绝对探测大气温度的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统

纯转动拉曼激光雷达是探测大气温度廓线的重要手段之一,其正常工作需要配置其他并行校正设备,制约其在气象及环境监测领域中的实用化进程.基于大气氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱型对温度的依赖性,提出并设计了绝对探测大气温度廓线的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统.系统采用波长532 nm且脉冲能量300 m J的激光激励源和口径250 mm卡塞格林望远镜的接收器,设计了衍射光栅和光纤Bragg光栅结合的多通道并行纯转动拉曼光谱分光系统;仿真分析氮气和氧气分子的纯转动拉曼散射谱线间关系,优化选择了6条氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱线以直接反演大气温度,设计了两级滤光器间转接光纤阵列的结构;基于最小二乘原理推导了绝对探测大气温度的反演算法,并结合标准大气模型,分析了纯转动拉曼激光雷达绝对探测大气温度的探测性能.结果表明,所设计纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统可直接反演大气温度廓线,在测量时间17 min内,温度偏差小于0.5 K的探测高度达2.0 km.     

A pure rotational Raman lidar using double-grating monochromator for temperature profile detection

A pure rotational Raman lidar is constructed for measurements of vertical temperature profiles of atmosphere. A fiber-coupled, double-grating monochromator is used as the filter system so that a high spectral resolution of <0.23 nm and an out-of-band rejection rate of 10⁷ are achieved. Comparison with in-situ measurements indicates that the accuracy of atmospheric temperature measurements using this lidar system is better than 1.1 K up to an altitude of 10 km. Different effects on signal accuracy resulting from various noise sources are analyzed and uncertainties in temperature due to detection noises are estimated.     

Accurate temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer using an ultraviolet rotational Raman lidar

An ultraviolet rotational Raman lidar (RRL) system at an eye-safe wavelength of 354.7 nm is demonstrated for profiling the vertical temperature of the atmospheric layer. Two sets of narrow-band interference filters, which central wavelengths are located at 353.9 and 352.5 nm, respectively, are employed to block the elastic Mie- and Rayleigh-scattering signals and to separate two required rotational Raman signals for temperature retrieval. Experiments were carried out for verifying the feasibility of the prototype of the ultraviolet RRL from May to November in 2008, and the system calibrations were performed with the radiosonde data which were obtain from the local meteorological bureau, and good agreements were got in the experiment results. The observation results show that a statistical temperature error of less then 1 K was obtained up to the heights of 2.5 km for nighttime and 2.0 km for daytime with 300 mJ laser energy and ∼8 min observation time.     

绝对测温转动拉曼激光雷达分光系统设计及性能

为实现转动拉曼激光雷达的绝对测量温度技术,设计并测试了多通道转动拉曼分光系统.提出了一阶闪耀光栅与光纤Bragg光栅组成的两级并行多通道拉曼分光系统,优化了其核心级联器件(微米级光纤阵列)的参数及光路结构;仿真分析了一级分光系统的分光光路,转动拉曼谱线最大离心伸缩量约为0.0031 nm,离心伸缩比为0.69%;实验测试表明一级分光系统各转动拉曼通道的通道系数均在0.75以上,提取到拉曼光谱的实测中心波长与理论值的最大偏差约为0.0398 nm,偏离度为8.86%,可提供对弹性散射信号27 dB以上的有效抑制,结合已有光纤Bragg光栅二级分光实现高达62 dB弹性散射的抑制效果,可以实现对单条偶转动量子数转动拉曼谱线的精细光谱提取.     

New multi-quantum number rotational Raman lidar for obtaining temperature and aerosol extinction and backscattering scattering coefficients

Aerosol and temperature are important parameters for forecasting the weather. Rotational Raman signals of atmospheric molecules and an elastic signal of the molecule and aerosol give good information about the temperature and aerosol extinction and backscattering coefficients. For a rotational Raman signal, we have designed a new kind of lidar signal receiving system which can sum different rotational quantum numbers from J=2, to 9 and J=11, to 20. This integration signal gives a good signal to noise ratio when compared with the temperature lidar system which use an interference filter for a single quantum number. From this new system, we can obtain the temperature parameter and aerosol scattering coefficient with good signal to noise ratio the (SNR) with a normal laser and a small telescope up to several kilometers. Temperature profiles and aerosol profiles show different shapes in different weather conditions. PACS 42.62.Fi; 42.68.Jg; 42.68.Ge; 42.15.Eq; 42.58.Wt     

