Effect of EtOH/MgCl(2) molar ratios on the catalytic properties of MgCl(2)-SiO(2)/TiCl(4) Ziegler-Natta catalyst for ethylene polymerization

MgCl(2)-SiO(2)/TiCl(4) Ziegler-Natta catalysts for ethylene polymerization were prepared by impregnation of MgCl(2) on SiO(2) in heptane and further treatment with TiCl(4). MgCl(2)·nEtOH adduct solutions were prepared with various EtOH/MgCl(2) molar ratios for preparation of the MgCl(2)-supported and MgCl(2)-SiO(2)-supported catalysts in order to investigate the effect on polymerization performance of both catalyst systems. The catalytic activities for ethylene polymerization decreased markedly with increased molar ratios of [EtOH]/[MgCl(2)] for the MgCl(2)-supported catalysts, while for the bi-supported catalysts, the activities only decreased slightly. The MgCl(2)-SiO(2)-supported catalyst had relatively constant activity, independent of the [EtOH]/[MgCl(2)] ratio. The lower [EtOH]/[MgCl(2)] in MgCl(2)-supported catalyst exhibited better catalytic activity. However, for the MgCl(2)-SiO(2)-supported catalyst, MgCl(2) can agglomerate on the SiO(2) surface at low [EtOH]/[MgCl(2)] thus not being not suitable for TiCl(4) loading. It was found that the optimized [EtOH]/[MgCl(2)] value for preparation of bi-supported catalysts having high activity and good spherical morphology with little agglomerated MgCl(2) was 7. Morphological studies indicated that MgCl(2)-SiO(2)-supported catalysts have good morphology with spherical shapes that retain the morphology of SiO(2). The BET measurement revealed that pore size is the key parameter dictating polymerization activity. The TGA profiles of the bi-supported catalyst also confirmed that it was more stable than the mono-supported catalyst, especially in the ethanol removal region.     

Stoichiometric compounds of magnesium dichloride with ethanol for the supported Ziegler-Natta catalysis: first recognition and multidimensional MAS NMR study

Ethanol associates easily with MgCl(2) to form adducts of complex architecture, but until now available characterization methods have failed to identify the pure stoichiometric compounds and their structures. To remedy this, we set about applying homonuclear and heteronuclear 2D correlated solid-state NMR spectroscopy to identify the pure compounds and the ethanol-to-magnesium coordination pattern. High spinning speed and Lee-Goldburg sequences were able to reduce the hydrogen spin-diffusion and homonuclear coupling in the crystalline solid, thus achieving high resolution also in the hydrogen domain. On this basis, the pure adducts, of interest as catalyst supports for Ziegler-Natta polymerization, were isolated for the first time. Magnesium coordination sites with given numbers of ligands and their multiplicity in the crystal cells were determined in the new-found stoichiometric complexes. Variable temperature and 2D carbon-carbon exchange NMR, as well as relaxation times in the fast motion regime, revealed the disordering phenomena generated by ethanol dynamics in the crystal. Decoding the intriguing polymorphism of the precursors permits to trace the genealogy of tailored MgCl(2) titanate granules, active as highly productive catalysts for the stereospecific polymerization of olefins.     

MgCl(2)·4((CH(3))(2)CHCH(2)OH): A new molecular adduct for the preparation of TiCl(x)/MgCl(2) catalyst for olefin polymerization

A new molecular adduct of MgCl(2) with isobutanol, namely MgCl(2)·4((CH(3))(2)CHCH(2)OH) (MgiBOH), has been prepared as a precursor to the supporting material for an olefin polymerization catalyst. The MgiBOH adduct and final titanated Ziegler-Natta catalysts have been thoroughly characterized by powder XRD, thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy and solid-state NMR for structural and spectroscopy aspects. A peak observed at 712 cm(-1) in the Raman spectra of MgiBOH indicates the characteristic Mg-O(6) breathing mode and the formation of the adduct. The diffraction feature at 2θ = 7.8° (d = 11.223 ?) in the XRD confirms the adduct formation and the layered structure. The aim of the present article is to study how the insertion of a bulky isobutanol moiety affects the structural and electronic properties of the MgCl(2)·isobutanol molecular adduct. Indeed, the focus of the present study is to explore how the presence of isobutanol, in the initial molecular adduct, influences the final Z-N catalyst properties and its activity.     

