Fock Space Realizations of Imaginary Verma Modules

This work expands to the setting of the results of H. Jakobsen and V. Kac and independently D. Bernard and G. Felder on the realization of , in terms of infinite sums of partial differential operators. We note in the paper that, in the generic case, these geometric constructions are just realizations of the imaginary Verma modules studied by V. Futorny. Presented by A. VerschorenMathematics Subject Classifications (2000) Primary: 17B67, 81R10.     

Vertex Algebras and Combinatorial Identities

In the 1980's, J. Lepowsky and R. Wilson gave a Lie-theoretic interpretation of Rogers–Ramanujan identities in terms of level 3 representations of affine Lie algebra sl(2,C)~. When applied to other representations and affine Lie algebras, Lepowsky and Wilson's approach yielded a series of other combinatorial identities of the Rogers–Ramanujan type. At about the same time, R. Baxter rediscovered Rogers–Ramanujan identities within the context of statistical mechanics. The work of R. Baxter initiated another line of research which yielded numerous combinatorial and analytic generalizations of Rogers–Ramanujan identities. In this note, we describe some ideas and results related to Lepowsky and Wilson's approach and indicate the connections with some results in combinatorics and statistical physics.     

The Core of a Locally Extended Affine Lie Algebra

Locally extended affine Lie algebras are a general version of extended affine Lie algebras. In this article, we completely describe the structure of the core of a locally extended affine Lie algebra. We prove that the core of a locally extended affine Lie algebra is a direct limit of Lie tori.     

Construction of Graded Covariant GL(m/n) Modules Using Tableaux

Irreducible covariant tensor modules for the Lie supergroups GL(m/n) and the Lie superalgebras gl(m/n) and sl(m/n) are obtained through the use of Young tableaux techniques. The starting point is the graded permutation action, first introduced by Dondi and Jarvis, on V ^l . The isomorphism between this group of actions and the symmetric group S _l enables the graded generalization of the Young symmetrizers, and hence of the column relations and Garnir relations, to be made. Consequently, corresponding to each partition of l an irreducible GL(m/n) module may be obtained as a submodule of V ^l . A basis for the module labeled by the partition is provided by GL(m/n)–standard tableaux of shape defined by Berele and Regev. The reduction of an arbitrary tableau to standard form is accomplished through the use of graded column relations and graded Garnir relations. The standardization procedure is algorithmic and allows matrix representations of the Lie superalgebras gl(m/n) and sl(m/n) to be constructed explicitly over the field of rational numbers. All the various steps of the standardization algorithm are exemplified, as well as the explicit construction of matrices representing particular elements of gl(m/n) and sl(m/n).     

Crystal Bases for Quantum Affine Algebras and Combinatorics of Young Walls

In this paper we give a realization of crystal bases for quantumaffine algebras using some new combinatorial objects which wecall the Young walls. The Young walls consist of colored blockswith various shapes that are built on a given ground-state walland can be viewed as generalizations of Young diagrams. Therules for building Young walls and the action of Kashiwara operatorsare given explicitly in terms of combinatorics of Young walls.The crystal graph of a basic representation is characterizedas the set of all reduced proper Young walls. The characterof a basic representation can be computed easily by countingthe number of colored blocks that have been added to the ground-statewall. 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 17B37, 17B65,81R50, 82B23.     

On the Quantum KPRV Determinants for Semisimple and Affine Lie Algebras

Let g be a semisimple or affine Lie algebra and U _q (g) its quantized enveloping algebra. Extending earlier work, the KPRV determinant for an admissible integrable U _q (g) module V relative to a parabolic subalgebra pg is defined and shown to be nonzero. These determinants had previously been evaluated for g semisimple and p a Borel subalgebra. The present results can be used to extend this to g affine as will be shown in a subsequent publication.For a parabolic subalgebra the evaluation of these determinants is much more difficult. For appropriate overalgebras of the primitive quotients of the enveloping algebra U(g) defined by one-dimensional representations of p, these determinants had been calculated for g semisimple. However the quantum case is interesting because it is unnecessary to pass to overalgebras and besides for U(g):g affine, it is not even clear how these determinants should be defined. Here for g semisimple, the degrees of the determinants are computed and shown to depend on being the same type of functions as in the enveloping algebra case; yet in a different fashion. Some special cases (in type A ₄) are computed explicity. Here, as in the Borel case, the determinants take a remarkably simple form and notably can be expressed as a product of linear factors. However compared to the enveloping algebra case one finds additional factors corresponding to what are called quantum zeros and whose origin remains unknown.     