基于三级Fabry-Perot标准具的纯转动拉曼测温激光雷达

提出了新的纯转动拉曼测温雷达系统,即以种子激光注入锁定的Nd:YAG激光器为激发光源,采用基于三级Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的双通道分光结构代替双光栅单色仪结构.通过通道中宽带滤光片(带宽为7nm)及F-P标准具的组合使用,对532nm激发光的大气Mie-Rayleigh弹性回波散射抑制比可达10^-10,对量子数J=±6,J=±12的N₂纯转动拉曼散射光谱线接收带宽均小于10pm,因此能充分抑制大气背景辐射噪声及O₂纯转动拉曼谱线的干扰,从而实现了单谱线比反演温度,提高了探测精度,且可在白昼探测大气对流层温度.最后通过探空气球测得的对流层温度垂直分布逆向模拟了该系统双通道的Raman信号曲线,证实了该系统的可行性. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 纯转动拉曼散射 三级Fabry-Perot标准具 对流层     

大气边界层白天温度测量用转动拉曼激光雷达

设计了一个转动拉曼激光雷达系统,对大气边界层温度进行全天候高精度测量。系统选用波长355 nm的紫外激光作光源,采用高光谱分辨力光栅,将雷达接收到的散射信号以及太阳背景光从空间上分离,配合边缘反射镜,反射转动拉曼信号,去除大部分米氏-瑞利散射和太阳背景光噪声信号,并用两个窄带干涉滤光片,分离中心波长为353.9 nm和353.1 nm转动拉曼散射信号,同时对噪声信号进行2次高精度剔除,以保证白天测量的需要。对系统进行了分析及数值计算,结果表明在激光脉冲能量300 mJ,望远镜有效口径25 cm,测量时间10 min的条件下,可以在白天太阳背景光辐射度为3×108W/(m2.sr.nm)的边界层内测量高度2.5 km以下的大气温度分布,并在大气散射比低于2.5的条件下,温度测量精度可达到1 K。     

A detection of atmospheric relative humidity profile by UV Raman lidar

A new spectroscopic filter constructed with a high-spectral-resolution grating and two narrow-band mirrors is designed to separate the elastic scattering and the vibrational Raman scattering spectra in an ultraviolet (UV) Raman lidar system. The density of humidity and water vapor mixing ratio are calculated from the vibrational Raman scattering signals of N₂ and H₂O. Water vapor mixing ratio is retrieved from this development. With this measured water vapor mixing ratio, the relative humidity is calculated with atmospheric temperature profile obtained by another Raman temperature lidar. Preliminary experiments and comparison results between lidar and radiosonde showed that the UV Raman lidar system has the capability for profiling the water vapor mixing ratio up to a height of 2 km with less than 10% of the uncertainty under the conditions of laser energy of 300 mJ and signal-averaging time of 10 min.     

All-Fiber Spectroscope with Second-Order Fiber Bragg Grating for Rotational Raman Lidar

Owing to the second-order fiber Bragg grating possessing narrower reflectivity bandwidth than first-order, an all-fiber spectroscopic filter with several second-order fiber Bragg gratings and optical fiber couplers in the visible region is designed to extract interest rotational Raman spectra. Considering the inference fringe visibility of inscribing fiber Bragg grating and the fiber core index dispersion effect, numerical simulations are made by the improved mathematical model based on an exponential photorefractive dynamic, and its simulative results show better agreement with the experimental data. We propose an all-fiber spectroscopic configuration, which could balance lidar sensitivity against signal-to-noise ratio for optimizing remote sensing performance by fiber Bragg gratings serially. Simulative results show that the thumb principle for fabricating second-order fiber Bragg grating is the increasing gratings length, and that this all-fiber spectroscope can achieve >70 dB suppression to elastic scattering and efficiently extract the rotational Raman signal for profiling atmospheric temperature.     

基于Fizeau干涉仪的激光雷达测温方法研究

气温是描述大气状态的基本参数之一,温度的准确测量对天气预报、气候预测及其他气象参数的反演都至关重要。激光雷达作为一种遥感仪器,已经用于气象要素的探测中（风、温度、气溶胶的光学厚度等）。目前,测温激光雷达主要有拉曼激光雷达（振动和转动）、共振荧光激光雷达和Rayleigh散射激光雷达等,拉曼激光雷达需要大功率的激光器和复杂的背景滤波器;共振荧光激光雷达无法探测平流层内的温度;基于Rayleigh散射的测温激光雷达多应用于温度的相对测量,反演温度时需要建立响应函数和校准程序;基于固体腔扫描F-P干涉仪测量大气Rayleigh散射光谱来反演温度的方法,时间分辨率较低,并且该方法在测量过程中需要运动部件,所以不利于星载。在大气低层,分子的Rayleigh散射光谱会受到Brillouin散射的影响,两种散射信号叠加形成的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱不再服从Gaussian分布,直接通过测量散射光谱的半高全宽来反演温度,会产生误差。基于回波能量的方法会受到气溶胶Mie散射信号的影响,所以在对流层中该方法并不适用。为了实现对流层内温度的高精度和高时间分辨率的测量,提出利用Fizeau干涉仪和PMT阵列对对流层内分子的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱进行测量,并通过插值的方法来对回波信号中气溶胶Mie散射信号进行抑制,从而使Mie散射信号对温度反演的影响较小,最后将测量光谱和理论光谱进行全光谱匹配来实现温度的反演。除此之外,还对Fizeau干涉仪的自由光谱区、固体腔几何长度、腔体反射率、扫描间隔等参数进行了优化设计。为了验证本文提出方法的可行性,利用Matlab软件建立了一套仿真模型,通过模拟表明,在不考虑云、风和水汽含量的影响时,利用该方法测量对流层内的大气温度时,测量误差小于1 K。该测温方法可以对对流层内的大气温度廓线实现高精度、高时间分辨率的测量, 在测量过程中不需要使用运动部件,有较高的使用价值,并对同类高光谱激光雷达分光系统的研究具有借鉴意义, 为我国高光谱激光雷达陆基及星载应用提供了一套可行的技术方案和温度反演方法。     

