磨盘材料和温度对TC11合金磨损行为的影响

对TC11合金与两种不同硬度的GCr15和W6Mo5Cr4V2在25、400和600℃对摩时的磨损行为进行了研究.利用SEM、EDS以及XRD等对试样磨面和剖面的形貌、成分及结构进行了观察与分析.结果表明:TC11合金与三种不同硬度的磨盘对摩后,在25℃,磨损率均随载荷的增加而增加,且磨损率较高,磨损表面呈现黏着和犁沟特征,磨损机理为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损;在400℃,合金与低硬度GCr15对摩时,磨损表面被黑色光滑氧化物所覆盖,磨损机理为氧化轻微磨损;与高硬度GCr15对摩时,在50和150 N,磨损表面呈现黑色光滑氧化物和犁沟特征,磨损机理为氧化轻微磨损和磨粒磨损;在250 N,磨损机理为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损;与W6Mo5Cr4V2对摩时,磨损表面呈现犁沟特征,磨损机理为磨粒磨损;在600℃,TC11合金的磨损率均较低,且与两种不同硬度GCr15对摩后的磨损率均低于与W6Mo5Cr4V2对摩的磨损率,磨损机理均为氧化轻微磨损.在25和600℃,磨盘材料对合金的磨损率具有不同的影响,但不影响合金的磨损机理;在400℃,磨盘材料既影响磨损率也影响磨损机理.     

隧道表面爆破地震波的产生机制及传播特征

为了研究隧道表面爆破地震波的产生机制及传播规律,提出了隧道表面爆破振动平面应变理论模型,得到了隧道表面爆破振动场积分形式解;以龙南隧道爆破工程为背景,建立了有限元数值模型,通过现场测试验证了数值模拟与理论解答的准确性;提出了基于高分辨率Radon变换的隧道爆破地震波波场分离方法,结合理论解析与数值模拟得到了P波、S波、R波的传播特征,最后综合理论结果与波场分离结果提出了隧道爆破地震波作用分区。结果表明：隧道爆破产生P波、S波,R波在自由面迅速发育,3类波呈现指数衰减特征,S波衰减快于P波快于R波。随着爆心距的增大,垂直方向主要成分由S波转变为R波,水平方向主要成分由S波转变为P波,P波转变为R波。Ⅳ级围岩工况下,隧道爆破地震波作用分区为：隧道轴向距掌子面0～6.44 m为爆破近区,主导波型为水平S波;6.44～21.23 m为爆破中区,主导波型为水平P波;21.23 m外为爆破远区,主导波型为垂直R波。爆破分区分界点与单段最大药量呈线性关系,可通过爆破药量得到隧道爆破分区位置,用于隧道安全稳定性分析。     

基于实验测试的采煤机截割载荷的分形分布规律研究

为研究采煤机截割载荷分布规律,实验组设计了复杂工况下采煤机截割煤壁的实验检测系统。本文选择实时测试摇臂四根销轴的应变信号,利用Matlab导入计算公式求出了滚筒截割载荷谱,并将载荷谱进行小波降噪处理;最后运用分形理论求出了采煤机在不同工况下滚筒载荷比例系数R,并对比例系数R进行了分析。结果表明:①在一定煤岩硬度下,R与牵引速度近似呈线性递减关系,即随着牵引速度的增大,滚筒载荷波动逐渐减小;②直线截割与斜切截割这两种工况对R影响不大;③随着煤岩硬度的增加,滚筒载荷比例系数R逐渐减小。本文研究结果为采煤机载荷分析和滚筒设计提供了一种新方法。     

近源地震动峰值加速度衰减关系影响因素分析

本文收集了丰富的强震资料, 以峰值加速度为例, 采用简单且体现近场峰值加速度PGA震级饱和和距离饱和特性的衰减模型, 研究了表征震级与距离饱和效应的R0(M)的性质。R0与震级相关, 同时与震源性质、地震波频谱有关。在单个地震的R0(M)的求取中, 由于R0与系数d几乎呈线性关系, 所以要求单个地震R0的值, 必须先根据理论约束确定d的大小。在检验衰减方程的预测效果时, 不仅要判断衰减曲线是否反映了实测资料的平均变化趋势, 而且要判断实测资料是否绝大多数落在84%及16%概率水平的预测曲线之内(±σ之间).     