MgCl_2晶型对丙烯聚合MgCl_2载体催化剂活性的影响

ＭｇＣｌ_２晶型对丙烯聚合ＭｇＣｌ_２载体催化剂活性的影响张明辉，肖世镜中国科学院化学研究所，北京，１００８０）关键词丙烯聚合、ＭｇＣｌ２、载体催化剂近年来，有关ＭｇＣＩ。载体催化剂的研究报道和综述文章不少，但涉及载体晶型对催化剂结构性能的影响却少见．...     

Key aspects of crystalline Mo-V-O-based catalysts active in the selective oxidation of propane

Mo-V-O-based complex metal oxide catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally for the first time, characterized structurally and tested in the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid, and the results obtained were compared on the basis of catalyst crystal structures in order to clarify key aspects of alkane selective oxidation over multifunctional metal oxide catalysts. The catalysts tested were black solids of rod-shaped crystals, which had a layer structure in the direction of fiber axis and various high dimensional arrangements of metal octahedra in the cross-section plane. A strong dependency on the octahedra arrangements and a facet dependency were observed, and the roles of metal elements in the course of selective oxidation of propane were clarified by comparing the catalytic performance of various Mo-V-O-based catalysts. We discuss the multi-functional character derived from high dimensional structures of the catalysts and mechanism of the selective oxidation of propane.     

Key aspects of crystalline Mo-V-O-based catalysts active in the selective oxidation of propane

Mo-V-O-based complex metal oxide catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally for the first time, characterized structurally and tested in the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid, and the results obtained were compared on the basis of catalyst crystal structures in order to clarify key aspects of alkane selective oxidation over multifunctional metal oxide catalysts. The catalysts tested were black solids of rod-shaped crystals, which had a layer structure in the direction of fiber axis and various high dimensional arrangements of metal octahedra in the cross-section plane. A strong dependency on the octahedra arrangements and a facet dependency were observed, and the roles of metal elements in the course of selective oxidation of propane were clarified by comparing the catalytic performance of various Mo-V-O-based catalysts. We discuss the multi-functional character derived from high dimensional structures of the catalysts and mechanism of the selective oxidation of propane.     

Assembly state of catalytic modules as chiral switches in asymmetric Strecker amino acid synthesis

Self-assembled chiral polymetallic complexes often demonstrate novel properties as asymmetric catalysts. We report the three-dimensional structures of two such asymmetric catalysts (crystals A and B) for Strecker alpha,alpha-disubstituted amino acid synthesis. These complexes are constructed via assembly of the same chiral modules derived from d-glucose, but their assembly modes differ. The enantioselectivity in the Strecker reaction was dramatically switched, depending on which assembly mode was used: the catalyst generated in situ whose structure is represented by crystal B, or by crystal A. These findings provide insight into the functional importance of higher-order structures of an artificial catalyst.     

Design of coke-free methane dry reforming catalysts by molecular tuning of nitrogen-rich combustion precursors