The Admissibility of Simple Bounded Modules for an Affine Lie Algebra

This paper studies a class of simple integrable modules for an affine Lie algebras which are closely related to the finite-dimensional modules studied by V. Chari and A. Pressley, except that the Euler element is assumed to act. They are infinite-dimensional; but are shown to have finite-dimensional weight spaces. It is conjectured that any simple integrable module with a zero weight space belongs to this class and their classification is given. The main interest in studying such modules is that they may occur in the endomorphism rings of highest weight modules whilst those of Chari and Pressley in general do not. Their character theory is also more complicated.     

Characters of Simple Bounded Modules over an Untwisted Affine Lie Algebra

After V. Chari and A. Pressley, a simple integrable module with finite-dimensional weight spaces over an affine Lie algebra is either a standard module (highest or lowest weight), in which case its formal character is given by the famous Weyl–Kac formula, or a subquotient of a tensor product of loop modules. In this paper we compute formal characters of generic simple integrable modules of the latter type.     

A Generalization of Extended Affine Lie Algebras

We introduce a new class of possibly infinite dimensional Lie algebras and study their structural properties. Examples of this new class of Lie algebras are finite dimensional simple Lie algebras containing a nonzero split torus, affine and extended affine Lie algebras. Our results generalize well-known properties of these examples.     

A Canonical Compatible Metric for Geometric Structures on Nilmanifolds

Let (N, γ) be a nilpotent Lie group endowed with an invariant geometric structure (cf. symplectic, complex, hypercomplex or any of their ‘almost’ versions). We define a left invariant Riemannian metric on N compatible with γ to be minimal, if it minimizes the norm of the invariant part of the Ricci tensor among all compatible metrics with the same scalar curvature. We prove that minimal metrics (if any) are unique up to isometry and scaling, they develop soliton solutions for the ‘invariant Ricci’ flow and are characterized as the critical points of a natural variational problem. The uniqueness allows us to distinguish two geometric structures with Riemannian data, giving rise to a great deal of invariants.Our approach proposes to vary Lie brackets rather than inner products; our tool is the moment map for the action of a reductive Lie group on the algebraic variety of all Lie algebras, which we show to coincide in this setting with the Ricci operator. This gives us the possibility to use strong results from geometric invariant theory.Communicated by: Nigel Hitchin (Oxford) Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000): Primary: 53D05, 53D55; Secondary: 22E25, 53D20, 14L24, 53C30.     

Duality of Graded Graphs

A graph is said to be graded if its vertices are divided into levels numbered by integers, so that the endpoints of any edge lie on consecutive levels. Discrete modular lattices and rooted trees are among the typical examples. The following three types of problems are of interest to us:(1) path counting in graded graphs, and related combinatorial identities;(2) bijective proofs of these identities;(3) design and analysis of algorithms establishing corresponding bijections.This article is devoted to (1); its sequel [7] is concerned with the problems (2)–(3). A simplified treatment of some of these results can be found in [8].In this article, R.P. Stanley's [26, 27] linear-algebraic approach to (1) is extended to cover a wide range of graded graphs. The main idea is to consider pairs of graded graphs with a common set of vertices and common rank function. Such graphs are said to be dual if the associated linear operators satisfy a certain commutation relation (e.g., the Heisenberg one). The algebraic consequences of these relations are then interpreted as combinatorial identities. (This idea is also implicit in [27].)[7] contains applications to various examples of graded graphs, including the Young, Fibonacci, Young-Fibonacci and Pascal lattices, the graph of shifted shapes, the r-nary trees, the Schensted graph, the lattice of finite binary trees, etc. Many enumerative identities (both known and unknown) are obtained. Abstract of [7]. These identities can also be derived in a purely combinatorial way by generalizing the Robinson-Schensted correspondence to the class of graphs under consideration (cf. [5]). The same tools can be applied to permutation enumeration, including involution counting and rook polynomials for Ferrers boards. The bijective correspondences mentioned above are naturally constructed by Schensted-type algorithms. A general approach to these constructions is given. As particular cases we rederive the classical algorithm of Robinson, Schensted, and Knuth [20, 12, 21], the Sagan-Worley [17, 32] and Haiman [11] algorithms, the algorithm for the Young-Fibonacci graph [5, 15], and others. Several new applications are given.     

Direct Unions of Lie Tori (Realization of Locally Extended Affine Lie Algebras)

In this work, we consider realizations of locally extended affine Lie algebras, in the level of core modulo center. We provide a framework similar to the one for extended affine Lie algebras by “direct unions.” Our approach suggests that the direct union of existing realizations of extended affine Lie algebras, in a rigorous mathematical sense, would lead to a complete realization of locally extended affine Lie algebras, in the level of core modulo center. As an application of our results, we realize centerless cores of locally extended affine Lie algebras with specific root systems of types A₁, B, C, and BC.     