求解广义特征值问题的多重Ritz向量法

借鉴子空间迭代法,将求解广义特征值问题的单个初向量的Ritz向量法（下称为单R法）推广为多重Ritz向量法吓称为多R法）;从而解决了单R法在处理重频结构时的漏频问题;且分析指出,奇异的矩阵M将导致一个数值不稳定的Gram－SchmidtM-正交化过程,从而使Ritz向量法导致错误振型．为此提出了解决方案．单R法经上述修正,兼备了高效与可靠两个特点．目前该法已在特殊多高层分析程序ETS5中实现,取得了良好效果．     

爆炸波与地下结构物相互作用的动光弹性探讨

本文用动态光弹性探讨了地表爆炸产生的应力波与地下结构物相互作用的机理,根据等差条纹分布分析了P波、S波、von Schmidt波及R波与结构物基础的相互作用过程。研究表明R波是对地下结构物危害最大的波。可以采取防护措施来反射和消耗R波的能量。     

爆炸波与地下结构物相互作用的动光弹性探讨

本文用动态光弹性探讨了地表爆炸产生的应力波与地下结构物相互作用的机理,根据等差条纹分布分析了P波、S波、von Schmidt波及R波与结构物基础的相互作用过程。研究表明R波是对地下结构物危害最大的波。可以采取防护措施来反射和消耗R波的能量。     

小问题

133.一轮半径为R,重量为P,在其铅垂直径的上端B点处作用水平力Q。轮与水平面间的滚动摩阻系数为δ。问水平力Q使轮子只滚动而不滑动吋,轮与     

小问题(42)

133.一轮半径为R,重量为P,在其铅垂直径的上端B点处作用水平力Q。轮与水平面间的滚动摩阻系数为δ。问水平力Q使轮子只滚动而不滑动吋,轮与 ...     

硬岩中地下爆炸的自由场位移衰减规律

本文从两个方面叙述总结了硬岩中,地下爆炸引起的自由场的径向质点位移随爆心距的变化规律。其一是分析地下爆炸应力波经验规律结合方程式求解得到的地运动位移,有下规律:DM/W?=2.01(（1/100）(R/W?))?(DM为地运动位移峰值,W为爆炸当量,R为爆炸距,其二是用地运动位移传感器直接测到的地运动位移,可用DM/W?=2.1(（1/100）(R/W?))?表示地运动位移的变化规律。由这两种方法得到的位移结果的一致性较好。文中并对所得位移经验公式与国外报导的位移公式作了对比分析。     

Experimental investigation of the flow pattern,pressure drop and void fraction of two-phase flow in the corrugated gap of a plate heat exchanger

The two-phase flow in the corrugated gap created by two adjacent plates of a plate heat exchanger was investigated experimentally. One setup consisting of a transparent corrugated gap was used to visualize the two-phase flow pattern and study the local phenomena of phase distribution, pressure drop and void fraction. Saturated two-phase R365mfc and an air-water mixture were used as working fluids.In a second experimental setup, the heat transfer coefficients and the pressure drop inside an industrial plate heat exchanger during the condensation process of R134a are determined. Both experimental setups use the same type of plates, so the experimental results can be connected and a flow pattern model for the condensation in plate heat exchangers can be derived. In this work the results of the flow pattern visualization, the two-phase pressure drop in the corrugated gap and the void fraction analysis by measurement of the electrical capacity are presented. A new pressure drop correlation is derived, which takes into account different flow patterns, that appear during condensation. The mean deviation of the presented pressure drop model compared to the experimental data and data from other experimental works is 18.9%. 81.7% of the calculated pressure drop lies within ±30% compared to the experimental data.     

On nano-scale hydrodynamic lubrication models

Current magnetic head sliders and other micromechanisms involve gas lubrication flows with gap thicknesses in the nanometer range and stepped shapes fabricated by lithographic methods. In mechanical simulations, rarefaction effects are accounted for by models that propose Poiseuille flow factors which exhibit singularities as the pressure tends to zero or +∞. In this Note we show that these models are indeed mathematically well-posed, even in the case of discontinuous gap thickness functions. Our results cover popular models that were not previously analyzed in the literature, such as the Fukui–Kaneko model and the second-order model, among others. To cite this article: G. Buscaglia et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Reduction of gas breakdown voltage with pulsed ionizing radiation

An algorithm is described for computer calculation of the dynamic breakdown voltage of a gas gap affected by a spatially uniform pulse of ionizing radiation. The algorithm is based on numerical integration of a system of nonlinear equations with integral boundary conditions. The program is used to calculate the breakdown voltage of an air gap affected by a bell-shaped ionizing pulse. It is shown that the relative reduction in breakdown voltage can amount to tens of percent for a radiation exposure dose rate P₀ 10⁸ R/sec.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 52–60, November–December, 1973.     

Dispersion de Taylor généralisée à un fluide à propriétés physiques variablesGeneralized Taylor dispersion for heterogeneous fluid

The investigation of non-reactive miscible solute dispersion in a vertical Hele–Shaw cell is considered. An asymptotic method is used to extend Taylor model to the case of the fluid density, the dynamic viscosity and the molecular diffusion coefficient are solute concentration-dependent. It is demonstrated that the averaged variables over the gap are governed by a convection–dispersion equation in which the dispersion tensor is concentration-dependent. To cite this article: C. Felder et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Experimental study on the unusual turbulence intensity distributions in rod-to-wall gap regions

The phenomenon of unusual turbulence intensity distributions in closely spaced rod bundles was experimentally studied. Fully developed turbulence intensities in rod-to-wall gap regions, formed by a single rod regularly mounted in a trapezoidal duct, were measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Starting from a rod setting giving a small bottom rod-to-wall gap, a series of gap spacings were achieved by moving the rod upward, resulting in larger bottom gaps and at the same time smaller top gaps. A region of high turbulence kinetic energy occurred first in the bottom gap region corresponding to the small bottom gap spacing and then shifted to the top gap region for the cases of small top gap spacings. There was no evidence of a high kinetic energy patch when the top gap size was extremely small. To unveil the mechanism behind this phenomenon, measurements on secondary velocities and energy spectra were conducted for one rod setting, and these results are described in detail. It was found that the measured secondary flow patterns could not explain the abnormal turbulence intensity distributions. However, energy density spectra revealed certain peak frequencies that support the argument that cross-gap large-scale eddy motion is of importance as both a transport process and production mechanism for subchannels formed by closely spaced rod bundles.     

