回旋行波管多模稳态理论及初步应用

建立了一种回旋行波管的多模稳态理论.利用该理论研究了输入功率和引导中心半径变化对回旋返波振荡的抑制作用,发现两者单独作用都在一定程度上可以减弱返波振荡,但两者的共同作用对改善工作模式输出性能和稳定性更有效.     

圆波导TE01模激励器设计及实验研究

对比分析了几种可输出圆波导TE₀₁模激励器的仿真设计结果。结果表明,利用行波功分结构实现矩形波导TE₁₀模到4路矩形波导TE₁₀模的等幅同相功分,进而合成转换成圆波导TE₀₁模的转换过程,可在较宽的频带范围内,实现圆波导TE₀₁模的高效激励。以中心频率9.40 GHz仿真设计的圆波导TE₀₁模激励器,在中心频率上的传输效率超过99.9%;在9.08~9.61 GHz的频率范围内,传输效率大于99%。实验测量结果表明,所加工激励器在较宽的频带范围内,传输损耗优于-0.2 dB,与仿真结果的差异主要来自于波导壁面的欧姆损耗和波同转换结构;器件工作频带内平坦特性良好,有利于开展测量工作。     

基于波导模式变换的圆波导TE62模式激励器的研究

基于不规则波导模式匹配法以及缓变波导中电磁波模式耦合理论,研究了一种W波段圆波导TE₆₂模式激励器. 该波导模式激励器采用矩形波导TE₁₀模式通过侧壁耦合馈入同轴波导,利用同轴波导的选模特性激励TE₆₁模式;随后利用轴向半径周期微扰的圆波导实现TE₆₁–TE₆₂模式变换. 文中推导了矩形-同轴波导模式匹配理论,系统研究了波导结构缓变参数对模式变换效率的影响,完成了模式变换器的优化仿真设计,数值计算结果表明：中心频率处TE₆₂模式的转换效率为94.5%,纯度为98.16%,效率85%以上带宽达到1 GHz,能够满足回旋管冷测的要求. 关键词： 同轴波导 模式变换 耦合模理论 半径微扰     

高功率激光激励下多晶波导薄膜的非线性光学效应

采用光波耦合器和被动锁模微微秒Nd:YAG激光束,在真空沉积的硫化锌波导薄膜中,实现了基波TE₃(ω)模式与二次谐波TE₃(2ω)模式之间的相位匹配。并同时观察到了三次谐波光谱。它们的光谱曲线的半高全宽分别为1.3?和1.4?。在基波入射功率为20MW的情况下,二次谐波的转换效率达1.8×10^-3。 关键词：     

Design and experimental operation of a 165-GHz, 1.5-MW,coaxial-cavity gyrotron with axial RF output

The development of a coaxial-cavity gyrotron operating in TE_31,17 mode at 165 GHz is presented. The selection of the operating frequency and mode are based on the limitations imposed by the maximum held of the superconducting (sc) magnet at Forschungzentrum Karlsruhe, Institut fur Technische Physik (FZK), the use of the inverse-magnetron injection gun (IMIG) of the 140-GHz, TE_28,16 coaxial gyrotron and the possibility of transforming the cavity mode to a whispering gallery mode (WGM) appropriate for the dual-beam quasioptical (q.o.) output coupler and the two output windows, which are foreseen for the next lateral output version of the tube. The tube with axial output has been tested at FZK to deliver maximum output power of 1.17 MW in the designed TE_31,17 mode with 26.7% efficiency at 164.98 GHz. Maximum efficiency of 28.2% was achieved at 0.9-MW output power. The design operating point with output power 1.36 MW and 36.7% efficiency was net accessible because of beam instabilities at high electron-velocity ratio α, presumably caused due to high electron-velocity spread. Power at higher frequencies was also detected: 1.02 MW at 167.16 GHz in TE_32,17 mode with 26.88 efficiency, 0.63 MW at 169.46 GHz in TE_33,17 mode with 18% efficiency, and 0.35 MW at 171.80 GHz in TE_31,17 mode with 13.3% efficiency     

