预冷吸气式发动机热力循环分析

从预冷吸气式发动机热力循环的角度,分析了燃料性能及工质物性对发动机总体性能的影响,以及发动机循环过程参数的优选问题;为确定预冷吸气式发动机性能参数随循环运行参数的变化规律,以预冷涡喷发动机为对象,对发动机比冲及比推力同循环压比及预冷深度等参数之间的函数关系进行了讨论,并分析了压气机效率对发动机性能参数及最佳压比、最佳预冷深度的影响;本文的工作对认识预冷发动机性能及发动机具体循环的实现方式具有一定的指导作用。     

3 GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定

 在温度标定和围压标定的基础上,采用轴压循环方法,对3 GPa固体介质三轴高温高压实验系统的轴压摩擦力进行了标定,分析了围压、温度、轴向位移速率、装样方式（盐套类型）等实验条件对轴压摩擦力的影响。结果表明：静摩擦力、挤压摩擦力和滑动摩擦力3种轴压摩擦力对轴向应力的影响不同,其中静摩擦力和挤压摩擦力对轴向应力的影响很小,影响应力精度的主要是滑动摩擦力。静摩擦力及滑动摩擦力与围压正相关;静摩擦力与轴向位移速率正相关,但受其影响较小,滑动摩擦力不受其影响;静摩擦力和滑动摩擦力与温度负相关,并且受其影响较显著;盐套类型对轴压摩擦力的影响较大,当实验条件接近盐套熔点时,轴压摩擦力显著降低,当样品周围的盐套处于熔融状态时,轴压摩擦力最小。基于此,确定了标定轴压摩擦力的具体步骤,并对角闪岩的应力-应变曲线进行了轴压摩擦力标定。对比轴压摩擦力校正前、后的应力-应变曲线发现,经过轴压摩擦力校正的应力-应变曲线能更好地反映样品的实际变形情况。     

液氧煤油发动机预冷系统回流管绝热影响分析

低温液体火箭发动机循环预冷受多因素影响,针对液氧煤油发动机自然循环系统回流管绝热条件对预冷效果的影响进行理论分析和试验研究,得到了有意义的数据和结论,对后续型号自然循环预冷系统设计提供了依据.     

多孔介质(PM)发动机理想循环热力学分析

本文论述了基于多孔介质燃烧技术的超绝热发动机的原理及其工作过程,建立了PM发动机的热力学模型,对 PM发动机内的PM回热循环进行热力学分析,列出了循环参数如压缩比、预胀比、预压比等对发动机效率、循环功的影响,确定了PM回热循环的两种极限状态。将PM回热循环与发动机的Otto循环、Diesel循环进行比较,结果表明: PM回热循环在保证效率的同时,可以大幅度提高循环功。     

涡轮-冲压组合发动机模态过渡段性能模拟和概念探讨

１概述涡轮－冲压组合发动机是可望用于天地往返运输系统和高超声速民航运输的吸气式发动机。在地面起飞和低速飞行阶段以涡轮发动机模态工作,在高空高速阶段以冲压发动机模态工作．涡轮模态和冲压模态的相互转换过程称为模态过渡段。在过渡段中两种发动机共同工作以联合循环方式运行。组合发动机以联合循环方式工作的性能,不仅与组成它的涡轮发动机和冲压发动机本身的型式和特征有关,而且受到两类发动机相互关系以及调节机构的影响。所以,涡轮冲压组合发动机模态过渡段稳态和瞬态过程的研究,是组合发动机性能研究的重要组成部分［１－…     

LPG发动机首循环对冷起动排放的影响

分析了电控LPG发动机首循环供气量及点火提前角对冷起动排放的影响.试验在一台四冲程、风冷125 mL单缸电控发动机上进行.试验结果表明,在冷起动工况下,首循环喷油量和首循环点火角对NO排放影响主要体现在前几个循环;首循环喷油量相同时,HC排放随首循环点火角的提前而减小,首循环点火角对CO排放的影响有限;首循环点火角固定时,首循环过量空气系数0.546时HC、CO排放最少.     

基于不同自然工质的斯特林循环特性研究

本文主要针对一台自主设计的100 W级的声型斯特林发动机,研究三种自然工质气体(氦气、氮气和二氧化碳)的斯特林循环特性与斯特林发动机的运行性能,包括不同转速、压强和工质气体对斯特林循环的膨胀腔和压缩腔工质气体温度、指示功、循环输出功率和循环效率等的影响。实验发现,低转速下,三种工质气体的循环功率和循环效率比较接近,而二氧化碳同时具有更好的密封性能;高转速下,氦气小分子工质气体具有更大的做功潜力。     

具有旁通补燃、超高增压、低压缩比复合发动机循环的热力分析

本文提出了具有旁通补燃、超高增压、低压缩比复合发动机的理想循环、实际循环及其图示方法,推导了它的热效率和平均压力的计算公式,分析了各主要参数对热效率和平均压力的影响规律,讨论了复合发动机发展方向.分析表明,随着增压技术和零件抗热负荷能力的提高,该复合发动机有着巨大的发展潜力.     