The valorization of methane and carbon dioxide is a promising solution for mitigating global warming. The dry reforming of methane (DRM) is capable of concomitant conversion of these greenhouse gases into starting materials for production of synthetic fuels, promoting a carbon neutral avenue for fuel production. The development of efficient, stable, and economic catalysts presents a challenge owing to the comparatively rapid deactivation of DRM catalysts under reaction conditions. Here, Ni/La₂O₃ DRM catalysts are prepared by combustion synthesis of Ni and La complexes of nitrogen-rich precursors. We expound the relationship between structures of the combustion precursors, the thermochemistry of their combustion, the structures of the resultant Ni/La₂O₃ catalysts, and their performance under DRM conditions. We show that the best catalyst is derived from energetic precursor which has the sharpest exotherm and rapidly releases the largest amounts of nitrogen gas. These properties give rise to the crystallization of the Ni/La₂O₃ catalyst with high Ni dispersion and strong metal-support interactions. This work can act as starting point to expand the link between the chemistry of combustion precursors and the resulting catalyst properties, eventually realizing the rational design of high-performance catalysts prepared by combustion synthesis through tailoring the chemistry and structure of the nitrogen-rich precursors.     

核壳结构Ziegler-Natta复合催化剂的制备及其乙烯聚合

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)(PSA)膜材料和氯化镁的复合物包覆在以硅胶为载体的TiCl3催化剂上,负载TiCl4后制得Ziegler-Natta复合催化剂.采用红外光谱、激光粒度仪和扫描电镜对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明该复合催化剂呈核壳结构.同时,考察了复合催化剂中膜的厚度和反应中的氢气含量对催化剂的聚合活性和聚乙烯性能的影响,实验发现,膜厚约为3μm的核壳结构复合催化剂活性良好,其具有带诱导期的平稳型动力学曲线;膜厚1.5μm的复合催化剂的活性接近于实验所用的以硅胶为载体的TiCl3催化剂,且其具有相似的衰减型动力学曲线.研究同时表明,不同的膜厚能够调节复合催化剂的氢调性能及所得聚乙烯的分子量分布.     

高活性载体Ziegler-Natta催化剂的研究

<正> 用反应法(MgCl_2/ROH/TiCl_4)合成MgCl_2载体Ziegler-Natta催化剂已被聚烯焊工业越来越广泛的接受。这不仅是因为这种催化剂体系具有高活性,用于α-烯烃聚合能得到高等规度的聚合物;而且比用研磨法制备催化剂易于控制操作条件,合成这种催化剂的关键步骤是醇溶解MgCl_2,再在低温下与TiCl_4反应。放出HCl和形成Ti(OR)Cl_3的同时,MgCl_2再次从溶液中沉淀出来而得到很好的载体。过去,曾从不同     

MgCl2/R'nAl(OR)3-n: an excellent activator/support for transition-metal complexes for olefin polymerization

A new and effective method for the activation, and simultaneously, immobilization of bis(phenoxyimine) early-transition-metal complexes for olefin polymerization (known as FI catalysts), which makes use of MgCl(2)/R'(n)Al(OR)(3-n) as an activator/support, has been developed. Ti-, Zr-, and V-FI catalysts combined with this MgCl(2)-based compound can form highly active MgCl(2)-supported single-site catalysts capable of demonstrating superior catalytic properties, compared to the corresponding homogeneous methylaluminoxane- (Ti- and Zr-FI catalysts) or alkylaluminum-activation systems (V-FI catalysts), in terms of their catalytic activity, molecular weight, stereoselectivity, and comonomer incorporation. Additionally, these new catalysts can produce polymers of significant morphology with high efficiency. Notably, the MgCl(2)-based compounds can also effectively activate and immobilize the early-to-late transition-metal complexes that have emerged recently. Thus, the application of MgCl(2)-based compounds as activators/supports for transition-metal complexes for olefin polymerization provides a conceptually new strategy for the development of methylaluminoxane- and borate-free, high-performance, single-site catalysts capable of controlling polymer morphology.     

