Anomaly in the dynamic strength of austenitic stainless steel 12Cr19Ni10Ti under shock wave loading

Measurement results for the shock wave compression profiles of 12Cr19Ni10Ti steel and its dynamic strength in the strain rate range 10⁵–10⁶ s^?1 are presented. The protracted viscous character of the spall fracture is revealed. With the previously obtained data taken into account, the measurement results are described by a polynomial relation, which can be used to construct the fracture kinetics. On the lower boundary of the range, the resistance to spall fracture is close to the value of the true strength of the material under standard low-rate strain conditions; on the upper boundary, the spall strength is more than twice greater than this quantity. An increase in the temperature results in a decrease in both the dynamic limit of elasticity and the spall fracture strength of steel. The most interesting result is the anomaly in the dependence of the spall fracture strength on the duration of the shock wave compression pulse, which is related to the formation of deformation martensite near the growing discontinuities.     

Deformation and fracture mechanisms and structural changes in coarse-grained copper under shock-wave loading

Results of experiments on shock-wave deformation of M2 copper under uniaxial loading are presented. Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy methods are used to reveal specific features of mechanisms of deformation and fracture of copper during the formation of a main spall crack. The parameters of spall strength, damage, and self-similarity of the spall crack contour are determined.     

晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响

采用不同热处理工艺制备了3种晶粒尺寸（60、100、500 μm）的高纯铝板材,利用平板撞击实验研究了其层裂行为。通过改变飞片击靶速度,在靶板中实现初始层裂状态和完全层裂状态。基于自由面速度时程曲线和微损伤演化及断口显微形貌分析,讨论了晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响规律。实验结果显示:（1）晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响强烈依赖于冲击加载应力幅值,在低应力条件下,层裂强度与晶粒尺寸之间表现出反Hall-Petch关系,而在高应力条件下,晶粒尺寸对层裂强度几乎没有影响;（2）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,靶板损伤区微孔洞的尺寸和分布范围均增大,但数量显著减少,在微孔洞周围还发现比较严重的晶粒细化现象;（3）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,层裂微观机制从韧性沿晶断裂向准脆性沿晶断裂转变,且在断口上观察到少量随机分布的小圆球,归因于微孔洞长大和聚集过程中严重塑性变形引起的热效应。     

铝-铝爆炸焊接界面剪切行为与断口形貌关系研究

为了研究爆炸焊接界面的剪切损伤行为,本文对铝-铝复合材料开展剪切试验,并基于分形理论对试件剪切断口界面进行表征,尝试建立界面剪切强度与断口轮廓分维值及其多重分形谱关系。结果表明,焊接界面剪切强度随加载速率升高而降低,异于通常金属剪切行为;但从断口形貌及其轮廓分形维可认识界面剪切强度变化原因。此外,多重分形谱起点与终点间的高度差和跨度差值反映了界面的峰、谷落差及分布特征,是界面形貌特征的立体反映,并在数值上也与剪切强度正相关。     

混凝土材料的层裂特性

利用Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面吸收杆上应变波形研究了混凝土材料的层裂特性。不同强度混凝土在不同加载率下的实验结果表明,混凝土层裂强度与其压缩强度以及加载速率有关,给出了层裂强度和压缩强度以及加载率之间关系的经验公式,并指出不同加载速度下混凝土裂纹扩展方式不同是层裂强度率效应的主要原因。加载压缩波损伤的影响、重复加载实验以及多次层裂的顺序都表明,损伤对混凝土的层裂过程有重要影响。     

拉伸应变率对20钢层裂特性的影响

采用轻气炮加载技术和激光速度干涉(VISAR)测速技术相结合,对不同拉伸应变率条件下20钢的层裂特性进行了实验研究。通过改变飞片和样品的几何尺寸来调整拉伸应变率的大小,研究了拉伸应变率对20钢层裂强度的影响。实验的拉伸应变率的变化范围为104~106 s-1,最大拉伸应变率接近激光加载所能产生的拉伸应变率,相比激光加载,薄飞片技术容易保证一维应变条件。实验结果显示20钢的层裂特性明显依赖着拉伸应变率的大小,106 s-1条件下层裂强度比104 s-1时提高近70%。基于对数值计算结果的分析,讨论了影响层裂强度的主要外载荷因素。     