测量和减小纳米凹凸面摩擦力的分子新技术

报道了美国用原子力显微镜可直接检测超微型设备内发动机转子与外表表面上凸点之间摩擦力的大小的研究成果，介绍了降低了时机的摩擦力的方法。     

一种新型的超燃冲压发动机闭式冷却循环

热防护技术是发展高超音速的关键技术之一.为了降低冷却用燃料需求,本文提出了基于闭式Brayton循环的超燃冲压发动机冷却循环,旨在提出一个缓解超燃冲压发动机热防护压力的新方法、新思路,同时可为高超音速飞行器提供足够的电力供应.文中介绍了冷却循环的组成和工作原理,定义了评价冷却循环性能的参数,在考虑系统内、外不可逆性的基础上,完成了系统的性能分析,分析表明该冷却循环可有效地节约冷却用燃料消耗,大幅提升超燃冲压发动机热防护系统性能.     

Power-Optimal Control of a Stirling Engine’s Frictional Piston Motion

The power output of Stirling engines can be optimized by several means. In this study, the focus is on potential performance improvements that can be achieved by optimizing the piston motion of an alpha-Stirling engine in the presence of dissipative processes, in particular mechanical friction. We use a low-effort endoreversible Stirling engine model, which allows for the incorporation of finite heat and mass transfer as well as the friction caused by the piston motion. Instead of performing a parameterization of the piston motion and optimizing these parameters, we here use an indirect iterative gradient method that is based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle. For the varying friction coefficient, the optimization results are compared to both, a harmonic piston motion and optimization results found in a previous study, where a parameterized piston motion had been used. Thus we show how much performance can be improved by using the more sophisticated and numerically more expensive iterative gradient method.     

A Critical Review on Physical Vapor Deposition Coatings Applied on Different Engine Components

Friction and wear in different engine components have crucial effects on the engine performance, combustion efficiency, oil consumption and lifetime of the internal combustion (IC) engine. Under certain loads, speeds, and temperatures, the metallic components of the IC engine, especially the piston and valve system suffer from a higher friction. Thin film coating is one of the novel techniques to reduce the frictional forces and improve the mechanical properties of engine components. Due to some versatile tribological properties, increasing attention has been paid to the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology in the recent decade to deposit thin film coating on engine components. This article presents a comprehensive literature review on thin film coatings for IC engine components deposited by PVD technique. Issues related to tribological properties (wear and coefficient of friction) and mechanical properties (hardness and roughness) are also highlighted. Scientific improvements are presented in the light of literature. It is revealed that PVD coating is significantly effective on wear resistance, scuffling resistance, surface roughness, and friction of the components in IC engine. Laboratory test and data from actual service so far suggest that the plasma-activated electron beam evaporation coating is perhaps one of the best choices for smooth surface finishing with improved mechanical and tribological properties. However, there are still some problems in its practical usage. This compressive review paper presents the major shortcomings of PVD coatings on IC engine components and the possible solutions if any. Finally, a number of issues have been reported which need to be encountered for further studies.     

柴油引燃天然气的双燃料燃烧机理的研究

本文介绍在一台光学发动机上,利用高速数字摄像和数据采集技术,对柴油引燃天然气双燃料发动机的着火、火焰传播、气缸内压力、压力升高率等变化规律进行的研究。结果表明,采用双燃料的燃烧方式具有明显的多点着火型的预混燃烧特点,与采用纯柴油的燃烧方式相比,燃烧持续期短、产生的碳烟少,但爆发压力高、压力升高率大。     

内耗的热力学研究(Ⅰ)

甄纳等对线型内耗的计算曾作了一系列的研究。但是其所考虑的内容缺乏系统性。特别,当有着数个因素交互作用时,所得的结果是不够普遍的。本文试用一般的热力学不可逆的线型理论,应用了玻耳兹曼叠加原理,整理出一个较全面的有系统的普遍线型内耗理论。一般地,所得结果和普通的理论是相符合的,但是在交互作用问题上就有着差异。最近的内耗的研究上又逐步地进入反常内耗的研究。因此研究交互作用成为必要的了。可以指出,利用类似的理论和方法,有可能创造出反常效应及振幅效应的非线性的一般的内耗理论,为分析这些实验数据的工具。     

负载对热声发动机性能的影响

热声发动机作为一种完全没有运动部件的能量转化和传输机械具有广阔的应用前景.为了提高热声发动机的驱动性能,本文采用变负载法对热声发动机性能的影响因素进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,负载的阻力和容抗对热声发动机的加热温度、压比和声功引出有重要影响.同时,实验中还发现了能够使热声发动机瞬时消振和起振的实验方法,将极大方便对热声发动机的开关控制.     