用八孔耦合器识别TM0_(1)/TE_(11)混模中TE_(11)模式的方法北大核心CSCD

在高功率微波传输系统中,为了提高功率容量和效率,往往采用过模波导,因此圆波导中往往出现TM_(01)和TE_(11)混合模式的情况。采用角向均匀分布的8孔圆波导耦合器,对提取TE_(11)模式的混合比和极化角度的方法进行了分析和研究。分析了圆波导中TM_(01)和TE_(11)模式在耦合孔处的电场分布,并采用CST对各耦合孔的输出功率进行了模拟计算,得出相互正对的耦合孔的平均功率与8个孔的平均功率之比与模式之间的相位差无关的结论。同时,发现该比值与TE_(11)模式的混合比成线性关系,线性关系中的比例系数是极化角度线性函数。通过线性拟合获得了计算TE_(11)模式混合比和极化方向的表达式。与仿真设定的参数相比,用该表达式计算的结果表明,在TE_(11)模式混合比小于30%时,用其计算TE_(11)模式的混合比和极化角度是可行的,误差不超过10%。在此基础上,给出了实际情况下TE_(11)模式信息的具体判断方法。     

94-GHz 25-kW CW low-voltage harmonic gyrotron

A low-voltage second-harmonic gyrotron intended as a compact lightweight source has been designed and evaluated with a particle-tracing code and the particle-in-cell code MAGIC. The two codes are shown to be in good agreement when applied to a conventional fundamental-frequency gyrotron and also to the novel second-harmonic gyrotron. The 25-kW continuous wave (CW) 94-GHz gyrotron with a predicted conversion efficiency of 32% and device efficiency of 22.5% is driven by a 25-kV 4.5-A (υ_⊥/υ₂=1.5, Δυ_z/υ_z=7%) electron beam from a magnetron injection gun and employs a low-loss TE₀₂₁/TE₀₃₁ complex cavity for mode control. Although the 17-kG CW gyrotron will use a cryogen-free high-T_c superconducting magnet, a 94-GHz prototype will be tested at low duty with a conventional low-T_c superconducting magnet     

Coaxial cavity gyrotron with dual RF beam output

A 140-GHz, 1.5-MW, TE_28,16-coaxial cavity gyrotron with a dual RF beam output has been designed, built, and tested. For the first time, the generated RF power has been split into two parts and coupled out through two RF output windows in order to reduce the power loading in the windows. The quasioptical output system is based on a two-step mode conversion scheme. First, the cavity mode TE_-28,16 is converted into its degenerate whispering gallery mode TE_+76,2 using a rippled-wall mode converter. Then, this mode is transformed into two TEM₀₀ output wave beams. A maximum rf output power of about 950 kW with an output efficiency of 20% has been measured. According to numerical calculations, an rf power above 1.5 MW is expected to be generated in the cavity. Even if all losses are taken into account, a discrepancy between experiment and calculations remains. The power deficit seems to be partly caused by the influence of the stray radiation captured inside the tube. However, the two main reasons are probably an incomplete mode conversion from TE_-28,16 to TE_+76,2 and a large energy spread of the electron beam due to trapped electrons. An increased amount of captured stray radiation resulted in a reduced stability of operation. A single-stage depressed collector was used successfully, increasing the RF output efficiency from 20% to 29%     

X波段高功率宽带选模定向耦合器

过模圆波导在提高功率容量的同时,不可避免地会造成微波源中同时存在多种模式。为了监测X波段长脉冲高功率微波源TM₀₁模的输出功率和频谱,采用CST软件仿真设计了X波段高功率宽带选模定向耦合器,在耦合TM₀₁模的同时可实现对TM₀₂和TE₁₁模的抑制。波导腔体及耦合孔的尺寸以小孔耦合理论和相位叠加原理为基础并结合切比雪夫分布函数计算确定。仿真结果表明:该高功率宽带选模定向耦合器在9.0~9.8 GHz的带宽范围内,耦合度为(-59.08±1) dB,定向性大于30 dB,对TE₁₁模的抑制度大于15 dB,对TM₀₂模的抑制度大于30 dB,功率容量大于2.5 GW。     

Polarization control of microwave emission from high powerrectangular cross-section gyrotron devices