内爆和柱壳条件下无氧铜的层裂特性

利用任意反射面位移干涉系统(DISAR)激光测速技术,成功地获得了滑移内爆加载和柱壳结构条件下无氧铜的内表面（自由面）速度剖面,并对其层裂特性进行了初步分析。结果表明:(1)在固定炸药和改变无氧铜圆管壁厚条件下,层裂片厚度随着圆管壁厚h的减小而增加;以圆管壁厚h为参照进行归一化,则相对层裂片厚度(/h)随相对装药厚度(he/h)的增大而增加,这种规律与以往对20钢的研究结果一致,但圆管发生层裂的临界条件,却显示出明显的材料相关性。(2)初步来看,无氧铜的层裂强度对结构的依赖性不明显,而与加载脉冲的幅值和宽度相关。(3)受无氧铜粘性和Taylor波衰减的影响,无氧铜的层裂强度随管壁厚度的增加而略有降低;同时,材料分散性也对此有一定影响。     

Submicrosecond strength of ultrafine-grained materials

We present the results of measuring the strength properties of metals and alloys with face-centered cubic lattice (copper, aluminum), body-centered cubic structure (Armco iron, tantalum), hexagonal close-packed structure (titanium and titanium alloy BT6) in the original coarse-grained and submicrocrystalline state under shock-wave loading. The grain dimension of the materials under study was changed by intensive plastic deformation. The influence of the grain dimensions on the dynamic yield stress does not always agree with the data of low-rate test even in sign, which is interpreted in the framework of general laws of the strain rate influence on the metal and alloy flow stress. As the grain dimension decreases, there is an increase in the compression rate in the plastic shock wave, a small increase in the fracture strength (spall strength), and an increase in the spall fracture rate.     

Heterogeneous deformation and spall of an extruded tungsten alloy: plate impact experiments and crystal plasticity modeling

The role of microstructure in the dynamic deformation and fracture of a dual phase, polycrystalline tungsten alloy under high-rate impact loading is investigated via experiments and modeling. The material studied consists of pure tungsten crystals embedded in a ductile binder alloy comprised of tungsten, nickel, and iron. The tungsten crystals are elongated in a preferred direction of extrusion during processing. Plate impact tests were conducted on samples oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the extrusion direction. Spatially resolved interferometric data from these tests were used to extract wave propagation behavior and spall strength dependent upon position in the sample microstructure. Finite element simulations of impact and spall in digitally reproduced microstructural geometries were conducted in parallel with the experiments. Finite deformation crystal plasticity theory describes the behavior of the pure tungsten and binder phases, and a stress- and temperature-based cohesive zone model captures fracture at grain and phase boundaries in the microstructure. In results from both experiments and modeling, the grain orientations affect the free-surface velocity profile and spall behavior. Some aspects of distributions of free-surface velocity and spall strength among different microstructure configurations are qualitatively similar between experimental and numerical results, while others are not as a result of differing scales of resolution and modeling assumptions. Following a comparison of experimental and numerical results for different microstructures, intergranular fracture is identified as an important mechanism underlying the spall event.     

Modelling of dynamic ductile fracture and application to the simulation of plate impact tests on tantalum

A model of dynamic damage by void nucleation and growth is proposed for elastic-viscoplastic materials sustaining intense loading. The model is dedicated to ductile materials for which fracture is caused by microvoiding. The material contains potential nucleation sites where microvoids are generated when the local pressure overcomes the nucleation pressure. A probability density function is adopted to describe the fluctuation of the nucleation pressure within the material. The void growth is described by using a hollow sphere model where micro-inertia effects are accounted for. The matrix weakening due to void growth is also included.The model has been first tested under uniaxial deformation. When the strain rate is assumed constant, the pressure inside the material has nearly a linear response up to a maximum. An analytical expression for the maximum pressure is proposed.Finite element simulations of plate impact tests have been carried out and compared to experiments on tantalum. From simulations based on the proposed model, an increase of the spall strength is observed with higher shock intensities. Therefore, the relationship between the velocity pullback and spall strength usually assumed in the literature (based on the acoustic approach) seems to be inadequate. Velocity profiles are simulated for different flyer thicknesses and different impact velocities with close agreement with experiments.     