Spray impingement wall film breakup by wave entrainment

Fuel spray impingement on engine wall and piston in the spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) setting has been considered a major concern in the aspect of engine emission and combustion efficiency. Excess wall film will result in deterioration of engine friction, incomplete combustion, and substantial cycle-to-cycle variations. These effects are more pronounced during engine cold-start process. Therefore, the formation of wall film on engine wall/piston and the dynamic process of the wall film interacting with impinging spray and spray-induced gas flow are of great significance for reducing wall film mass. However, the dynamic process of wall film was not investigated thoroughly in existing literatures. This work will present a high-speed, simultaneous measurement of a single-hole spray structure, as well as wall film geometry and thickness, via Mie scattering and volumetric laser-induced fluorescence, respectively. Quantitative film thickness measurement was achieved via fluorescence intensity signal calibration with a known, wedge-shape liquid film apparatus. Remarkable wall film droplet entrainment at the leading edge of the liquid film waves was revealed in the measurement, which has not been adequately depicted or analyzed in existing spray impingement studies. A considerable amount of liquid droplets detaches from the liquid film via liquid film fingering, during which process the quantity of liquid mass on the wall is decreased. Quantitative analysis of such phenomenon is performed and we estimated that a liquid mass equivalent to 30–40% of the residual liquid film mass is detached from the liquid film via wave entrainment. Furthermore, through the comparative study of the side view of the spray and the liquid film caused by spray impingement, it is shown that non-uniform spray structure is likely the cause of liquid film wavy motions. These observations suggest that wave entrainment should be considered by numerical models and experimental designs to accurately predict spray impingement phenomenon.     

润滑剂分子结构及其润滑作用机理的红外发射光谱研究

在自制的“原位“摩擦装置上,利用红外发射光谱技术对润滑剂在摩擦过程中的化学行为进行跟踪测量,以期对润滑剂分子结构变化与润滑作用机理进行某些关联。实验证明,红外发射光谱技术可作为原位观测摩擦过程中化学变化的有效手段。     

Thermophysical effects of carbon nanotubes on MHD flow over a stretching surface

This article is intended for investigating the effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and volume fraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the flow and heat transfer in two lateral directions over a stretching sheet. For this purpose, three types of base fluids specifically water, ethylene glycol and engine oil with single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes are used in the analysis. The convective boundary condition in the presence of CNTs is presented first time and not been explored so far. The transformed nonlinear differential equations are solved by the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method with a shooting technique. The dimensionless velocity and shear stress are obtained in both directions. The dimensionless heat transfer is determined on the surface. Three different models of thermal conductivity are comparable for both CNTs and it is found that the Xue [1] model gives the best approach to guess the superb thermal conductivity in comparison with the Maxwell [2] and Hamilton and Crosser [3] models. And finally, another finding suggests the engine oil provides the highest skin friction and heat transfer rates.     

泡沫铝的低频内耗特征研究

采用粉末冶金发泡法制备的泡沫铝试样，研究了室温下低频范围（0.04—4Hz）泡沫铝的内耗与孔结构（孔隙率和孔径）、频率、振幅之间的关系．结果表明泡沫铝的内耗具有以下特征：孔径一定时，内耗随孔隙率的增加而增大；孔隙率一定时，内耗随孔径的减小而增大；在测量频率范围内，内耗与频率近似无关；小应变振幅时内耗随振幅的增大而增大，具有正常振幅效应．提出了泡沫铝的内耗产生机制，根据等效夹杂方法和钉扎位错内耗特点进行了理论分析，较理想地解释了实验结果 关键词：     

An updated overview of diamond-like carbon coating in tribology

During the last two decades, the industry (including scientists) has focused on diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating because of its wide range of application in various fields. This material has numerous applications in mechanical, electrical, tribological, biomedical, and optical fields. Severe friction and wear in some machine parts consumes high amount of energy, which makes the process energy inefficient. Thus, DLC coating can be an effective means to lower the friction and wear rate. Some important process variables that affect the tribological characteristics of DLC coating are adhesion promoter intermediate layer, substrate surface roughness, hydrogen incorporation or hydrogen non involvement, and coating deposition parameters (e.g., bias voltage, etching, current, precursor gas, time, and substrate temperature). Working condition of DLC-coated parts also affects the tribological characteristics, such as temperature, sliding speed and load, relative humidity, counter surface, and lubrication media (DLC additive interaction). Different types of lubricated oils and additives are used in engine parts to minimize friction and wear. DLC can be coated to the respective engine parts; however, DLC does not behave accordingly after coating because of lubricant oil and additive interaction with DLC. Some additive interacts positively and some behave negatively because of the tribochemical reactions between DLC coating and additives. Numerous conflicting views have been presented by several researchers regarding this coating additive interaction, resulting in unclear determination of true mechanism of such interaction. However, lubricant additive has been established to be more inert to DLC coating compared with uncoated metal surface because the additive is fabricated in such a way that it can react with metal surfaces. In this article, the tribological characteristics of different types of DLC coating in dry and lubricated conditions will be presented, and their behavior will be discussed in relation to working condition and processing parameters.