Results are summarized of experiments on a gyrotron utilizing a rectangular-cross-section (RCS) cavity region. The major issue under investigation is polarization control of microwave emission as a function of magnetic field. The electron beam driver is the Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator (MELBA) at parameters: V=0.8 MV, I_diode=1-10 kA, I_tube=0.1=0.5 kA, and t_e-beam=0.4-1.0 μs. The annular e-beam is spun up into an axis-encircling beam by passing it through a magnetic cusp prior to entering the RCS interaction cavity. Experimental results show a high degree of polarization in either of two orthogonal modes as a function of cavity fields. The RCS gyrotron produced peak powers of 14 MW in one polarization (TE₁₀) and 6 MW in the cross-polarized mode (TE ₀₁). Electronic efficiencies for this device reached as high as 8% with transverse efficiency of 16%. Experimental results on the beam alpha (α=V_⊥/V_∥) diagnostics, where alpha is the ratio of the e-beam's transverse velocity to its parallel velocity, agree well with the single electron trajectory code. MAGIC code results are in qualitative agreement with microwave measurements. Microwave emission shifts from the dominant fundamental mode polarization (TE₁₀□ ), to the next higher order mode polarization (TE₀₁□) as the solenoid magnetic field is raised from 1.4-1.9 kGauss. Frequency measurements using heterodyne mixers support mode identification as well as MAGIC code simulations     

TE0导模干涉刻写周期可调亚波长光栅理论研究

通过棱镜耦合激发非对称金属包覆介质波导结构中的TE₀导波模式, 利用两束TE₀模的干涉从理论上实现了周期可调的亚波长光栅刻写. 分析了TE₀模式的色散关系, 刻写亚波长光栅的周期与激发光源、棱镜折射率、光刻胶薄膜厚度及折射率之间的关系. 用有限元方法数值模拟了金属薄膜、光刻胶薄膜和空气多层结构中TE₀导模的干涉场分布. 研究发现, 激发光源波长越短, TE₀ 模干涉刻写的亚波长光栅周期越小; 光刻胶越厚, 刻写的亚波长光栅周期越小; 高折射率光刻胶有利于更小周期亚波长光栅的刻写. 相较于表面等离子体干涉光刻, 基于TE₀ 模的干涉可在厚光刻胶条件下通过改变激发光源、棱镜折射率、光刻胶材料折射率、特别是光刻胶薄膜的厚度等多种方式实现对亚波长光栅周期的有效调控.     

Effects of tapering on gyrotron backward-wave oscillators

Computer modeling has been utilized to guide gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) experiments at the University of Michigan over a wide range of tapered interaction regions and tapered magnetic fields. E-GUN code is used to examine beam and diode characteristics, while MAGIC is used to analyze the dynamics of the problem, such as particle kinematics and microwave power production. Several innovative techniques are used to create matching boundary conditions for a backward propagating wave. MAGIC simulations predict optimum performance of the gyro-BWO operating in a TE₀₁ mode within a combination of uniform interaction region and a tapered axial magnetic field which increases 7.5% in the direction of beam propagation. Experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of tapering magnetic fields and tapered interaction region radii on the high-power microwave emission from the gyro-BWO over the frequency range from 4.0 to 6.0 GHz. These experiments were performed on the Michigan Electron Long-Pulse Accelerator (MELBA) with parameters: V=-0.7 to -0.9 MV, I_diode=1-10 kA, I_tube=1-4 kA, T_e-beam =0.4-1.0 μs. Tapered interaction regions of 37%, 23%, 9.4%, and 6.4% were built and tested to determine their effect on microwave power, pulselength, and inferred energy compared to the uniform interaction region. Magnetic tapering trim coils with a range of -10.6%<ΔB/B₀<+15.0% were constructed which allow the orientation of the field taper to be changed without breaking the vacuum. The peak microwave power from individual shots was from 30 to 55 MW. Experiments on magnetic field tapering indicate that positive tapered fields improve microwave power and energy output     

Multimegawatt relativistic harmonic gyrotron traveling-wave tubeamplifier experiments

The first multimegawatt (4 MW, η=8%) harmonic (ω=sΩ_c, s=2,3) relativistic gyrotron traveling-wave tube (gyro-twt) amplifier experiment has been designed, built, and tested. Results from this experimental setup, including the first ever reported third-harmonic gyro-twt results, are presented. Operation frequency is 17.1 GHz. Detailed phase measurements are also presented. The electron beam source is SNOMAD-II, a solid-state nonlinear magnetic accelerator driver with nominal parameters of 400 kV and 350 A. The flat-top pulsewidth is 30 ns. The electron beam is focused using a Pierce geometry and then imparted with transverse momentum using a bifilar helical wiggler magnet. The imparted beam pitch is a α≡β_⊥/β_∥≈1. Experimental operation involving both a second-harmonic interaction with the TE₂₁ mode and a third-harmonic interaction with the TE ₃₁ mode, both at 17 GHz, has been characterized. The third-harmonic interaction resulted in 4-MW output power and 50-dB single-pass gain, with an efficiency of up to ~8% (for 115-A beam current). The best measured phase stability of the TE₃₁ amplified pulse was ±10° over a 9-ns period. The phase stability was limited because the maximum RF power was attained when operating far from wiggler resonance. The second harmonic, TE₂₁ had a peak amplified power of 2 MW corresponding to 40 dB single-pass gain and 4% efficiency. The second-harmonic interaction showed stronger superradiant emission than the third-harmonic interaction. Characterizations of the second- and third-harmonic gyro-twt experiments presented here include measurement of far-field radiation patterns, gain and phase versus interaction length, phase stability, and output power versus input power     