Influence of the air gap between protective clothing and skin on clothing performance during flash fire exposure

A finite volume model was developed to simulate transient heat transfer in protective clothing during flash fire exposure. The model accounts for the combined conduction-radiation heat transfer in the air gap between the fabric and skin. The variation in the fabric and air gap properties with temperature and the thermochemical reactions in the fabric are also considered. This study investigates the influence of the air gap in protective clothing on the energy transfer through the clothing and hence on its performance. Different parameters that affect the conduction-radiation heat transfer through the air gap such as the air gap absorption coefficient and the air gap width were studied. Finally, the paper demonstrates that an innovative and potentially significant way to improve protective clothing performance is to reduce the emissivity on the backside of the fabric.     

Nonlinear composites: a linearization procedure,exact to second-order in contrast and for which the strain-energy and affine formulations coincideComposites non linéaires : un schéma exact au second ordre pour lequel la formulation en énergie de déformation coı̈ncide avec la formulation affine

This Note presents a new approximate scheme for nonlinear composites. The approximation which is made preserves certain features of the original second-order scheme of Ponte Castañeda, exactness to second-order in the contrast and existence of an effective energy, but improves on one drawback, which is the gap between the strain-energy formulation and the affine formulation. A numerical example shows the accuracy of the present method. To cite this article: N. Lahellec, P. Suquet, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

初始压力和狭缝宽度对毫米量级狭缝内爆轰起爆距离的影响

为获得狭缝内爆轰起爆距离的影响因素,分别在高度为1.0 mm,宽度为10、20、30 mm的狭缝爆轰管内,对不同初始压力下(p₀=5.0~50.0 kPa)等当量比的乙烯/氧气预混气体进行了单次爆轰性能实验研究。根据烟迹法、高速摄影图片判定起爆位置,分析了初始压力和狭缝宽度对爆轰起爆距离的影响。结果表明:(1)p₀=21.0~30.0 kPa时,起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大而逐渐缩短;(2)p₀=35.0~42.5 kPa时,起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大先缩短后增大,在p₀=45.0~50.0 kPa时起爆距离随着狭缝宽度的增大基本保持不变;(3)3种狭缝宽度下,量纲一起爆距离随量纲一初始压力的变化曲线差异较大。     

缺口膨胀环实验的设计分析与数值模拟

提出并设计了用于研究材料在冲击拉伸加载下损伤演化过程的缺口膨胀环实验。通过数值模拟研究了缺口膨胀环的拉伸加载历程。研究表明,缺口膨胀环各位置经历拉伸加载时间的长度由其与缺口之间的距离决定,但加载时间长度不能简单按Mott卸载波的传播时间来估计,需要借助膨胀环各位置的速度历史来确定。     

GROUND EFFECT OF FLOW AROUND AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The flow characteristics around an elliptic cylinder with an axis ratio of AR=2 located near a flat plate were investigated experimentally. The elliptic cylinder was embedded in a turbulent boundary layer whose thickness is larger than the cylinder height. For comparison, the same experiment was carried out for a circular cylinder having the same vertical height. The Reynolds number based on the height of the cylinder cross-section was 14000. The pressure distributions on the cylinder surface and on the flat plate were measured for various gap distances between the cylinder and the plate. The wake velocity profiles behind the cylinder were measured using hot-wire anemometry. In the near-wake region, the vortices are shed regularly only when the gap ratio is greater than the critical value of G/B=0·4. The critical gap ratio is larger than that of a circular cylinder. The variation of surface pressure distributions on the elliptic cylinder with respect to the gap ratio is much smaller than that on the circular cylinder. This trend is more evident on the upper surface than the lower one. The surface pressures on the flat plate recover faster than those for the case of the circular cylinder at downstream locations. As the gap ratio increases, the drag coefficient of the cylinder itself increases, but the lift coefficient decreases. For all gap ratios tested in this study, the drag coefficient of the elliptic cylinder is about half that of the circular cylinder. The ground effect of the cylinder at small gap ratio constrains the flow passing through the gap, and restricts the vortex shedding from the cylinder, especially in the lower side of the cylinder wake. This constraint effect is more severe for the elliptic cylinder, compared to the circular cylinder. The wake region behind the elliptic cylinder is relatively small and the velocity profiles tend to approach rapidly to those of a flat plate boundary layer