Synthesis and structural studies of some first row transition metal complexes of acetone nicotinoyl hydrazone

Summary Acetone nicotinoyl hydrazone (ANII) complexes of the types M(ANH)Cl₂ · nEtOH and M(ANH-H)₂ H₂O (where M = Mn^II Fe^II, Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II or Zn^II and n = 0,1 or 2) have been prepared and their structures studied by molar conductance, i.r. and electronic spectra, and room temperature magnetic measurements. All the complexes arc nonionic in a 0.001 M solution of formic acid. Magnetic and electronic spectral studies show that all the complexes are spin-free regular or distorted octahedra except Mn(ANH)Cl₂ and Co(ANH)CI₂ which are tetrahedral. The distorted octahedral geometry of Cu(ANH-H)₂ · H2O has also been confirmed from its sold state e.s.r spectrum at 77 K. From i.r. spectral studies, ANH has been found to act as a tridentate ligand in all the complexes except Mn(ANH)Cl₂ where it behaves as a bidentate ligand.     

Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of Nd3+ and Pr3+ 2D polymers with tetrafluoro-p-phthalate

Two lanthanide tetrafluoro-p-phthalate (L(2-)) complexes, Ln(L)(1.5)·DMF·H(2)O (Ln = Pr(3+) (1), Nd(3+) (2)), were synthesized using pyridine as a base. The compounds were found to be isostructural, and the structure of 1 has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (monoclinic, space group C2, a = 22.194(2) ?, b = 11.4347(12) ?, c = 11.7160(12) ?, β = 94.703(2)°, V = 2963.3(5) ?(3), Z = 4). The crystal structure of 1 consists of dinuclear Pr(3+) units, which are connected by tetrafluoro-p-phthalate, forming separate 2D polymeric layers. The Ln(3+) ions in the dinuclear Ln(2) units are linked by two μ-O atoms and by two bridging O-C-O groups. The structure is porous with DMF and water molecules located between layers. Non-coordinated DMF molecules occupy about 27% of the unit cell volume. A systematic analysis of reported structures of Ln(III) polymers with p-phthalate and its derivatives shows that the ca. known 60 structures can be divided into six possible structural types depending on the presence of certain structural motifs. The magnetic properties of compounds 1 and 2 were studied. The dependence of χ(M)T on T (where χ(M) is magnetic susceptibility per dinuclear lanthanide unit) for 1 and 2 was simulated using two different models, based on: (i) the Hamiltonian ? = Δ?(z)(2)+ μ(B)g(J)H?, which utilises an axial splitting parameter Δ and temperature-independent paramagnetism (tip) and (ii) crystal field splitting. It was found that both models gave satisfactory fits, indicating that the Ln-Ln exchange interactions are small and the symmetry of the coordination environment is the main factor influencing the magnetic properties of these compounds.     

硅烷基Schiff碱共价修饰纳米二氧化硅负载过渡金属催化乙烯齐聚性能

将3种水杨醛Schiff亚胺配合过渡金属（Si-Schiff-M,M=Ni,Co,Cr）通过共价键接枝到纳米二氧化硅,制备了3种硅烷基Schiff碱共价修饰纳米二氧化硅负载过渡金属催化剂（Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M）,并对其催化乙烯齐聚性能进行了研究;采用元素分析、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和电感耦合等离子色谱表征了3种Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M的结构和形貌。以甲基铝氧烷（MAO）为助催化剂,研究了反应条件及催化活性中心种类对3种Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M催化乙烯齐聚产物性能的影响。结果表明,当Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M用量为7 μmol, n（Al）/n（M）（M=Cr,Ni,Co）为500,反应温度为35 ℃,反应压力为0.5 MPa和反应时间为30 min时, Si-Schiff-SiO₂-Cr、Si-Schiff-SiO₂-Ni和Si-Schiff-SiO₂-Co催化乙烯齐聚活性分别为1.92×10⁵ g/（mol Cr·h）、2.17×10⁵ g/（mol Ni·h）和2.07×10⁵ g/（mol Co·h）,且3种催化剂催化乙烯齐聚产物主要是C4和C6烯烃。Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M由于载体的限域效应,其催化乙烯齐聚活性低于相应的均相催化剂（Si-Schiff-M）,但产物分布较均相催化剂窄。Si-Schiff-SiO₂-M具有良好的循环利用性,3次循环使用后,3种负载型催化剂催化乙烯齐聚活性分别为1.39×10⁵ g/（mol Cr·h）、1.68×10⁵ g/（mol Ni·h）和1.42×10⁵ g/（mol Co·h）。     