无钴合金钢的层裂断裂及数值模拟研究

利用一级轻气炮作为加载手段,对无钴合金钢的层裂特性进行了研究,获得了Hugoniot弹性极限、层裂强度、层裂片厚度以及塑性应变率等动力学参数。对回收的样品进行了断口分析和金相分析,从宏微观角度分析了无钴合金在不同应变率下的断裂机制。利用LS-DYNA有限元程序对层裂现象进行了数值模拟,计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金冲击波响应与层裂强度的分子动力学研究

高熵合金未来有望应用于航空航天和深海探测等领域,并且不可避免地会受到极端冲击载荷作用,甚至会发生层裂.本文采用分子动力学(MD)方法,研究了CoCrFeMnNi单晶高熵合金冲击时的冲击波响应、层裂强度以及微观结构演化的取向相关性和冲击速度相关性.模拟结果表明,在沿[110]和[111]方向进行冲击时产生了弹塑性双波分离现象,且随着冲击速度的增加呈现出先增强后减弱的变化趋势,但在沿[100]方向冲击时未出现双波分离现象.在冲击过程中,大量无序结构产生且随冲击速度的增加而增加,使得层裂强度随冲击速度的增加而减小.此外,层裂强度也具有取向相关性.沿[100]方向冲击时产生了大量体心立方(BCC)中间相,抑制了层错以及无序结构的产生,使得[100]方向的层裂强度最高;层裂初期微孔洞形核区域无序结构含量大小关系的转变,使得[111]方向的层裂强度在冲击速度较低时(U_p≤0.9 km/s)大于[110]方向,而在冲击速度较大时(U_p≥1.2 km/s)略小于[111]方向.研究成果有望为CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金在极端冲击条件下的应用提供理论支撑和数据...     

Tensile fracture behavior of heterogeneous materials based on fractal geometry

Many of heterogeneous structural materials, like concrete, have different behavior under tensile stresses in comparison to their behavior under compressive stresses. The aim of this paper is to interpret behavior of such materials subjected to tensile stresses, by using newly introduced concept of fractal geometry. In the first part of this paper, tensile behavior of granular composites has been studied by using fractal geometry. It is shown that the fractality of the cross section in this kind of composites can be used to interpret the size effect on tensile strength. In fact, this work is a modification with innovations on the previous studies on fractal based size effect.This hypothesis that the fracture surfaces of quasi-brittle materials are fractals has been verified by several investigations. Accordingly, in the other part of this paper, softening process in heterogeneous materials is studied. Resulting from presented approach, a new softening curve for quasi-brittle materials is proposed. This new softening curve is denominated “Quasi-fractal softening curve” and is consisted of two parts, a linear portion in beginning part and an exponential portion in rest of the curve. This makes it very compatible to the pre-existing softening curves.     

FRACTAL DESCRIPTION OF ROCK FRACTURE BEHAVIOR

岩石可压裂性的定量评价是非常规油气资源开采中一个重要且复杂的问题,利用已有岩心实验数据,考虑岩石的岩性及压裂裂隙的分形特征,建立了岩石压裂裂隙的分维数、岩石抗压强度和裂隙面密度之间的定量关系,并根据所采岩心,利用自行开发的软件计算出其压裂后分形维数,验证了裂隙越复杂,分形维数越大. 提出采用压裂裂隙的分维数来表征岩石的可压裂性, 为定量分析和评价岩石可压裂性与储层开采价值提供了一个新的思路.     

Effects of strain-rate strength dependence in nanosecond load duration range

On the basis of the structural-temporal approach, we explain the rapid increase in the spall strength and its stabilization in the nanosecond range of load duration, observed in several experiments. We give a detailed presentation of the method for describing the time-dependence of the spall strength. We obtain a qualitative coincidence of the computational curves and the experimental data and show that the strength significantly depends on the pulse parameters. An analysis of the obtained results allows us to conclude that it is incorrect to introduce a limit stress as the material “dynamic” strength by analogy with equilibrium processes; it is necessary to use the strength structural-temporal characteristics instead.     