基于纯转动拉曼谱线激光雷达的大气温度反演分析

由于气溶胶的影响,传统的瑞利散射法测量低空大气温度有一定的局限,为此开展了纯转动拉曼法测量低空大气温度。利用纯转动拉曼激光雷达在北京进行了2个月的大气温度观测,由观测数据反演了温度廓线。在基于N₂和O₂的纯转动拉曼谱线特征进行大气温度反演过程中,分析了平滑窗口、定标范围和定标常数对温度反演精度的影响。结果显示随着平滑窗口的增大,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均绝对偏差先减小后增加,为有效去除信号中随机误差的影响,同时保留温度廓线的垂直结构,平滑窗口应选择600~1 200 m比较好。定标范围不同,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均绝对偏差就不同,相对变化约为0.07 K。当定标常数a,b都增大或都减小时,雷达和无线电探空仪测量的温度之间的平均偏差增大,当一个增大另一个减小时,平均偏差相互抵消;a,b的变化不是等几率的,在符号上总是相反的;平均偏差对a的变化不敏感,对b的变化也不敏感,对a与b的整体变化敏感,约91.7%平均偏差落入-3~3 K之间。该研究分析结果对纯转动拉曼激光雷达数据反演中涉及的平滑窗口、定标范围的选择提供了理论依据,对激光雷达定标常数造成实际温度反演结果的误差提供了参考。     

Raman lidar for the study of liquid water and water vapor in the troposphere

A Raman lidar system based on a tripled Nd:YAG laser is used for profiling of water vapor and liquid water in the troposphere. The Raman signals from water in the gas and liquid state are separated by interference filters and their relative intensities are studied for different atmospheric conditions. For clean weather or immediately after the rain the Raman signal from liquid water inside PBL is about one order of magnitude lower than the signal from water vapor. But during cloud measurements both Raman signals become comparable and the results of water vapor measurements must be corrected for the interference of liquid water Raman scattering. The obtained results are used for the estimation of liquid water content in the atmosphere. Received: 4 October 1999 / Revised version: 18 February 2000 / Published online: 11 May 2000     

Raman lidar measurements of tropospheric water vapor over Hefei

L625 Raman lidar has been developed for water vapor measurements over Hefei, China since September 2000. By transmitting laser beam of frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser, Raman scattering signals of water vapor and nitrogen molecules are simultaneously detected by the cooled photomultipliers with photon counting mode. Water vapor mixing ratios measured by Raman lidar show the good agreements with radiosonde observations, which indicates this Raman lidar is reliable. Many observation cases show that aerosol optical parameters have the good correlation with water vapor distribution in the lower troposphere.     

纯转动拉曼法确定激光雷达几何因子

提出了一种确定激光雷达几何重叠因子的新方法。研究了大气分子纯转动拉曼谱线强度分布特征。利用大气分子总的纯转动拉曼激光雷达信号结合瑞利-米氏散射激光雷达信号能精确反演激光雷达几何因子。这种方法消除了振动拉曼方法中气溶胶波长指数影响以及水平测量法气溶胶非均匀性的限制。数值模拟结果表明:在大气温度三种分布模型和气溶胶波长指数三种分布模型下几何因子反演的最大相对误差小于0.5%。根据实际激光雷达信号反演得到了系统的几何因子。     

Geometrical form factor determination with Raman backscattering signals

A new method is presented to determine the geometrical form factor in Raman lidar. Mie and Raman backscattering signals are acquired by L625 Raman lidar; then the aerosol backscattering ratio and atmospheric molecular density are derived. By normalizing the molecular density of Raman lidar with radiosonde measurements, the geometrical form factors of lidar are obtained. Experimental results indicate this method is feasible.     