Acetone picolinoyl hydrazone complexes of some first row transition metal ions

Summary Acetone picolinoyl hydrazone (APH) complexes of the types M(APH)Cl₂nEtOH and M(APH-H)₂2EtOH (where M = manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), or copper(II); n = 0 or 2) have been prepared and their nature and structures studied by molar conductance, molecular weight determination, thermal degradation, magnetic susceptibility, electronic and i.r. spectral measurements. Spin-free octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes except Mn(APH)Cl₂ and Co(APH)Cl₂ for which tetrahedral geometry has been suggested.     

醚酞络合物的分子结构和晶体结构

醚类会被广泛用来改性Ziegler-Natta催化剂,如著名的Solvay型催化剂就是用异戊醚处理β-TiCl_3,国内研制的所谓络合Ⅰ型,或络合Ⅱ型催化剂则是用异戊醚或正丁醚作为络合剂。乙醚与四氯化钛的反应物对3TiCl_3·AlCl_3催化剂有显著的改进,给电子体醚可使铝在催化剂表面富集。因而研究醚与四氯化钛或三氯化钛络合物的结构是一个基本的问题。已知四氯化钛和醚可生成多种络合物,但其分子结构及晶体结构测定甚少,本     

Change of electrical conductivities between hydrated and dehydrated samples of honeycomb sheet structures with mixed oxidation state paddlewheel dirhodium complexes and halide ions

A series of mixed oxidation state compounds, [{Rh(2)(acam)(4)}(3)(μ(3)-X)(2)]·nH(2)O (Hacam = acetamide; X = Cl, n = 4 (1·4H(2)O); X = Br, n = 10 (2·10H(2)O); X = I, n = 10 (3·10H(2)O)) and [{Rh(2)(pram)(4)}(3)(μ(3)-X)(2)]·6H(2)O (Hpram = propionamide; X = Cl (4·6H(2)O), Br (5·6H(2)O), I (6·6H(2)O)) were synthesized and their X-ray structures were determined. In the crystal structure of all of these complexes, dirhodium complexes and halide ions construct 2-D honeycomb sheet arrangements in which the walls consist of Rh(2) units and halide ions lie at the corners. Complexes 1·4H(2)O, 4·6H(2)O, 5·6H(2)O and 6·6H(2)O have three independent Rh(2) units, in which there are two Rh(2)(5+) and one Rh(2)(4+). In these structures, the water molecules hydrogen bond to O atoms and from the N atoms of the amidate ligands. The number of hydrogen bonds from water molecules to the Rh(2)(4+) unit is greater than that to the Rh(2)(5+) units. This suggests that there exists pinning of the oxidation states by water molecules. In the structures of 2·10H(2)O and 3·10H(2)O, all of the Rh(2) units are crystallographically equivalent. In these structures, eight of the 10 water molecules form a honeycomb-like network between the {Rh(2)(acam)(4)}(3)X(2) honeycomb sheets. The former four structures show very low electrical conductivities of ca. 10(-8) S cm(-1) (room temperature, pellets) and the latter structures have the higher values of ca. 10(-4) S cm(-1). In the former complexes, improvement of the values to 10(-6) S cm(-1) was observed, caused by loss of pinning water.     

Buckled layers in K0.66Mn2O4·0.28H2O and K0.99Mn3O6·1.25H2O synthesized at high pressure: implication for the mechanism of layer-to-tunnel transformation in manganese oxides

A 2 × 2 layer-buckled manganese oxide, K(0.66)Mn(2)O(4)·0.28H(2)O (I), has been synthesized under high pressure and retained at ambient pressure; it is metastable and will finally transform to a 2 × 1 layer-buckled K(0.99)Mn(3)O(6)·1.25H(2)O (II) in 1 year. Both crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. On the basis of these buckled layers, which are a result of ordering of Mn(3+)/Mn(4+) in separate rows and cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn(3+)O(6) octahedra, a mechanism of structure transformation from birnessite to tunnel structures was proposed.     