钢纤维混凝土的层裂特征

利用大直径Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面的吸收杆应变波形分析了钢纤维增强混凝土的层裂特征。实验结果表明,钢纤维混凝土的层裂强度与钢纤维含量、混凝土压缩强度以及加载速率有关,并给出了经验公式。和素混凝土相比,钢纤维混凝土具有更高的层裂强度和更好的阻止损伤演化和裂纹扩展的能力。高速摄影结果表明,钢纤维混凝土层裂时,层裂段的飞离是由于陷在层裂段中应力波的动量效应,而且在层裂段中不易出现再次层裂的现象。这些现象和相同加载条件下素混凝土的层裂破坏有明显差别,说明钢纤维可以很好地提高混凝土抗层裂能力,其结论对相关的数值模拟和防护工程设计有重要意义。     

PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE MODELING OF THE FAILURE WAVE IN IMPACTED GLASS

The failure wave has been observed propagating in glass under impact loading since 1991. It is a continuous fracture zone which may be associated with the damage accumulation process during the propagation of shock waves. A progressive fracture model was proposed to describe the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked glass considering its heterogeneous meso-structures. The original and nucleated microcracks will expand along the pores and other defects with concomitant dilation when shock loading is below the Hugoniot Elastic Limit. The governing equation of the failure wave is characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from the collapse of the original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed and found in good agreement with planar impact experiments on K9 glass at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

应力波穿越岩石节理时能量耗散规律的实验研究

采用材料试验机和大尺度激光表面仪对大理岩和花岗岩两种岩石进行三点弯曲和粗糙断裂面的扫描实验,详细地分析了粗糙断裂面的分形特征。通过SHPB实验,研究并提出了波能量耗散与断裂面分形维数的定量关系;分析了分形维数对波能量耗散的影响规律。研究得出以下结论:1)随着粗糙断裂面分形维数的增大,通过断裂面时应力波能耗将相应增加;2)应力波能量主要是以热能和塑性变形能耗散。分形维数越大,比表面积则越大,粗糙表面粒子相互摩擦和挤压程度相应增加,导致波的机械能转化成热能和塑性变形能部分增加,因而波动能量耗散越大。     

平面碰撞与强激光加载下金属铝的层裂行为

在轻气炮和神光Ⅱ强激光装置上开展了金属铝的层裂实验。针对激光打靶层裂实验中样品自由面速度剖面后期振荡容易丢失问题,改进靶设计,获得很好效果。利用轻气炮加载和强激光加载层裂实验应变率的显著差异,并通过数值模拟,讨论了在建立具有预测能力的理论建模中需要关注的损伤成核、演化与汇合问题中的材料特性与应变率相关特性因素。结果表明,对于我们以前建立的动态损伤与断裂模型,微孔洞成核的平均半径、阈值压力、成核速率相关参数以及微孔洞长大的阈值压力等具有材料特性属性,但微孔洞的表面能以及决定材料发生完全层裂的临界损伤度等具有明显的应变率效应。另外,分析还发现,虽然层裂强度具有明显的应变率效应,但是在样品层裂当地,样品由持续拉伸向收缩转变的临界行为,取决于一个很小的临界损伤,这个临界值很可能是材料常数,与应变率无关。     

MB2镁等四种金属材料的本构关系和动态断裂研究

采用炸药爆轰－分离飞片加载装置与电容传感技术相结合，由高速示波器连续记录靶板自由面速度剖面，通过波剖面的时间分辨测量，研究了ＭＢ＿２镁、ＬＹ－１２铝、钨合金、２１６９钢四种金属材料的动力学响应特性，给出了这几种材料在弹性－理想塑性模型假设下的本构关系，还给出了它们的动态断裂强度，并对标准化层裂强度与破坏比功、屈服强度之间的相关性进行了分析和讨论。