Phase-matched second harmonic blue light generation in ion implanted KNbO3 planar waveguides with 29% conversion efficiency

We report for the first time to our knowledge, noncritical phase-matched second harmonic generation in an ion-implanted KNbO₃ planar waveguide. The guided TM₀ mode of the fundamental wave (868 nm) is converted into the second harmonic TE₁ mode (434 nm). From 1.3 kW of internal fundamental peak power 385 W second harmonic blue light is generated giving a conversion efficiency of 29%. A comparison of the measured and the theoretical efficiencies implies that phase-matching is achieved over the full waveguide length. Based on these first experimental results we estimate that 100 mW of blue light can be generated from 400 mW of input power using an optimized KNbO₃ planar waveguide of 1 cm length.     

High-peak power Ka-band gyrotron oscillatorexperiments with slotted and unslotted cavities

A K_a-band gyrotron oscillator powered by a compact pulseline accelerator has been operated using oscillator cavities with and without axial slots. The oscillator was operated at high voltage (~900 keV) and high current (~500 A) in the approximate frequency range of 20-50 GHz. The use of axial slots has been shown to suppress low-starting-current whispering-gallery modes, in particular, modes of the TE_m2 type, allowing stable operation in a linearly polarized TE₁₃ mode. A peak power of 35 MW has been observed at 6% efficiency     

140-GHz gyrotron experiments based on a confocal cavity

We have designed and experimentally demonstrated the operation of a novel quasioptical gyrotron oscillator based on an overmoded confocal waveguide cavity. This cavity effectively suppresses undesired modes, and therefore has extremely low mode density. Stable single-mode, single-frequency operation was achieved in the TE₀₆ mode at 136 GHz. A peak RF output power of 66 kW, corresponding to an efficiency of 18%, was measured. By varying the cavity magnetic field, high-power generation was observed at 136 GHz in the TE₀₆ mode and at 114 GHz in the TE₀₅ mode. These frequencies correspond to the high Q modes of the confocal resonator. The low Q modes were either weak or not observed. In this paper, we will review the design procedure for this cavity and present experimental data verifying its effectiveness in reducing the number of modes that can be excited. The confocal waveguide could also be used in high-power, gyro-TWT amplifiers to provide greater operating stability and bandwidth, especially in an overmoded waveguide structure     

1.8 T直流磁体94 GHz连续波二次谐波回旋管

首次实现直流磁体W波段二次谐波回旋管连续波稳定运行。回旋管工作时所需1.8 T磁场由一个水冷直流线圈产生。直流线圈励磁电流为500 A,功耗28 kW,内孔直径66 mm,可直接将回旋管插入内孔中。回旋管内电子束由双阳极磁控注入电子枪产生。采用高效率内置准光模式变换器实现束波分离并输出准高斯波束。研制的回旋管工作频率为94.08 GHz,腔内工作模式为TE₀₂。实验中成功实现5 min连续稳定运行,输出功率达到12 kW。电子束电压为45 kV,电流1.7 A,对应的输出效率15.7 %。     

双频回旋管内置准光模式变换器设计

回旋管一般使用准光模式变换器实现高阶腔体模式到高斯波束的转换。结合标量衍射理论、KS迭代算法、几何光学、最小均方法等方法设计了工作频率为140 GHz(TE24,9)和105 GHz(TE18,7)的双频准光模式变换器。仿真结果显示所设计的准光模式变换器工作频率为140 GHz(TE24,9)时能量传输效率99.0%、高斯含量99.7%,工作频率为105 GHz(TE18,7)时能量传输效率97.3%、高斯含量98.0%。能够满足MW级双频回旋管的应用需求。