Reactivity of 2-pyridinecarboxylic esters with cadmium(II) halides: study of (113)Cd NMR solid state spectra and crystal structures of hexacoordinated complexes [CdI(2)(C(5)H(4)NCOOMe)(2)] and [CdI(2)(C(5)H(4)NCOOPr(n))(2)

The series of complexes [CdX(2)(C(5)H(4)NCOOR)] (X = Cl or Br; R = Me, Et, Pr(n)() or Pr(i)()) and [CdX(2)(C(5)H(4)NCOOR)(2)] (X = I; R = Me, Et, Pr(n)(), or Pr(i)()) have been obtained by the addition reaction of esters of 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid to cadmium(II) halides. X-ray crystal structures of two complexes [CdI(2)(C(5)H(4)NCOOR)(2)], R = Me (10) and R = Pr(n)() (12), have been determined. In both cases, the structure consists of discrete neutral monomeric units where the cadmium atom has a distorted octahedral coordination with CdI(2)N(2)O(2) core, two halides being in cis disposition. Structural information is compared with that deduced from (113)Cd CPMAS NMR experiments. Chemical shift anisotropies are discussed in terms of distortions produced in cadmium octahedra. The orientation of the principal axes of (113)Cd shielding tensor is also analyzed and related to the disposition of ligands in the structures of two analyzed compounds.     

Molybdenum(VI) catalysts obtained from η3-allyl dicarbonyl precursors: synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in cyclooctene epoxidation

The oxidative decarbonylation of the η(3)-allyl dicarbonyl complexes [Mo(η(3)-C(3)H(5))Cl(CO)(2)(L)] (L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (di-tBu-bipy) (2)) by reaction with aqueous tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) or H(2)O(2) gave the following compounds in good to excellent yields: the oxo-bridged dimers [MoO(2)Cl(L)](2)O (L = bipy (3), di-tBu-bipy (6)) using TBHP(10 equiv.)/CH(3)CN/r.t.; the molybdenum oxide/bipyridine hybrid material {[MoO(3)(bipy)][MoO(3)(H(2)O)]}(n) (4) and the octanuclear complex [Mo(8)O(24)(di-tBu-bipy)(4)] (7) using TBHP(50 equiv.)/H(2)O/70 °C; the oxodiperoxo complexes MoO(O(2))(2)(L) (L = bipy (5), di-tBu-bipy (8)) using H(2)O(2)(10 equiv.)/CH(3)CN/r.t. The structure of 7·x(solvent) (where solvent = CH(2)Cl(2) and/or diethyl ether) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite possessing the same windmill-type complex as that described previously for 7·10CH(2)Cl(2), the crystal structure of 7·x(solvent) is unique due to differences in the crystal packing. Compounds 1-8 were examined as catalysts or catalyst precursors for the epoxidation of cyclooctene using aqueous TBHP or H(2)O(2) as oxidant at 55 or 70 °C. Reactions were performed without co-solvent or with the addition of water, ethanol or acetonitrile. Cyclooctene oxide was always the only reaction product. Solids recovered after 24 h reaction at 70 °C were identified by FT-IR spectroscopy as the hybrid 4 from (1,3-5)/TBHP, complex 5 from (1,3-5)/H(2)O(2), and complex 8 from (2,6-8)/H(2)O(2). With TBHP as oxidant, the highest epoxide yields (for 24 h reaction at 70 °C) were obtained using excess H(2)O as solvent (28-38% for 1,3-5; 87-98% for 2,6-8), while with H(2)O(2) as oxidant, the highest epoxide yields were obtained using CH(3)CN as solvent (54-81% for 3-8).