vitro using the integrating sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation in the wavelength range 450 to 700 nm. A reference preparation technique was developed using a dermatome providing specimens of 200 to 800 μm thickness without pre-freezing the tissue. The optical parameters as measured applying the reference preparation were compared to those measured after cryo-homogenisation. We found significant deviations of the scattering coefficient and the anisotropy factor which were compensated when the reduced scattering coefficient μ_s ^′ was calculated. We also compared the effects of freezing reference specimens at -20 °C and at 77 K without homogenisation. For both freezing protocols noticeable deviations were found in all three optical parameters as well as in μ_s ^′. The impact of tissue storage at 4 °C was measured in the range 4 to 48 h post mortem and showed a clear reduction of μ_a and a significant increase of μ_s even after 24 h of storage. Short-time storage of the specimens in saline solution reduced all three optical parameters significantly. In conclusion, the tissue preparation must be controlled in order to provide in vitro optical parameters that sufficiently mimic the in vivo situation. Received: 29 June 1999 / Revised version: 1 October 1999 / Published online: 3 November 1999     

The effect of temperature on the fluorescence of aromatic amino acid solutions

The temperature dependence of the fluorescence and the absorption spectra, as well as the duration of the excited state of indole, aromatic amino acids, and glycyl-trytophane in dipolar glassy solvents were studied. It was established that for indole, tryptophane, and glycyl-tryptophane, the temperature shifts of the spectra can be explained on the basis of a relaxation mechanism of an orientational interaction.In conclusion, the authors express their gratitude to A. N. Sevchenko for his continuous interest in the work.