基于取样光纤布拉格光栅的全光纤拉曼测温分光系统设计及优化

为实现大气温度全天时和高精度主动遥感探测, 转动拉曼测温激光雷达的分光系统需要滤除强烈的背景光噪声, 以及对Mie-Rayleigh散射提供70 dB以上的带外抑制率. 本文提出了以可见光波段取样光纤布拉格光栅为核心的多级级联的特征光谱提取光路, 构建高抑制率的全光纤拉曼测温分光系统, 以实现大气温度的全天时和高精度探测. 根据分光系统光路的传输特性, 采用传输矩阵模型, 优化设计了影响取样光纤布拉格光栅带外抑制率的主要因素(折射率调制深度、栅区总长度、取样周期和占空比), 得到了优化的光谱分光系统参数. 利用该分光系统可实现太阳背景光强度和Mie-Rayleigh散射信号强度分别比转动拉曼散射信号强度弱40 dB和50 dB, 信噪比高于100时, 白天探测高度可达1.6 km. 该全光纤分光系统具有小型化、抗干扰和稳定性高的优点, 可为陆基及星载拉曼测温激光雷达提供一种全新的解决方案.     

水汽探测拉曼激光雷达的新型光谱分光系统设计与分析

提出并设计了一套新型的大气水汽和气溶胶探测用紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统, 以二向色镜和超窄带滤光片构成高效率拉曼光谱分光系统, 实现激光雷达大气回波信号中米-瑞利散射信号、 氮气和水汽的振动拉曼散射信号的精细分离和高效率提取. 利用美国标准大气的分子散射模型和实测的大气米散射信号模型, 对分光系统的米-瑞利散射信号的抑制率、大气水汽测量的信噪比和误差进行数值仿真设计. 搭建实验系统对西安地区夜间的大气水汽进行实验观测, 并利用有云天气下实测的激光雷达回波信号, 反演获得大气后向散射比和水汽混合比的相关特性, 验证了该拉曼光谱分光系统对米-瑞利信号的抑制率达到10^-7以上量级. 理论和实验结果表明, 设计的新型拉曼光谱分光系统可以在大气后向散射比为17时, 实现水汽探测误差小于15%, 满足拉曼激光雷达系统对大气水汽的高效率探测. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 水汽混合比 大气后向散射比     

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶消光系数求解新方法

利用Raman激光雷达测量的回波数据求解气溶胶消光系数,选用美国标准大气模式时,反演结果有可能会产生较大的误差。提出一种采用温度模式求解Raman激光雷达回波方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数的新方法,并对这种新方法进行了详细的理论推导。通过与利用无线电探空仪测量数据计算的结果进行对比,发现二者具有较好的一致性。理论和实验均表明：通常情况下,采用温度模式方法求解Raman激光雷达方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数是可行的。温度模式方法包含了探测地点的季节和地理海拔因素,较直接采用美国标准大气模式更加符合实际,可以减少反演结果的误差。     

多条转动拉曼谱线雷达测量对流层大气温度

由于对流层大气中气溶胶的存在,传统的利用大气中瑞利散射和振动拉曼散射测量大气温度的方法具有一定的局限性,然而利用大气N₂和O₂分子的的转动拉曼信号获得大气温度信息的方法不受对流层大气中气溶胶的影响。因此利用N₂和O₂分子纯转动拉曼散射激光雷达开展了测量对流层下部温度分布的实验研究。现有的转动拉曼雷达系统基本上是通过获取单一的转动拉曼谱线来反演大气温度,这就导致了系统的信噪比低,不能很好的反演温度。作者在双光栅单色仪的基础上提出了一种新的雷达信号分光系统。这种新的分光系统的每条通道所获得的信号并不是单独的转动拉曼谱线,而是多条转动拉曼谱线之和,这样就能提高整个系统的信噪比。在较小的激光能量和小口径望远镜的情况下,利用这种方法,雷达系统可以在几公里内获得较好的信噪比。最后实验得到了对流层0.3～5 km高度内的大气温度分布, 它与球载无线电探空仪比较, 二者一致性较好。     

Measurements for profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient,backscatter coefficient,and lidar ratio over Wuhan in China with Raman/Mie lidar

<正>The profiles of aerosol extinction,backscatter coefficient,and lidar ratio in the lower troposphere over Wuhan are measured by a multi-channel Raman/Mie lidar.Using the lidar ratio retrieved by Raman scattering principle,the profiles of aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients are also retrieved by Mie scattering signals,without a prior assumption about their relation in the traditional pure Mie signals data analyses.The observations by both Raman and Mie are in good agreement with each other.The high coherence shows that the system is reliable,and the Mie and Raman channels are in good adjustment and have the same field of view.