Combinatorial Hopf algebras, noncommutative Hall-Littlewood functions, and permutation tableaux

We introduce a new family of noncommutative analogues of the Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions. Our construction relies upon Tevlin's bases and simple q-deformations of the classical combinatorial Hopf algebras. We connect our new Hall-Littlewood functions to permutation tableaux, and also give an exact formula for the q-enumeration of permutation tableaux of a fixed shape. This gives an explicit formula for: the steady state probability of each state in the partially asymmetric exclusion process (PASEP); the polynomial enumerating permutations with a fixed set of weak excedances according to crossings; the polynomial enumerating permutations with a fixed set of descent bottoms according to occurrences of the generalized pattern 2-31.     

On the Connection Between Macdonald Polynomials and Demazure Characters

We show that the specialization of nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials at t = 0 are, up to multiplication by a simple factor, characters of Demazure modules for . This connection furnishes Lie-theoretic proofs of the nonnegativity and monotonicity of Kostka polynomials.     

Schubert polynomials and Bott-Samelson varieties

Schubert polynomials generalize Schur polynomials, but it is not clear how to generalize several classical formulas: the Weyl character formula, the Demazure character formula, and the generating series of semistandard tableaux. We produce these missing formulas and obtain several surprising expressions for Schubert polynomials.?The above results arise naturally from a new geometric model of Schubert polynomials in terms of Bott-Samelson varieties. Our analysis includes a new, explicit construction for a Bott-Samelson variety Z as the closure of a B-orbit in a product of flag varieties. This construction works for an arbitrary reductive group G, and for G = GL(n) it realizes Z as the representations of a certain partially ordered set.?This poset unifies several well-known combinatorial structures: generalized Young diagrams with their associated Schur modules; reduced decompositions of permutations; and the chamber sets of Berenstein-Fomin-Zelevinsky, which are crucial in the combinatorics of canonical bases and matrix factorizations. On the other hand, our embedding of Z gives an elementary construction of its coordinate ring, and allows us to specify a basis indexed by tableaux. Received: November 27, 1997     

NC-Approximation Schemes for NP- and PSPACE-Hard Problems for Geometric Graphs

We present NC-approximation schemes for a number of graph problems when restricted to geometric graphs including unit disk graphs and graphs drawn in a civilized manner. Our approximation schemes exhibit the same time versus performance trade-off as the best known approximation schemes for planar graphs. We also define the concept of λ-precision unit disk graphs and show that for such graphs the approximation schemes have a better time versus performance trade-off than the approximation schemes for arbitrary unit disk graphs. Moreover, compared to unit disk graphs, we show that for λ-precision unit disk graphs many more graph problems have efficient approximation schemes.Our NC-approximation schemes can also be extended to obtain efficient NC-approximation schemes for several PSPACE-hard problems on unit disk graphs specified using a restricted version of the hierarchical specification language of Bentley, Ottmann, and Widmayer. The approximation schemes for hierarchically specified unit disk graphs presented in this paper are among the first approximation schemes in the literature for natural PSPACE-hard optimization problems.     

Extremal Properties of Bases for Representations of Semisimple Lie Algebras

Let be a complex semisimple Lie algebra with specified Chevalley generators. Let V be a finite dimensional representation of with weight basis . The supporting graph P of is defined to be the directed graph whose vertices are the elements of and whose colored edges describe the supports of the actions of the Chevalley generators on V. Four properties of weight bases are introduced in this setting, and several families of representations are shown to have weight bases which have or are conjectured to have each of the four properties. The basis can be determined to be edge-minimizing (respectively, edge-minimal) by comparing P to the supporting graphs of other weight bases of V. The basis is solitary if it is the only basis (up to scalar changes) which has P as its supporting graph. The basis is a modular lattice basis if P is the Hasse diagram of a modular lattice. The Gelfand-Tsetlin bases for the irreducible representations of sl(n, ) serve as the prototypes for the weight bases sought in this paper. These bases, as well as weight bases for the fundamental representations of sp(2n, ) and the irreducible one-dimensional weight space representations of any semisimple Lie algebra, are shown to be solitary and edge-minimal and to have modular lattice supports. Tools developed here are used to construct uniformly the irreducible one-dimensional weight space representations. Similar results for certain irreducible representations of the odd orthogonal Lie algebra o(2n + 1, ), the exceptional Lie algebra G ₂, and for the adjoint and short adjoint representations of the simple Lie algebras are announced.     

Tubular algebras and affine Kac-Moody algebras

The purpose of this paper is to construct quotient algebras L(A)1C/I(A) of complex degenerate composition Lie algebras L(A)1C by some ideals, where L(A)1C is defined via Hall algebras of tubular algebras A, and to prove that the quotient algebras L(A)1C/I(A) are isomorphic to the corresponding affine Kac-Moody algebras. Moreover, it is shown that the Lie algebra Lre(A)1C generated by A-modules with a real root coincides with the degenerate composition Lie algebra L(A)1C generated by simple A-modules.